Sutherland, J.
As to three of the notes on which this action was brought, amounting at the time of the trial to $1424.75, there was no answer or defense by either of the defendants, and the plaintiff was entitled to a verdict for the amount of the three notes; and the judge before whom the cause was tried was right in denying the motion for a nonsuit, provided a recovery could be had in the name of John B. Underhill, as executor, &c., in whose name, as executor, &c., the action had been revived on the death of Peter Underhill, the original plaintiff I think the order of revivor was at the trial conclusive upon the point, whether the action had been properly revived in the name of John B. Underhill, as executor, and whether a recovery could be had in his name. If the executor had sold and transferred the notes before the order of revivor, so that at the time the order was made, neither he, as executor, nor the estate of Peter Underhill had any interest in the continuance of the action, and for that reason the action should not have been revived in his name, then the [666]*666defendants should have opposed the making of the order; or should have moved to vacate it on that ground; hut the order standing in full force was conclusive upon the judge at the trial, that the action was properly revived and continued in the name of the executor.
The plaintiff was therefore entitled to a verdict for the amount of the three notes not contested hy the answer, and the judge could not dismiss the action or grant the nonsuit.
As to the fourth note mentioned in the complaint, the question was, whether the defendant Mitchell was jointly liable with the defendant Crawford for the amount of that note, as so much money loaned and advanced to Mitchell and Crawford. Mitchell was not, and could mot be made, liable on the note, for the note was made by Crawford alone, and was not signed hy Mitchell.
The complaint, after setting out two sealed notes made by Crawford and Mitchell, and claiming to recover the amount thereof, states that the plaintiff, on the 3d day of July, 1841, loaned and advanced to the defendants $500, which they agreed to pay to the plaintiff on demand; that they agreed to give the plaintiff therefor their joint and several notes, payable on demand; and that thereupon, “ and for the consideration of the $500 loaned and advanced as aforesaid,” Crawford made two promissory notes, payable on demand, one for $275, and the other for $225, setting them out; that thereupon, and at the time the notes were drawn, Mitchell signed his name to the $225 note, as follows: “ Minott Mitchell, surety,” but neglected and omitted to sign the $275 note; that the $500 so loaned and advanced was paid to Mitchell, with the express understanding that he should be held responsible; that the interest upon the $500 included in the two notes had been paid by the defendants yearly, and every year, up to May 1,1850, and' the defendants, or one of them, had indorsed the payment of interest on each note when it was paid.
Mitchell, in his answer, denies that the $500 was loaned to Crawford and him, and he denies that the $500 was paid to [667]*667him; and he denies, sufficiently and in form, I think, to put in issue so far as material, all the other allegations of the complaint relating to the joint loan of the $500, or the joint liability of the defendants therefor or thereupon ; except that he does not deny that he signed the $225 note as surety, as alleged in the complaint; nor does he deny that he has paid interest on the $225 and $275 notes, but avers that whenever he has paid interest on either of the notes, he paid it for Crawford, and at his request, taking Crawford’s notes shortly afterwards for the same.
The question, then, under the pleadings, was as to the joint liability of the defendants for the amount of the $275 note upon a joint loan. It may be that the plaintiff was entitled to a verdict against Crawford for the amount of the $275 note, either on the note or for so much money loaned to Crawford ; but Mitchell "could not be liable, unless the loan of the $500 was a joint loan to him and Crawford. And conceding that the loan was to Crawford and Mitchell, and not to Crawford alone, Mitchell was not liable for the amount of the $275 note, if Peter Underhill, who loaned the money, at the time he loaned it, intended to take, and did take, the individual note of Crawford for the $275, intending and agreeing to look to Crawford’s note and Crawford’s individual responsibility for repayment of the money.
On a joint loan of money to two, the law, in the absence of any fact or circumstance, except the mere loan, would imply a joint promise to repay it; but if the lender agrees to take, and does take, the express promise of one of the two for the repayment, there is no room or occasion for the law’s raising a joint implied assumpsit.
But as the answer of Mitchell in this case, instead of admitting a joint 'original loan, and averring that the lender agreed to take the individual note of Crawford, and look to him alone for payment, denies the joint loan, and does not specifically set up any such agreement, I am inclined to think that, under the pleadings, the question of Mitchell’s liability [668]*668for the amount of the $275 note must depend upon the question whether the loan was originally joint or not.
Now, as the complaint alleges that the $500 was loaned at one time and as one loan, the acceptance by the lender" of the $225 note signed by Mitchell as surety, without objection, was prima facie evidence, irrespective of other allegations in the complaint, not only that the $225, but that the whole $500 was loaned to Crawford, and not to him and Mitchell.
The same remark will apply to the acceptance of the $275 note, signed by Crawford only. The evidence on the trial was, and it appears to have been a conceded fact, that the $500 was paid to Crawford, and not to Mitchell, as alleged in the complaint, and that Mitchell was not present when the money was paid to Crawford. . Nor do I find the least evidence of the allegations in the complaint, that the defendants promised to give their notes for the $500, and that Mitchell omitted and neglected to sign the $275 note; or that Mitchell was ever asked, or promised, to sign the $275 note.
