Woodbury, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
As the defendants have taken no exception to the form of the declaration, we shall consider the case solely upon its mcri'c.
The action is, in substance, for the Value of certain relief, furnished by the town of Chester to paupers, whose legal settlement was in Rumney. Bui our statutes confer on corporations alone a right of action for relief furnished to paupers. 1 N. H. Laws 360.—1 N. H. Rep. 52, Mace vs. Nottingham-West. They subject to an action for such relief, corporations alone and relations of sufficient ability. Hence it follows, that the present action in the name of the plaintiffs, and against the defendants, as mere individuals, cannot be sustained, unless as at common law upon a special promise made for a valuable consideration. 2 East 505.—3 Es. Ca. [354]*35491—8 John. 323.—12 John. 352-13 John. 380.—15 John, 281.—16 John. 281, Edwards & ux. vs. Davis.—12 Mass. Rep. 317.—14 Mass. Rep. 448. Accordingly, the declaration in this case is founded on a special promise; but whether that promise was between these parlies, and for a valuable consideration, are questions of considerable difficulty.
(1) 1 Galhs. Rep.3s, Thay-
(2) 2 EavtiW, Wiikes et al. vs. Back.
It is apparent from the face of the letter, that the promise was nominally between the parties to the present action ; and tinder this head the only difficulty arises from die circumstance, that when the promise was made, all the parties were agents of corporations, and the subject matter of the promise was connected with their agency. The defendants, therefore, contend, that the promise was merely a corporate undertaking, by Rumney to Chester, through the medium of their respective selectmen.
The first objection to this construction is that the whole language of the letter is the language of the defendants alone, and not of the town of Rumney. In such case, the name of the town, or principal, has often been deemed mere description, 5 Mass. Rep. 164, Tucker vs. Bass.—13 Mass. Rep. 406.* But most of the cases in support of this position are those, where the contract was under seal; and not being sealed with the seal of the principal, has been deemed an additional and fatal objection. 13 Mass. Rep. 406, Tileston et al. vs. Newell et al.—5 East 148, Appleton vs. Binks.—Strange 705, Frontin vs. Small—Ld. Ray 1418, S. C.-8 Mass.Rep. 162, Sumner, adm'r. vs. Small.— 4 Mass. Rep. 598, Tippetts vs. Walker et al.—3 John. Cases 180, Clement vs. Brush.—9 John. Rep. 334, Taft vs. Brewster.—7 Mass. Rep. 14, Fowler vs. Shearer.—2 Wheaton 45,† Duval vs. Craig et al. —6 D. & E. 176.—1 D. & E. 691.
It does not follow, however, in this last class of cases, that the agent himself is bound. For if he expressly excludes ® _ J J that inference.(1) or signs only the name of the principal,(2) or acts in behalf of the government, he is exonerated. I D. [355]*355& E. 674, Urwin vs. Wolseley.—1 Cranch 345, Hodgdon vs. Dexter.— 9 Mass. Rep. 490, Dawes vs. Jackson.
(3) 3 Caines 69, Sheffield vs. Watson. — 11 Mass. Rep* 27 — 29, Stack-pole vs.Amoki — 12 do. 174, Arii'idson ys& Ladd.
In promises not under seal, it would also seem to be the better opinion at this time, that if the name of the principal be disclosed, whatever looseness may exist in the language of the promise, the principal alone is bound. 2 Taunton 387, Bowen vs. Morris.— 11 Mass. Rep. 97, Long vs. Colburn.—15 John. Rep. 1, Rathbon vs. Budlong. And though the agency must appear on the promise,(1) yet it need not appear by express language, if the nature and circumstances of the contract render it probable. 5 Wheaton 334, Mechanic’s Bank vs. Bank of Columbia.—18 John. Rep. 346, Bank of Utica vs. Magher. In the present case, as the promise was by a writing not sealed, and the principal appears on the face of it, we should hesitate to subject the agent to an action on the ground of mere informality in the language and signature.
But another objection to this promise, as binding on the principal, is a want of authority in the agent to make such a promise ; and it was upon such w’ant of authority in agents, that the principals were exonerated in the following cases. 13 Mass. Rep. 178, Odiorne et al. vs. Maxey et al.—5 ditto Rep. 300, Thatcher vs. Dinsmoor.
