COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE KATHALEEN ST. JUDE MCCORMICK LEONARD L. WILLIAMS JUSTICE CENTER VICE CHANCELLOR 500 N. KING STREET, SUITE 11400 WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 19801-3734
April 30, 2021
Jeffrey L. Moyer, Esquire Thomas A. Uebler, Esquire Steven J. Fineman, Esquire Joseph L. Christensen, Esquire Jason J. Rawnsley, Esquire McCollom D’Emilio Smith Uebler LLC Christine D. Haynes, Esquire 2751 Centerville Road, Suite 401 Richards, Layton & Finger, P.A. Wilmington, DE 19808 920 North King Street Wilmington, DE 19801
Re: UBEO Holdings, LLC et al. v. Drakulic, C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM
Dear Counsel:
This court frequently issues letter opinions where the decision carries little precedential
value and speaks only to issues relevant to the parties. The issue addressed in this letter calls for
such an approach.
In 2018, a California-based copier and printer company, Ray A. Morgan Company (“Ray
Morgan” or the “Company”), merged with UBEO Holdings, LLC (collectively with the other
plaintiffs, “UBEO” or “Plaintiffs”). The merger agreement bound the sellers—Ray Morgan’s
stockholder signatories—to a five-year non-compete and non-solicitation provision. It also
contained a forum selection provision designating Delaware courts as the exclusive forum.
Defendant Michael Drakulic sold copiers and printers as a mid-level manager at Ray
Morgan. He lived and worked in California for the vast majority of his adult life. He owned a
fraction of a share of Class B Ray Morgan stock and was thus a party to the merger agreement.
That partial share entitled him to merger consideration valued at approximately nine months of his
compensation. The other selling stockholders received far greater merger consideration, between C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 2 of 24
$2 million and $22 million. All of the selling stockholders except for Drakulic and one other
retired after the merger.
Years after the merger, Drakulic decided to leave the Company to work for a competitor.
UBEO then filed this action to enforce the five-year non-compete and non-solicitation provision
contained in the merger agreement. Drakulic has moved to dismiss the action for lack of personal
jurisdiction. As its sole basis for personal jurisdiction over Drakulic, UBEO argues that Drakulic
consented to the jurisdiction of this court under the forum selection provision of the merger
agreement. As its sole basis for enforcing the forum selection provision, UBEO points to a
signature page to the merger agreement that Drakulic was emailed and that he executed. UBEO
acknowledges that Drakulic never saw or read the agreement itself and was never made aware of
the forum selection provision.
It is often the case that parties execute agreements that they do not read. The vast majority
of the time, this court will still enforce the agreement. Yet, this case involves some highly unusual
facts. Jurisdictional discovery revealed that: the agreement was negotiated by people to whom
Drakulic reported and who harbored undisclosed conflicts of interest; Drakulic was never provided
a copy of the merger agreement and was not informed of the agreement’s forum selection provision
or other provisions restricting his livelihood; and Drakulic was intentionally kept in the dark of the
contents of the agreement.
In the face of these unusual facts, I am reticent to exercise personal jurisdiction over
Drakulic on a consent-based theory. Drakulic’s motion is granted and the case is dismissed without
prejudice to Plaintiffs’ ability to reassert their claims in an appropriate forum. My reasoning
follows. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 3 of 24
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The facts are drawn from the pleadings, affidavits, and discovery of record. 1
A. Drakulic Sold Copiers for Ray Morgan.
Ray Morgan is a document technology solutions company that provides copier, printer,
and business office equipment sales and services nationwide. 2 It is headquartered in Chico,
California. 3
Drakulic has spent his entire career working in the copier and printer industry. 4 He joined
Ray Morgan as a sales representative in November 2002. 5 After seven years, Drakulic became a
sales manager. 6 Except for a brief stint in Oregon, Drakulic has worked and lived in California
for his entire career. 7 As a sales manager, Drakulic reported to Ray Morgan Executive Vice
President Chris Scarff. 8 In the organizational structure, Chris Scarff reported to President
Greg Martin, who reported to CEO Jim Scarff. 9 Drakulic acquired one share of Class B Ray
1 See, e.g., Ryan v. Gifford, 935 A.2d 258, 265 (Del. Ch. 2007) (“In ruling on a Rule 12(b)(2) motion, the court may consider the pleadings, affidavits, and any discovery of record.”). 2 Am. Compl. ¶ 2. 3 Id. ¶ 47. 4 Def.’s Opening Br. in Support of His Mot. to Dismiss Pls.’ Am. Compl. (“Def.’s Opening Br.”) Ex. 1 at Response 1. 5 Dkt. 74, Pls.’ Answering Br. in Opp’n to Michael Drakulic’s Mot. to Dismiss Under Ch. Ct. R. 12(B)(2) (“Pls.’ Answering Br.”) Ex. A (“Drakulic Dep. Tr.”) at 42:3–10. 6 Id. at 42:3–10. 7 Drakulic has lived in California since 1972, except in 1999–2000, at which time he lived in Oregon. Def.’s Opening Br.” Ex. 1 at Response 1. 8 Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. 2. 9 Id. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 4 of 24
Morgan stock on June 1, 2010. 10 It was later reduced to .37 of one share of Class B Ray Morgan