Crawford, the co-defendant of Mitchell, swore, in general wordsj “ that the $500 was a loan to us jointly by Peter Underhill,” without stating that Peter Underhill so understood it, or any fact or circumstance to show that Peter. Underhill so understood it. For aught that appears, Under-hill was only swearing to Ms legal conclusion, and what he thought.
The only evidence on the part of the plaintiff, in addition to this, to show even that the loan was a joint loan to both defendants, was the oral testimony of Crawford and certain documentary evidence to show that the $500 was paid by Crawford to Mitchell, to be used by him to discharge their joint liabilities and for their joint use and benefit, and was in fact so used ; and the testimony of the plaintiff’s attorney, Dusenberry, who testified that after the four notes on which the action is brought were placed in his hands for collection he had several conversations with Mitchell, in which Mitchell promised to pay the notes and offered to pay the interest; but [669]
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Sutherland, J.
As to three of the notes on which this action was brought, amounting at the time of the trial to $1424.75, there was no answer or defense by either of the defendants, and the plaintiff was entitled to a verdict for the amount of the three notes; and the judge before whom the cause was tried was right in denying the motion for a nonsuit, provided a recovery could be had in the name of John B. Underhill, as executor, &c., in whose name, as executor, &c., the action had been revived on the death of Peter Underhill, the original plaintiff I think the order of revivor was at the trial conclusive upon the point, whether the action had been properly revived in the name of John B. Underhill, as executor, and whether a recovery could be had in his name. If the executor had sold and transferred the notes before the order of revivor, so that at the time the order was made, neither he, as executor, nor the estate of Peter Underhill had any interest in the continuance of the action, and for that reason the action should not have been revived in his name, then the [666]*666defendants should have opposed the making of the order; or should have moved to vacate it on that ground; hut the order standing in full force was conclusive upon the judge at the trial, that the action was properly revived and continued in the name of the executor.
The plaintiff was therefore entitled to a verdict for the amount of the three notes not contested hy the answer, and the judge could not dismiss the action or grant the nonsuit.
As to the fourth note mentioned in the complaint, the question was, whether the defendant Mitchell was jointly liable with the defendant Crawford for the amount of that note, as so much money loaned and advanced to Mitchell and Crawford. Mitchell was not, and could mot be made, liable on the note, for the note was made by Crawford alone, and was not signed hy Mitchell.
The complaint, after setting out two sealed notes made by Crawford and Mitchell, and claiming to recover the amount thereof, states that the plaintiff, on the 3d day of July, 1841, loaned and advanced to the defendants $500, which they agreed to pay to the plaintiff on demand; that they agreed to give the plaintiff therefor their joint and several notes, payable on demand; and that thereupon, “ and for the consideration of the $500 loaned and advanced as aforesaid,” Crawford made two promissory notes, payable on demand, one for $275, and the other for $225, setting them out; that thereupon, and at the time the notes were drawn, Mitchell signed his name to the $225 note, as follows: “ Minott Mitchell, surety,” but neglected and omitted to sign the $275 note; that the $500 so loaned and advanced was paid to Mitchell, with the express understanding that he should be held responsible; that the interest upon the $500 included in the two notes had been paid by the defendants yearly, and every year, up to May 1,1850, and' the defendants, or one of them, had indorsed the payment of interest on each note when it was paid.
Mitchell, in his answer, denies that the $500 was loaned to Crawford and him, and he denies that the $500 was paid to [667]*667him; and he denies, sufficiently and in form, I think, to put in issue so far as material, all the other allegations of the complaint relating to the joint loan of the $500, or the joint liability of the defendants therefor or thereupon ; except that he does not deny that he signed the $225 note as surety, as alleged in the complaint; nor does he deny that he has paid interest on the $225 and $275 notes, but avers that whenever he has paid interest on either of the notes, he paid it for Crawford, and at his request, taking Crawford’s notes shortly afterwards for the same.
The question, then, under the pleadings, was as to the joint liability of the defendants for the amount of the $275 note upon a joint loan. It may be that the plaintiff was entitled to a verdict against Crawford for the amount of the $275 note, either on the note or for so much money loaned to Crawford ; but Mitchell "could not be liable, unless the loan of the $500 was a joint loan to him and Crawford. And conceding that the loan was to Crawford and Mitchell, and not to Crawford alone, Mitchell was not liable for the amount of the $275 note, if Peter Underhill, who loaned the money, at the time he loaned it, intended to take, and did take, the individual note of Crawford for the $275, intending and agreeing to look to Crawford’s note and Crawford’s individual responsibility for repayment of the money.
On a joint loan of money to two, the law, in the absence of any fact or circumstance, except the mere loan, would imply a joint promise to repay it; but if the lender agrees to take, and does take, the express promise of one of the two for the repayment, there is no room or occasion for the law’s raising a joint implied assumpsit.
But as the answer of Mitchell in this case, instead of admitting a joint 'original loan, and averring that the lender agreed to take the individual note of Crawford, and look to him alone for payment, denies the joint loan, and does not specifically set up any such agreement, I am inclined to think that, under the pleadings, the question of Mitchell’s liability [668]*668for the amount of the $275 note must depend upon the question whether the loan was originally joint or not.