No evidence was here offered of any special vote of the town of Rumney, empowering their selectmen to make a contract of this character. Selectmen can ex-officio superintend “the prudential concerns” of their respective towns, and we have heretofore held, that this would justify them in paying debts of the corporation, which from their amount and nature ought to be discharged. Sanborn vs. Deerfield, Rock. Sept. 1820. But they can have no authority, under this general power, to adjust controversies or suits of the corporation ; or to bind them to the payment of money for such an adjustment by a written contract. 3 Barn, & Ald. 1, Broughton vs. Safford W. Works. Sucha power ex-officio is unnecessary, dangerous, and, therefore, impolitic. For these reasons, it probably was not conferred by express statute,; ,and hereafter should any town desire their selectmen to be [356]*356invested with such extensive authority, it can easily be con* ferred by explicit votes to that effect.
Iiep1 VIohn*
We are inclined to think, also, where an agent contracts in writing without authority that he is liable on the writing itself; (8 Mass. Rep. 209.— 12 Mass. Rep. 241.-5 Mass. Rep. 300.—13 John. Rep. 310, While vs, Skinner.—3 John. Cases 180, 70.—11 Mass. Rep. 29—54.—4 Mass. Rep. 597.— 9 John. 335.-3 Barn. & Ald. 347, Burrell vs. Jones * and consequently, that the defendants, if at all liable, are fi";;vrly sued upon the writing itself. Sed. contra. 11 Mass. Rep. 98.—16 ditto 463, Ballou vs. Talbot.
Bov are the defendants protected because acting in the promise as agents to a public corporation. If any privilege belong to agents on account of the character of their prin-cipak? which has been doubted.(l) it is only when the principals are the government of the country, and bound on the one hand to protect their servants, and on the other to be just, solvent and punctual. 8 Mass. Rep. 212.—4 ditto 597.—3 Wheaton 181.†
The rule does not extend to agents of mere corporations, and when agents of the government act without authority, they would probably in no case be protected from liability. The better opinion as to agents of the last description seems now to be, that if the credit is given to them and not to the government, the agents themselves are holdcn. 3 Caines 69.
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Woodbury, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
As the defendants have taken no exception to the form of the declaration, we shall consider the case solely upon its mcri'c.
The action is, in substance, for the Value of certain relief, furnished by the town of Chester to paupers, whose legal settlement was in Rumney. Bui our statutes confer on corporations alone a right of action for relief furnished to paupers. 1 N. H. Laws 360.—1 N. H. Rep. 52, Mace vs. Nottingham-West. They subject to an action for such relief, corporations alone and relations of sufficient ability. Hence it follows, that the present action in the name of the plaintiffs, and against the defendants, as mere individuals, cannot be sustained, unless as at common law upon a special promise made for a valuable consideration. 2 East 505.—3 Es. Ca. [354]*35491—8 John. 323.—12 John. 352-13 John. 380.—15 John, 281.—16 John. 281, Edwards & ux. vs. Davis.—12 Mass. Rep. 317.—14 Mass. Rep. 448. Accordingly, the declaration in this case is founded on a special promise; but whether that promise was between these parlies, and for a valuable consideration, are questions of considerable difficulty.
(1) 1 Galhs. Rep.3s, Thay-
(2) 2 EavtiW, Wiikes et al. vs. Back.
It is apparent from the face of the letter, that the promise was nominally between the parties to the present action ; and tinder this head the only difficulty arises from die circumstance, that when the promise was made, all the parties were agents of corporations, and the subject matter of the promise was connected with their agency. The defendants, therefore, contend, that the promise was merely a corporate undertaking, by Rumney to Chester, through the medium of their respective selectmen.
The first objection to this construction is that the whole language of the letter is the language of the defendants alone, and not of the town of Rumney. In such case, the name of the town, or principal, has often been deemed mere description, 5 Mass. Rep. 164, Tucker vs. Bass.—13 Mass. Rep. 406.* But most of the cases in support of this position are those, where the contract was under seal; and not being sealed with the seal of the principal, has been deemed an additional and fatal objection. 13 Mass. Rep. 406, Tileston et al. vs. Newell et al.—5 East 148, Appleton vs. Binks.—Strange 705, Frontin vs. Small—Ld. Ray 1418, S. C.-8 Mass.Rep. 162, Sumner, adm'r. vs. Small.— 4 Mass. Rep. 598, Tippetts vs. Walker et al.—3 John. Cases 180, Clement vs. Brush.—9 John. Rep. 334, Taft vs. Brewster.—7 Mass. Rep. 14, Fowler vs. Shearer.—2 Wheaton 45,† Duval vs. Craig et al. —6 D. & E. 176.—1 D. & E. 691.