stock. 11
B. UBEO and Ray Morgan Negotiate a Merger.
Around June 2018, Ray Morgan began merger discussions with UBEO. 12 To negotiate on
its behalf, Ray Morgan formed a deal team comprising Jim Scarff, Martin, Chris Scarff, Executive
CFO Bob Quadros, COO Sam Pulino, and Vice President of Service Mike Wysong (the “Deal
Team”). 13
Drakulic was the only Ray Morgan stockholder who was not a member of the Deal Team. 14
The issue of imposing non-compete obligations on Ray Morgan stockholders arose early
in negotiations. 15 Martin and a UBEO representative met around June 7, 2018, to discuss a number
of deal terms, including non-competes. 16 Martin’s notes from the meeting state the following:
“[UBEO] downplayed [the non-compete provision] and I agree. Why would any of us want to
start back up again independently when we would have a great challenge growing our business
10 Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. 3. 11 See Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 209:10–12. 12 See Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 6; Pls.’ Answering Br. Ex. G (“Pulino Dep. Tr.”) at 25:12–16. Plaintiffs UBEO Holdings, UBEO Intermediate, LLC, UBEO Midco, LLC, and UBEO, LLC are portfolio companies of private equity fund Sentinel Capital Partners. Pls.’ Answering Br. Ex. S (“Martin Dep. Tr.”) at 80:2–7. On July 1, 2018, the parties signed a letter of intent, and “[merger] negotiations started after that point.” Pulino Dep. Tr. at 25:12–16. 13 See id. at 16:6–17; Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 2. Pulino acted as the selling stockholders’ representative, a role in which he assured the deal team that he would “always have the best interests of [his] partners and [their] employees” in mind “in all [he] endeavor[ed] to accomplish. Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 21. 14 See Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 1 at Response 1. 15 See Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 5. 16 See id. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 5 of 24
with an awesome return opportunity.” 17 The “return opportunity” Martin referred to was “[t]he
opportunity to earn additional dollars on the reinvestment side” by rolling over a portion of the
merger consideration into UBEO equity. 18
Drakulic was dissimilarly situated from the Deal Team members, for whom the benefit of
an opportunity for return significantly outweighed burden of a non-compete obligation. Each of
the Deal Team members owned between 10 times and 100 times the amount of equity owned by
Drakulic. 19 Each of them stood to gain millions in merger consideration. 20 All but one of the Deal
Team members have retired since the merger closed. 21 By contrast, Drakulic stood to gain an
amount equivalent to nine months’ salary. 22 A non-compete was material to him. 23
Martin emailed his notes of the June 7 meeting to the Deal Team. 24 Drakulic was not a
recipient of the email, never saw Martin’s notes, and was never informed of the discussion at the
June 7 meeting. 25
17 Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 6 at UBEO00001808. 18 Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 7 (“Martin Dep.Tr.”) at 45:6–22. 19 See Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 8 at UBEO00008572. 20 Id. 21 See Pulino Dep. Tr. at 78:16–80:11. 22 See Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 8 at UBEO00008572; Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 35. This number was derived using Drakulic’s total merger consideration and his 2017 all-in compensation. See Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 8 at UBEO00008572; Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 35. 23 See Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 75:9–12 (“I would have never signed anything if I knew there was a non-compete in there or a non-solicitation. It would not have made sense for me financially and for other reasons.”). 24 Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 6. 25 See id. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 6 of 24
Pulino led negotiations for Ray Morgan over the ensuing months. 26 He claims to have
negotiated on behalf of all Ray Morgan stockholders, but he only spoke “a few times” with
Drakulic during the over four months of negotiations. 27
On September 6, 2018, UBEO emailed Martin a draft merger agreement containing a five-
year non-compete, Delaware forum selection clause, and Delaware choice of law provision. 28
Martin forwarded the draft to the Deal Team but not to Drakulic. 29 Drakulic was not a recipient
of that email and never saw the draft merger agreement. 30
On September 12, 2018, Ray Morgan’s corporate counsel, David Griffith, emailed
comments on the draft merger agreement to Jim Scharff and Quadros. 31 The email called out “the
five-year non-compete built into” the draft and the forum selection provisions, among other
things. 32 The email also observed that employee non-competes (as opposed to the stockholder
non-competes) are “not enforceable and against public policy in the State of California.” 33
26 Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 4 (“Chris Scharff Dep. Tr.”) at 44:14–21; Pulino Dep. Tr. at 116:14–16. 27 Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 52:4–53:7. 28 Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 10 at UBEO00017632. 29 Id. 30 See Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 10 at UBEO00017632; Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 54:22–57:5. 31 Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 10 at UBEO00017628–31. 32 Id. at UBEO00017630. 33 Id. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 7 of 24
Although Griffith claimed to represent Ray Morgan’s stockholders in addition to the
Company at that time, he never spoke to Drakulic. 34 Drakulic was not a recipient of Griffith’s
September 12 email and was never informed of its contents. 35
Ray Morgan ultimately retained separate counsel, Cara Stone LLP (“Cara Stone”), to
represent its stockholders in merger negotiations, and Drakulic was sent a copy of the engagement