Now, as the complaint alleges that the $500 was loaned at one time and as one loan, the acceptance by the lender" of the $225 note signed by Mitchell as surety, without objection, was prima facie evidence, irrespective of other allegations in the complaint, not only that the $225, but that the whole $500 was loaned to Crawford, and not to him and Mitchell.
The same remark will apply to the acceptance of the $275 note, signed by Crawford only. The evidence on the trial was, and it appears to have been a conceded fact, that the $500 was paid to Crawford, and not to Mitchell, as alleged in the complaint, and that Mitchell was not present when the money was paid to Crawford. . Nor do I find the least evidence of the allegations in the complaint, that the defendants promised to give their notes for the $500, and that Mitchell omitted and neglected to sign the $275 note; or that Mitchell was ever asked, or promised, to sign the $275 note.
Crawford, the co-defendant of Mitchell, swore, in general wordsj “ that the $500 was a loan to us jointly by Peter Underhill,” without stating that Peter Underhill so understood it, or any fact or circumstance to show that Peter. Underhill so understood it. For aught that appears, Under-hill was only swearing to Ms legal conclusion, and what he thought.
The only evidence on the part of the plaintiff, in addition to this, to show even that the loan was a joint loan to both defendants, was the oral testimony of Crawford and certain documentary evidence to show that the $500 was paid by Crawford to Mitchell, to be used by him to discharge their joint liabilities and for their joint use and benefit, and was in fact so used ; and the testimony of the plaintiff’s attorney, Dusenberry, who testified that after the four notes on which the action is brought were placed in his hands for collection he had several conversations with Mitchell, in which Mitchell promised to pay the notes and offered to pay the interest; but [669]*669on his cross-examination he stated that nothing was said about the note not signed by Mitchell, as distinguished from the other notes; that he did not call Mitchell’s attention to it.
To contradict Grawford and to explain the fact of some of the indorsements on the $275 note being in Mitchell’s handwriting, and to show, from business transactions and relations between him and Mitchell, that even the subsequent use of the $500 for their joint benefit, as testified to by Crawford, would have been consistent with the presumption arising from the notes, that the original loan was to Crawford and on his responsibility alone, certain evidence, oral and documentary, was offered on the part of Mitchell, a part of which was received and a part rejected. Without noticing particularly the exceptions taken on the part of the defendant to the rejection of this evidence, I think the learned judge who tried the cause erred in submitting the question of the liability of the defendant Mitchell for the amount of the $275 note to the jury. I do not think that the evidence which was given and received on the trial, under the pleadings, authorized him to submit that question to the jury. • The legal presumption from the acceptance by the lender of the $275 and $225 notes, was that the $500 was loaned to Crawford, and that the lender agreed to look to him exclusively for the payment of $275 of the $500 so loaned. This presumption was not conclusive, but might be rebutted by proof. That Mitchell subsequently participated in the use of the money borrowed, would seem rather to give an occasion for an application of the legal presumption, than to disprove it. ■ The subsequent use or application of the money was immaterial, if Mitchell was not originally liable as borrower. If the debt was the debt of Crawford alone, and Mitchell was not originally liable, then any subsequent parol promise by Mitchell to pay the $275 note was void by the statute of frauds.
If the testimony was admissible to show an original liability, the promises proved by Dusenberry, under the circumstances, had little if any weight.
[670]*670[New York Special Term,
October 21,1859.
Sutherland, Justice.]
The testimony of Crawford, that the $500 was loaned, and advanced to him and Mitchell, should, I think, under the pleadings and the other facts and circumstances of the case, have been looked upon as a mere statement of his legal conclusion. •
. Upon the whole, although I think the charge of the judge would have been well enough, had there been sufficient eyi- - dence to authorize him to submit the question of Mitchell’s' original liability for the amount of the $275 note to the jury, yet I think he erred in submitting that question to the jury at all; and I think Mitchell has a right to avail himself of that error on this motion for a new trial. He excepted to the whole charge; he objected to all the evidence given and offered' on the part of the plaintiff to show his liability, and he moved for a nonsuit, which could not be granted because the plaintiff had an undisputed right to recover against him on three of the notes.
I cannot avoid the conclusion, from a careful examination of this whole case, that the trial below was a second lame attempt (for it appears there had been one trial before) on the part of the plaintiff, to make the defendant Mitchell liable on the $275 note which he never signed, by evading the statute of frauds and trying to get rid of the plain legal presumptions arising from the unexplained intentional acceptance by Peter • Underhill of the $225 note signed by Mitchell as surety, and of the individual $275 note of Crawford, for the $500 loaned.
My conclusion is that there should be a new trial, with the costs of this motion for a new trial to abide the event, unless the plaintiff elect, within ten days, to take judgment against the defendants for the amount of the three notes signed by Mitchell, with costs exclusive of costs on this motion for a new trial. If the plaintiff so elect, then the motion for a new trial is denied without costs to either party on such motion.
I think the plaintiff is also entitled to judgment against the defendant Crawford alone for the amount of the $275 note signed by him alone.