It does not follow, however, in this last class of cases, that the agent himself is bound. For if he expressly excludes ® _ J J that inference.(1) or signs only the name of the principal,(2) or acts in behalf of the government, he is exonerated. I D. [355]*355& E. 674, Urwin vs. Wolseley.—1 Cranch 345, Hodgdon vs. Dexter.— 9 Mass. Rep. 490, Dawes vs. Jackson.
(3) 3 Caines 69, Sheffield vs. Watson. — 11 Mass. Rep* 27 — 29, Stack-pole vs.Amoki — 12 do. 174, Arii'idson ys& Ladd.
In promises not under seal, it would also seem to be the better opinion at this time, that if the name of the principal be disclosed, whatever looseness may exist in the language of the promise, the principal alone is bound. 2 Taunton 387, Bowen vs. Morris.— 11 Mass. Rep. 97, Long vs. Colburn.—15 John. Rep. 1, Rathbon vs. Budlong. And though the agency must appear on the promise,(1) yet it need not appear by express language, if the nature and circumstances of the contract render it probable. 5 Wheaton 334, Mechanic’s Bank vs. Bank of Columbia.—18 John. Rep. 346, Bank of Utica vs. Magher. In the present case, as the promise was by a writing not sealed, and the principal appears on the face of it, we should hesitate to subject the agent to an action on the ground of mere informality in the language and signature.
But another objection to this promise, as binding on the principal, is a want of authority in the agent to make such a promise ; and it was upon such w’ant of authority in agents, that the principals were exonerated in the following cases. 13 Mass. Rep. 178, Odiorne et al. vs. Maxey et al.—5 ditto Rep. 300, Thatcher vs. Dinsmoor.
No evidence was here offered of any special vote of the town of Rumney, empowering their selectmen to make a contract of this character. Selectmen can ex-officio superintend “the prudential concerns” of their respective towns, and we have heretofore held, that this would justify them in paying debts of the corporation, which from their amount and nature ought to be discharged. Sanborn vs. Deerfield, Rock. Sept. 1820. But they can have no authority, under this general power, to adjust controversies or suits of the corporation ; or to bind them to the payment of money for such an adjustment by a written contract. 3 Barn, & Ald. 1, Broughton vs. Safford W. Works. Sucha power ex-officio is unnecessary, dangerous, and, therefore, impolitic. For these reasons, it probably was not conferred by express statute,; ,and hereafter should any town desire their selectmen to be [356]*356invested with such extensive authority, it can easily be con* ferred by explicit votes to that effect.
Iiep1 VIohn*
We are inclined to think, also, where an agent contracts in writing without authority that he is liable on the writing itself; (8 Mass. Rep. 209.— 12 Mass. Rep. 241.-5 Mass. Rep. 300.—13 John. Rep. 310, While vs, Skinner.—3 John. Cases 180, 70.—11 Mass. Rep. 29—54.—4 Mass. Rep. 597.— 9 John. 335.-3 Barn. & Ald. 347, Burrell vs. Jones * and consequently, that the defendants, if at all liable, are fi";;vrly sued upon the writing itself. Sed. contra. 11 Mass. Rep. 98.—16 ditto 463, Ballou vs. Talbot.
Bov are the defendants protected because acting in the promise as agents to a public corporation. If any privilege belong to agents on account of the character of their prin-cipak? which has been doubted.(l) it is only when the principals are the government of the country, and bound on the one hand to protect their servants, and on the other to be just, solvent and punctual. 8 Mass. Rep. 212.—4 ditto 597.—3 Wheaton 181.†
The rule does not extend to agents of mere corporations, and when agents of the government act without authority, they would probably in no case be protected from liability. The better opinion as to agents of the last description seems now to be, that if the credit is given to them and not to the government, the agents themselves are holdcn. 3 Caines 69. 15 John. Rep, 1.—1 Cranch 345.-1 D. & E. 172, 674.—1 Mass. Rep. 217.— 12 John. Rep. 385, Gill vs. Brown.— 1 East 135, Myrtle vs. Beaver—1 East 579, Rice vs. Shule.—3 Wils. 149.—3 Wheaton 181, Dugan vs. United States. —3 Dall. 384 Jones vs. Setomb.‡ And other things being similar to other cases of agency, this circumstance as to the credit is the true test of their personal liability.