letter on September 24, 2018. 36 The letter provided that it “is a binding contract for legal
services . . . on behalf of [Ray Morgan], . . . Drakulic . . . [and the other stockholders of Ray
Morgan].” 37 The letter defined the scope of work to include “[r]eviewing a proposed purchase
agreement . . . and provid[ing] requested legal analysis, . . . recommendations, and, as appropriate,
assistance with documentation relating to the same.” 38
Ray Morgan later hired a firm to provide tax advice to its stockholders. On October 22,
2018, Quadros forwarded to Drakulic an engagement letter from Bret Kanis of Hightower Law
Firm (“Hightower”). 39 The engagement letter stated that the firm was available to offer “tax advice
in connection with the proposed sale of [Ray Morgan] . . . pursuant to that draft Merger,
Contribution and Asset Purchase Agreement dated October 8, 2018 . . . [and,] upon request,
34 Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 130:7–8 (“I had no idea that David Griffith was involved in the merger. . . .”). 35 See Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 10 at UBEO00017628; Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 130:7–8. 36 Pls.’ Answering Br. Ex. I. 37 Id. at UBEO00003134. 38 Id. at UBEO00003135. 39 Pls.’ Answering Br. Ex. H. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 8 of 24
additional future services in connection with such sale.” 40 Drakulic’s signature appears on both
engagement letters. 41
Drakulic believed that his interests were represented in the negotiations. 42
In addition to speaking a few times with Pulino, Drakulic received updates from time-to-
time (he estimates once a month) throughout the merger negotiations from Martin and Chris
Scarff. 43 At some point in these conversations, Drakulic learned that UBEO and the Deal Team
agreed to allow Ray Morgan stockholders to invest up to 10% of their yearly income in the post-
merger entity, which equated to a $27,000 maximum investment for Drakulic. 44 Drakulic asked
to increase the size of his investment around October 1, 2018. 45 The Deal Team members agreed
to this, and Drakulic ultimately invested $80,000 in UBEO. 46
The internal email exchange among the Deal Team on this issue was troubling for other
reasons. Chris Scarff relayed Drakulic’s request to increase the maximum size of this investment
to the other members of the Deal Team in the following email:
Going forward, it is extremely important that information is kept very close to the vest. By [Drakulic] sharing with me that he was
40 Id. at UBEO00000008. 41 See Pls.’ Answering Br. Ex. I at UBEO00003137; Pls.’ Answering Br. Ex. Y at UBEO00016459. Drakulic disputes that he signed the Cara Stone engagement letter. See Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 134:24–135:17. 42 See id. at 153:14–18 (“[A]s far as I knew, . . . [Pulino] was acting on our behalf and with our best interests in mind.”); id. at 177:15–17 (testifying that he “trust[ed] that [Pulino] had [his] best interests in mind”). 43 See id. at 49:5–50:18, 51:12–52:3; Pulino Dep. Tr. at 79:2–3. 44 See Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 199:10–13; Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 14 at UBEO00001563. From 2015 through 2017, Drakulic earned, on average, approximately $270,000 per year. Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 35. 45 See Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 201:6–9; Pls.’ Answering Br. Ex. J. 46 See Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 201:2–12; Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 8 at UBEO00008572. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 9 of 24
told that $11M is the reinvestment limit, puts us in a real uncomfortable position. We all want to do positive/generous things for our employees, and the more information that is shared can possibly turn something generous into varying perception. 47
Chris Scharff was concerned that Drakulic learned of the $11 million investment limit from a Deal
Team member involved in the process and was worried about this leak. He reminded Deal Team
members to keep information “close to the vest” so that employees did not feel slighted. In this
email, it seems clear that Chris Scharff viewed Drakulic as standing on the employee side of the
divide.
Cara Stone prepared a six-page memorandum summarizing the “key issues presented in
the draft” merger agreement. 48 It was dated October 9, 2018, and was emailed to the Deal Team
on October 10, 2018. 49 The memorandum called out the non-compete, stating:
Sections 7.3(b) and (c) prohibit [the selling stockholders] from competing with the [post-merger company] anywhere in the United States and soliciting employees or poaching customers or suppliers for a period of 5 years from the Closing Date. Although provisions of sort are not uncommon, we note that the [letter of intent] is silent on the issue, and that the restricted period and area are arguably excessive in the absence of employment agreements (providing for payments for termination without cause). We should discuss the non-compete and non-solicitation provisions in this context. 50
Drakulic did not receive this email, nor did anyone communicate its contents to him. 51
47 Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 14 at UBEO00001563 (emphasis added). 48 Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 17 at UBEO00007721. 49 Id. 50 Id. at UBEO00007731 (emphasis added). 51 See Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 136:10–22 (“Q. You knew that Cara Stone was performing services for all the shareholders, didn’t you? A. Not prior to the close of the merger, no. Not prior to the lawsuit, let me put it that way. . . . Q. And you’ve sworn under oath you never communicated with any attorney before the closing of the merger, correct? A. Yes, except for that Hightower document that I signed, but I did not -- as far as I know, I did not speak with any attorney from any firm.”); id. at 249:18–22 (“Q. So would it be correct to say that you never received any C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 10 of 24
Ray Morgan also engaged an accountant, Paul Catanese, to review the draft merger
agreement. 52 On October 10, 2018, Catanese emailed Martin outlining several financial and tax-
related issues with the agreement. 53 Catanese stated that resolving the issues “would be more
successful and achievable” if there was “[f]ull disclosure of the non competes and what they mean
for each owner.” 54 Drakulic was not a recipient of this email and was not made aware of its
contents. 55
The Deal Team asked Drakulic to execute the final merger agreement (the “Merger
Agreement”) on November 4, 2018, but they only emailed him the signature page. 56 Drakulic
signed the signature page. 57
The Deal Team asked Drakulic to execute other documents “for closing” the next day.58
These documents were a Non-Foreign Status Affidavit of Individual Seller, a Form W-9, the
Joinder to Securityholders Agreement, and the Second A&R LLC Agreement of UBEO
communication from any lawyer at the Cara Stone firm prior to the date you signed the blank signature page for the Merger Agreement? A. Yes.”); id. at 263:9–12 (“Q. Did you ever get any advice about any provisions of the Merger Agreement from the Cara Stone firm? A. No.”); Pulino Dep. Tr. at 122:10–13 (“Q. Did you show [the Cara Stone] memorandum to Michael Drakulic with the specific reference to point -- did you ever show this memorandum to Michael Drakulic? A. No, I don’t -- do not believe. I did not.”). 52 Martin Dep. Tr. at 46:10–47:1; see also id. at 46:16–17 (noting that Catanese was not employed by Ray Morgan but the Company had previously “outsourced things to him”). 53 See Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 18. 54 Id. at UBEO00003352. 55 See id.; Martin Dep. Tr. at 47:17–48:6. 56 Pls.’ Answering Br. Ex. L at UBEO00000118–19; see also Pls.’ Answering Br. Ex. Q (“Merger Agreement”). 57 Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 147:24–148:1. 58 Pls.’ Answering Br. Ex. M at UBEO00000063. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 11 of 24
Holdings, LLC. 59 The Joinder to Securityholders Agreement included a Delaware choice-of-law
provision. 60 Scharfenberg added: “Please let me know if you have any questions.” 61
That night, the Deal Team sent a memorandum to “All [Ray Morgan] Colleagues,” titled
“Ray Morgan Company merges with UBEO Holdings.” 62 The memorandum included details
regarding the merger and answered a number of questions. 63 It informed employees that “[a]ll the
owners, executives and managers will remain in their current roles and maintain a strong equity
position in [Ray Morgan].” 64 Further, it assured employees that there would not be “any negative
impact to [them] due to this strategic financial investment.” 65
Although Drakulic was not provided a copy of the merger agreement at any point during
the negotiations, Drakulic received the above email assuring him that the merger would have no
negative impact. 66
Around November 7, 2018, Drakulic, in his capacity as a stockholder, executed the Joint
Written Consent of the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Ray A. Morgan Company A
59 Id. at UBEO00000064–74. 60 Id. at UBEO00000071–72. 61 Id. at UBEO00000063. 62 See Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 34. 63 Id. at UBEO00001679–80. 64 Id. at UBEO00001679. 65 Id. at UBEO00001680 (“We will continue to make [Ray Morgan] a better place for all our colleagues and their families.”). 66 See id.; Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 56:15–57:9. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 12 of 24
California Corporation. 67 The consent did not reference the non-compete, non-solicitation, or
forum selection provisions nor attach the relevant agreements. 68
The merger closed on November 7, 2018. 69 Drakulic’s payout from the merger was
$215,712.39, of which $135,712.39 was a cash distribution and $80,000 was rolled over into
UBEO Holdings’ equity. 70 As noted above, the consideration paid to the other stockholders—all
Deal Team members—ranged from $2 million to $22 million.71
C. Terms of the Merger Agreement
A few provisions of the Merger Agreement are relevant to this dispute.
Section 7.3 restricts Drakulic from competing with Ray Morgan anywhere in the
United States or soliciting any Ray Morgan employees or customers for a five-year period (the
“Non-Compete Provision”). 72
67 Pls.’ Answering Br. Ex. P. 68 See id. 69 Merger Agreement. “Ray A. Morgan Company” and “RMC A Ray Morgan Company, LLC” were separate entities. See id. at Preamble. The Merger Agreement defined “Sellers” as the Ray A. Morgan Company “[s]tockholders” and the RMC A Ray Morgan Company, LLC “[e]quityholders.” Id. The parties do not explain the relationship between these two entities, nor do they discuss whether the distinction is material to the issue before the court. In addition, both parties simply refer to Ray Morgan’s “stockholders” throughout their briefs. For those reasons, this decision refers to the Sellers as “stockholders” to avoid unnecessary confusion. 70 Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 8 at UBEO00008572. 71 See id. (funds flow chart showing merger distributions); Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 11 (noting that Jim Scarff, Greg Martin, Chris Scarff, and Sam Pulino each own a 25% membership interest in RMC a Ray Morgan Company, LLC). 72 Merger Agreement § 7.3. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 13 of 24
Section 7.6 guaranteed employment for Ray Morgan employees with the post-merger
entity upon the consummation of the merger (although it did not guarantee continued
employment). 73
Section 9.14 gives “any state or federal court sitting in Wilmington, Delaware” the
“exclusive jurisdiction” to resolve “any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this
Agreement” (the “Forum Selection Provision”). 74
Although the parties present conflicting testimony as to whether Drakulic was ever made
aware of the Non-Compete Provision, 75 Drakulic denies being made aware of the Forum Selection
Provision, 76 and Plaintiffs do not contend otherwise.