. The next objection on the part of the defendants is that there was no sufficient consideration for the promise by them in their private capacity; and if there was, that the consid-[357]*357«ration enured to the town of Chester and not the present plaintiffs. Whatever may have been the views of these parties, when the letter was written and received, it is now certain, that all remedies as between their corporations are forever lost; and that the only redress for the relief furnished is upon the promise, and against these defendants. Sufficient consideration for this promise undoubtedly exists as between Chester and the defendants; because Chester incurred the expense and forebore to perfect and prosecute her statutory remedy against Rumney in consequence of this promise. Cro. Eliz. 819, 652, Levelt vs. Hawes, Stewart vs. Farmer et al. Rock. Sept. 1819. Had this action been in the name of Chester, therefore, the present difficulty would have been removed. ( But a sufficient consideration to the principal in a promise, under seal, never authorizes an agent to sue in his own name. Strange 705.— 2 Ld. Ray. 1471.— 6 John. 9,-3 Barn. & Ald. 47, Burrell vs. Jones. And where the promise is not under seal, the same rule has often been adopted. 1 Chitt. Pl. 4, 5—1 Hen. Bl. 84, 85.-3 Bos. & Pul. 147, Piggot vs. Thompson.—2 Barn. & Ald. 137.-2 Taunton 386.-10 John. 389, Gunn vs. Cantine.—5 Mass. Rep. 493.—12 do. 184.
On the other hand, where the promise runs directly to the agent, it would seem to be the doctrine of some cases, that a suit will lie in the name of the agent without any consideration enuring to him except his liability over for what he may receive. 13 John. Rep. 496, Shear vs. Mallary et al.—1 N. H. Rep. Howe vs. Howe 49.—13 Mass. Rep. 405.—Thos. Ray. 303.—Latch 206.—Chitt. Bills, 96.-3 Mass. Rep. 225.-1 Bos. & Pull. 102.—6 D. & E. 124,-8 Cranch 30.—8 Mass. Rep. 103.—3 Wheaton 172, 211 note.-3 Bos. & Pull. 149 note.—15 Mass. Rep. 44.
But whatever may be the true rule in such a ease, the least interest or consideration enuring to the agent, as his commissions in the case of factorage enables him to sue in his own name. Cow. 256. Here the plaintiffs in consequence of the promise forebore their official duty to return the old notice or procure a new one and institute a suit [358]*358against Rumney. They thus deprived Chester of her statutory remedy for the relief furnished ; they did this at the request of the defendants, and their consequent liability to Chester for this conduct is a sufficient consideration as between the plaintiffs and the defendants personally .(1) We have before remarked, that, the discretionary power of the plaintiffs as selectmen does not extend to the adjustment of controversies and the substitution of contracts like this by individuals, who may be irresponsible, lor statutory remedies against the whole town.
(1) 1 Caines Rep. 45, Mil-la í vs. Drake.
The town might afterwards adopt or ratify such a contract; but no evidence of that kind appearing here,the plaintiffs are still liable to Chester, and being so liable at the request of the defendants, this is hot only a sufficient consideration as respects the defendants; but joined with the discharge of Rumney as a town it is a new or original consideration and not within the statute of frauds.
The promise is not collateral or in aid of Rumney, as Rumney is now not liable ; the consideration is not the old statute duty imposed on towns, but grows out of new transactions, and whether the letter be or be not sufficient to take a promise out of the statute of frauds is immaterial, since the present undertaking is not within the statute. 7 John Rep. 453.-8 do. 376.—15 do. 426.—12 John. Rep. 365, Gill vs. Brown.—17 do. 13, 134, 15 note, 115 note.—1 Wils. 305.— Burrows 1886.
It is a gratification to find, that these conclusions will enforce substantial justice ; as Rumney will doubtless idemnify her agents, and Chester obtain through the plaintiffs, only what she is entitled to receive and what Rumney would have been bound to pay, had not the promise under consideration been made by her agents.
Let the defendants be defaulted and heard in damages.
RichArdbow, C. J. did not sit,