73 See id. § 7.6(a) (“UBEO shall, or shall cause one of its Affiliates to, offer employment to each [Ray Morgan] employee . . . who is employed on the Closing Date contingent upon and effective as of the Closing Date. Such offers of employment shall initially be for the same base wages and salary (not including equity or equity-based compensation, deferred compensation, severance, retention bonuses, or change-in-control bonuses) as provided by [Ray Morgan] immediately prior to the Closing Date.”); id. § 7.6(e) (“This Section 7.6 shall not be construed . . . to create any right in any Person . . . to employment or continued employment or any particular term or condition of employment with UBEO or any of its Affiliates or limit the ability of UBEO or any of its Affiliates . . . to terminate the employment of any employee . . . at any time and for any or no reason . . . .”). 74 Id. § 9.14. 75 Drakulic testified that he was never made aware of it; Pulino testified that he apprised Drakulic of the provision. Compare Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 53:2–7 (“Q. Mr. Pulino also kept you apprised of the terms of the agreement, correct? A. No. Q. Mr. Pulino actually discussed with you certain terms of the agreement; isn’t that correct? A. That’s not correct.”), with Pulino Dep. Tr. at 19:7– 12 (“Q. Can you tell me specifically what was said by you to Mr. Drakulic at any one of those meetings? A. Specifically deal points were spoken about surrounding our -- you know, basically when the close would happen. We talked about that. We talked about the non-compete.”). Chris Scarff testified that he “believe[d] that [Drakulic] should have been shown a copy of the agreement before being asked to sign it.” Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 4 (“Chris Scarff Dep. Tr.”) at 72:16–19. He further testified: “I would believe [Drakulic] was either shown [a copy] or he would have asked for one and been shown it.” Id. at 72:21–73:1. 76 See Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 53:2–7, 54:8–57:9, 186:16–190:17. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 14 of 24
D. Drakulic’s Departure from Ray Morgan
Drakulic worked for Ray Morgan until July 2020. 77 Around July 9, 2020, Drakulic
informed Martin that he and another Ray Morgan employee would be leaving the Company to join
a start-up that intended to compete with UBEO, Global Office Inc. (“Global Office”). 78 The
Amended Complaint alleges that, before leaving Ray Morgan, Drakulic met by phone and through
web-based video platforms with founders of Global Office. 79
Drakulic claims to have become aware of the Non-Compete during a July 18, 2020 meeting
with Martin to discuss Drakulic’s desire to leave the Company. 80 After the meeting, on July 21,
2020, Drakulic requested a copy of the Merger Agreement from Martin and Travis Sheffield of
UBEO. 81
Richard Whitlock of Ray Morgan responded to Drakulic’s request by providing an
excerpted version of the Merger Agreement with only the table of contents, Sections 7.1 through
7.6 containing the Non-Compete Provision and restrictive covenants, and the signature pages. 82
Drakulic did not become aware or receive a copy of the Forum Selection Provision until
UBEO attached it as an exhibit to its pleadings in this action. 83
77 See id. at 42:3–16. In 2019, Drakulic’s last full year of employment with Ray Morgan, his total compensation was $208,021. Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 35. In the first half of 2020, his total compensation was $115,139. Id. 78 See Martin Dep. Tr. at 71:7–72:10, 91:18–93:4; Am. Compl. ¶ 3. 79 Am. Compl. ¶¶ 8, 37, 39–42. 80 See Pls.’ Answering Br. Ex. U. 81 Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 38. 82 See Def.’s Opening Br. Ex. 41. 83 See Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 188:14–189:1, 256:23–257:2. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 15 of 24
Drakulic left Ray Morgan in mid-2020. 84
E. This Litigation
On August 13, 2020, UBEO filed this action against Drakulic along with a motion to
expedite and a motion for a temporary restraining order enjoining Drakulic from competing with
UBEO. 85 On August 19, 2020, the court granted Plaintiffs’ motion to expedite and held the motion
for a temporary restraining order in abeyance, instructing the parties to meet and confer “to at least
allay immediate concerns mooting the need for another TRO hearing.” 86
Defendant filed a motion to dismiss, and Plaintiffs amended their complaint in response
(the “Amended Complaint”). 87 The Amended Complaint asserts three counts: Count I alleges
that Defendant breached Section 7.3(b) of the Merger Agreement as a result of his employment
with Global Office; 88 Count II alleges that Defendant breached Section 7.3(b) of the Merger
Agreement as a result of his equity ownership in Global Office; 89 and Count III alleges that
Defendant breached Section 7.3(c) of the Merger Agreement by soliciting a Ray Morgan employee
84 Am. Compl. ¶ 4. 85 See Dkt. 1, Pls. UBEO Holdings, LLC, UBEO Intermediate, LLC, UBEO Midco, LLC and UBEO, LLC’s Verified Compl. for Breach of Contract; Dkt. 2, Pls. UBEO Holdings, LLC, UBEO Intermediate, LLC, UBEO Midco, LLC and UBEO LLC’s Mot. for Expedited Proceedings; Dkt. 3, Pls. UBEO Holdings, LLC, UBEO Intermediate, LLC, UBEO Midco, LLC and UBEO LLC’s Mot. for Temporary Restraining Order. 86 Dkt. 25, Aug. 19, 2020 Telephonic Oral Arg. and Partial Rulings of the Ct. on Pls.’ Mots. ror Expedited Proceedings and Temporary Restraining Order, at 30. 87 See Dkt. 17, Michael Drakulic’s Mot. to Dismiss; Am. Compl. 88 Am. Compl. ¶¶ 52–59. 89 Id. ¶¶ 60–66. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 16 of 24
to leave the employment of Ray Morgan and join Global Office. 90 Plaintiffs again moved for a
temporary restraining order, which the court denied. 91
Defendant renewed his motion to dismiss on September 17, 2020, and the parties
completed briefing on January 18, 2021. 92 The court heard oral argument on January 21, 2021. 93
II. LEGAL ANALYSIS
Defendant has moved to dismiss all Counts of the Amended Complaint under Court of
Chancery Rule 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction. “When a defendant moves to dismiss a
complaint pursuant to Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(2), the plaintiff bears the burden of showing
a basis for the court’s exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant.” 94
Generally, Delaware courts resolve questions of jurisdiction using a two-step analysis, first
determining “that service of process is authorized by statute,” 95 and next determining that the
defendant had certain minimum contacts with Delaware such that the exercise of personal
jurisdiction “does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” 96
90 See id. ¶¶ 67–73. 91 See Dkt. 21, Pls. UBEO Holdings, LLC, UBEO Intermediate, LLC, UBEO Midco, LLC and UBEO, LLC’s Am. Mot. for Temporary Restraining Order; Dkt. 35, Sept. 9, 2020 Oral Arg. Re Pls.’ Am. Mot. for a Temporary Restraining Order and the Ct.’s Ruling. 92 See Dkt. 32, Michael Drakulic’s Mot. to Dismiss Under Ct. Ch. R. 12(b)(2); Def.’s Opening Br.; Pls.’ Answering Br.; Dkt. 75, Michael Drakulic’s Reply. Br. in Supp. of His Mot. to Dismiss Pls.’ Am. Compl. (“Def.’s Reply Br.”). 93 Dkt. 80, Jan. 21, 2021 Tr. of the Oral Arg. On Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss Pls.’ Am. Compl. Held Via Zoom. 94 Ryan, 935 A.2d at 265 (citing Werner v. Miller Tech. Mgmt., L.P., 831 A.2d 318 (Del. Ch. 2003)). 95 Id. 96 Matthew v. Fläkt Woods Gp. SA, 56 A.3d 1023, 1027 (Del. 2012) (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (internal quotation marks omitted)). C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 17 of 24
Plaintiffs rely exclusively on the Forum Selection Provision to establish jurisdiction over
Drakulic. 97 When a party is bound by a forum selection clause, “the party is considered to have
expressly consented to personal jurisdiction.” 98 “An express consent to jurisdiction, in and of
itself, satisfies the requirements of Due Process.” 99
Forum selection clauses are prima facie valid under Delaware law. 100 A forum selection
clause will generally be enforced where the elements for enforcing a contract are met. 101
Conversely, a forum selection clause is not enforceable where such “enforcement would be
unreasonable and unjust,” or where “the clause [is] invalid for such reasons as fraud and
overreaching.” 102
For a contract to be enforceable, the parties must have “intended that the contract would
bind them.” 103 Whether phrased as “intent to be bound” or “meeting of the minds,” this court’s
97 See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 17–19. 98 AlixPartners, LLP v. Mori, 2019 WL 6327325, at *10 (Del. Ch. Nov. 26, 2019) (quoting Solae, LLC v. Hershey Can., Inc., 557 F. Supp.2d 452, 456 (D. Del. 2008)). 99 Solae, 557 F. Supp. 2d at 456 (citing Sternberg v. O’Neil, 550 A.2d 1105, 1116 (Del. 1988)); see also Eagle Force Hldgs., LLC v. Campbell, 187 A.3d 1209, 1228 (Del. 2018) (“Where a party commits to the jurisdiction of a particular court or forum by contract, such as through a forum selection clause, a ‘minimum contacts’ analysis is not required as it should clearly anticipate being required to litigate in that forum.”) . 100 E.g., Genuine Parts Co. v. Cepec, 137 A.3d 123, 148 (Del. 2016) (quoting M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 10 (1972)). 101 See, e.g., Nat’l Indus. Gp. (Hldg.) v. Carlyle Inv. Mgmt. L.L.C., 67 A.3d 373, 381 (Del. 2013); Ingres Corp. v. CA, Inc., 8 A.3d 1143, 1146–47 (Del. 2010). 102 See Ingres, 8 A.3d at 1146 (alteration in original); see also id. (“Courts should assess the reasonableness of a forum selection clause on a case-by-case basis.”). 103 Eagle Force, 187 A.3d at 1229 (quoting Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1158 (Del. 2010)). C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 18 of 24
determination is “based upon [the parties’] expressed words and deeds as manifested at the time
rather than by their after-the-fact professed subjective intent.” 104
“[I]n applying this objective test for determining whether the parties intended to be bound,
the court reviews the evidence that the parties communicated to each other up until the time that
the contract was signed—i.e., their words and actions—including the putative contract itself.”105
Although the contract itself is not dispositive to this analysis, “a wet ink, signed version of a
contract looks to be solid evidence of a meeting of minds.” 106 This court may, nonetheless,
“consider evidence of the parties’ prior or contemporaneous agreements and negotiations in
evaluating whether the parties intended to be bound by the agreement.” 107
In this case, there was clearly no meeting of the minds as to the Forum Selection Provision,
which Drakulic never reviewed. He did not even know of its existence until this litigation because
he was not informed by the persons supposedly negotiating on his behalf. The Deal Team kept
information “close to the vest” and intentionally withheld such critical details from Drakulic.
In support of enforcing the provision, Plaintiff focuses on one fact: that Drakulic executed
the signature page of the Merger Agreement. Plaintiff adds, and it is true, that Drakulic could have
asked more questions when negotiations were ongoing. He could have requested a copy of the
104 See Kotler v. Shipman Assocs., LLC, 2019 WL 4025634, at *16 (Del. Ch. Aug. 21, 2019) (quoting Black Horse Cap., LP v. Xstelos Hldgs., Inc., 2014 WL 5025926, at *12 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2014)). 105 Eagle Force, 187 A.3d at 1229–30 (“Under Delaware law, overt manifestation of assent—not subjective intent—controls the formation of a contract.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Lynch v. Gonzalez, 2020 WL 4381604, at *31 (Del. Ch. July 31, 2020) (“Where the objective, contemporaneous evidence indicates that the parties have reached an agreement, they are bound by it, regardless of its form or the manner in which it was manifested.”). 106 See Kotler, 2019 WL 4025634, at *17. 107 Eagle Force, 187 A.3d at 1230. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 19 of 24
Merger Agreement. He could have expressed greater concern. But he voluntarily executed the
signature page without any such investigation. 108
Most of the time, Delaware law will hold a party to the terms of the agreement she executed
even if she never read the agreement. 109 There are many reasons for this approach, but the
overarching concern is that if a party to a contract could use her failure to read a contract as a way
to circumvent her obligations, “contracts would not be worth the paper on which they are
written.” 110
In this unusual case, a variety of factors yield a different conclusion. Foremost, although
“a . . . signed version of a contract” is typically “solid evidence of a meeting of minds[,] . . . it is
108 Drakulic Dep. Tr. at 147:24–148:1. 109 See, e.g., Scion Breckenridge Managing Member, LLC v. ASB Allegiance Real Estate Fund, 68 A.3d 665, 677 (Del. 2013) (“[A] party cannot seek avoidance of a contract he never read.”); W. Willow–Bay Ct., LLC v. Robino–Bay Ct. Plaza, LLC, 2009 WL 3247992, at *4 n.19 (Del. Ch. Oct. 6, 2009) (“‘[F]ailure to read a contract provides no defense against enforcement of its provisions where the mistake sought to be avoided is unilateral and could have been deterred by the simple, prudent act of reading the contract.’” (quoting 27 Williston on Contracts § 70.113 (4th ed. 2009))), aff’d, 985 A.2d 391 (Del. 2009) (TABLE); Patel v. Dimple, Inc., 2007 WL 2353155, at *11 n.22 (Del. Ch. Aug. 16, 2007) (“A party’s failure to read a contract does not justify its avoidance.”); Moore v. O’Connor, 2006 WL 2442027, at *4 (Del. Super. Aug. 23, 2006) (“Even if [defendant] was, in fact, unaware of the effect his initials on the June 30, 2006 agreement would have regarding the good will payment, he is still responsible for the contents of the writing to which he assented. One of the basic tenets of contract law is that a party is responsible for the terms of a contract they sign, even if unaware of the terms.”); Harrington Raceway, Inc. v. Vautrin, 2001 WL 1456873, at *3 (“[T]he Court cannot protect business people who decide to sign contracts . . . without reading them.”) (Del. Super. Aug. 31, 2001); TP Gp.–CI, Inc. v. Vetecnik, 2016 WL 5864030, at *1 (D. Del. Oct. 6, 2016) (“Defendant’s only argument with respect to the non-compete is that he was not aware of the existence of the agreement. The law is well settled, however, that failure to read a contract does not excuse performance.” (citing Graham v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 565 A.2d 908, 913 (Del. 1989))). 110 Pellaton v. Bank of N.Y., 592 A.2d 473, 477 (Del. 1991) (quoting Upton v. Tribilcock, 91 U.S. 45, 50 (1875)); see also Graham, 565 A.2d at 913 (observing that it would be unjust to allow a party to a contract to “silently accept its benefits and then object to its perceived disadvantages”). C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 20 of 24
not evidence so powerful that it negates all other evidence to the contrary.” 111 Plaintiffs do not
deny that Drakulic was wholly unaware of the Forum Selection Provision when he executed the
signature page. There was simply no meeting of the minds as to this critical term. There was no
actual consent.
More worrisome, as applied to Drakulic, the Forum Selection Provision is akin to a contract
of adhesion, or a “standard-form contract prepared by one party, to be signed by another party in
a weaker position, usu[ally] a consumer, who adheres to the contract with little choice about the
terms.” 112
“A contract of adhesion may be declared unenforceable, in whole or in part, if its terms are
unconscionable within the meaning of 6 Del. C. § 2-302.” 113 Under 6 Del. C. § 2-302:
If the court as a matter of law finds the contract or any clause of the contract to have been unconscionable at the time it was made the court may refuse to enforce the contract, or it may enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or it may so limit the application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid any unconscionable result. 114
Section 2-302 permits a court to strike unconscionable clauses. This court may also sever a forum
selection provision from the agreement in which it is contained and separately assess its
enforceability. 115
111 Kotler v. Shipman Assocs., LLC, 2019 WL 4025634, at *17 (Del. Ch. Aug. 21, 2019). 112 Adhesion Contract, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). 113 Graham, 565 A.2d at 912. 114 6 Del. C. § 2-302(1). 115 See Nat’l Indus., 67 A.3d at 380 (agreeing that “a party cannot escape a valid forum selection clause . . . by arguing that the underlying contract was invalid for a reason unrelated to the forum selection . . . clause itself”); see also Rucker v. Oasis Legal Fin., L.L.C., 632 F.3d 1231, 1238 (11th Cir. 2011) (“A forum selection clause is viewed as a separate contract that is severable from the agreement in which it is contained.” (citing Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co., 417 U.S. 506, 519 C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 21 of 24
The parties cited no Delaware case directly addressing whether facts as unusual as those
present here render a contractual clause unconscionable. Plaintiffs argue that the Delaware
Supreme Court’s decision in Graham v. State Farm Mutual Automotive Company supports their
holding. 116 There, a dispute arose from an arbitration provision in the plaintiffs’ automotive
insurance agreement. 117 The parties agreed that the plaintiffs were not explicitly advised of the
inclusion of this language in the agreement and did not receive a copy of the policy until after they
had paid their first premium. 118 Two years after receiving a copy of the agreement, however, the
plaintiffs “silent[ly] accept[ed] . . . the policy’s coverage.” 119
To avoid the arbitration provision, the plaintiffs argued that “they should not be bound by
contract terms to which they did not explicitly assent.” 120 Assessing the facts within the framework
of 6 Del. C. § 2-302, the court held that the arbitration provision did not “unfairly favor[]” the
insurer and was not “unfairly structured.” 121 Further, the court was unpersuaded by the plaintiffs’
argument that their policy was presented on a “take-it-or-leave-it basis.” 122 The court held that “if
n.14 (1974))); Marra v. Papandreou, 216 F.3d 1119, 1123 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (“A forum-selection clause is understood not merely as a contractual provision, but as a distinct contract . . . that is separate from the obligations the parties owe to each other under the remainder of the contract.”). 116 See Pls.’ Answering Br. at 28–34 (citing Graham, 565 A.2d 908); Def.’s Reply Br. at 7–11 (same). 117 565 A.2d at 910. 118 Id. 119 Id. 120 Id. at 912. 121 Id. at 912–13. The Graham court further held that “it would be highly inappropriate if this Court were to find a contract unconscionable because it adheres to the declared public policy of this State.” Id. at 913. But that was not the sole factor—or even the driving factor—supporting the court’s conclusion. See id. at 911–13. It is therefore immaterial that the court here is not presented with the same public policy concern (arbitration). 122 Id. at 913 (internal quotation marks omitted). C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 22 of 24
the [plaintiff] had read their policy after receiving it, they would have discovered the arbitration
clause,” and “[i]f they then believed this clause to be sufficiently objectionable, they could have
cancelled the policy and sought coverage with another insurer on more agreeable terms.” 123 As
support for this holding, the court noted that “[a] party to a contract cannot silently accept its
benefits and then object to its perceived disadvantages, nor can a party’s failure to read a contract
justify its avoidance.” 124 Accordingly, the court concluded that the agreement was enforceable. 125
Unlike the plaintiff in Graham, Drakulic was never presented with the Forum Selection
Provision prior to this litigation. He did not read it before signing the signature page of the Merger
Agreement. Plaintiffs fault Drakulic for failing to seek out and obtain a copy of the Merger
Agreement before signing it, but the contemporaneous evidence suggests that the Deal Team
intended to keep Drakulic uninformed. In fact, when Drakulic subsequently requested a copy of
the Merger Agreement after leaving Ray Morgan, the Company sent him an excerpted version that
did not include the Forum Selection Provision. 126
The leading federal decision concerning the enforceability of forum selection clauses in
contracts of adhesion is Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute. 127 There, the Supreme Court of the
123 Id. The court noted that “the policy contains a clause allowing the insured to cancel coverage at any time.” Id. at 913 n.5. 124 Id. at 913. 125 Id. The Supreme Court of Ohio applied Graham to a similar set of facts in Henderson v. Law. Title Ins. Corp. See 843 N.E.2d 152, 160 (Ohio 2006). There, however, the insureds did not receive a copy of their agreement until after closing and, at that point, they could not have voided it. Id. Based on that distinguishing fact, the court held that the arbitration clause was unenforceable. Id. Here, Drakulic did not receive a copy of the Forum Selection Provision until this litigation began, indicating that it too is unenforceable. 126 None of the other cases to which Plaintiffs cite present the same degree of overreaching exhibited by the Deal Team. 127 499 U.S. 585 (1991). C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 23 of 24
United States rejected the lower court’s conclusion that a non-negotiated forum selection clause in
a cruise ticket is categorically unenforceable “simply because it [was] not the subject of
bargaining.” 128 In Carnival Cruise, however, the “respondents have conceded that they were given
notice of the forum provision,” 129 and subsequent decisions have distinguished Carnival Cruise
on that basis. 130
Plaintiffs cite to Jerez v. JD Closeouts, LLC, for example, where a New York state court
declined to enforce a forum selection provision in an e-commerce transaction. 131 The court
distinguished Carnival Cruise Lines as involving “a fact-pattern where the passengers ‘conceded
that they were given notice of the forum provision, and, therefore, presumably retained the option
of rejecting the contract with impunity.’” 132 By contrast, in Jerez, the plaintiff “never saw the
provision before, and defendants present no evidence that the ‘terms of sale’ listed on their website
were ever communicated to plaintiff in connection with the transaction.” 133 The court reasoned
that “[u]nder the law of contract, the absence of such a communication is critically important in
determining whether the forum clause will be enforced,” and declined to enforce the provision. 134
128 Id. at 593. 129 Id. at 595. 130 See, e.g., Phillips v. Audio Active Ltd., 494 F.3d 378, 383 (2d Cir. 2007); D.H. Blair & Co., Inc. v. Gottdiener, 462 F.3d 95, 103 (2d Cir. 2006)); Effron v. Sun Line Cruises, Inc., 67 F.3d 7, 9 (2d Cir. 1995); Testa v. Becker, 2010 WL 1644883, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 22, 2010); Mezyk v. U.S. Bank Pension Plan, 2009 WL 3853878, at *3 (S.D. Ill. Nov. 18, 2009); O’Brien v. Okemo Mountain, Inc., 17 F. Supp. 2d 98, 103 (D. Conn. 1998). 131 943 N.Y.S. 2d at 398–99. 132 Id. at 396. 133 Id. 134 Id. C.A. No. 2020-0669-KSJM April 30, 2021 Page 24 of 24
The reasoning of Jerez applies with more force here. Apart from the Forum Selection
Provision not being communicated to Drakulic by Plaintiffs, it was negotiated by his direct
supervisors. The Deal Team and their advisors let Drakulic down by concealing their own conflicts
of interest and the existence of terms that were harmful to Drakulic. Drakulic was not an arm’s-
length negotiator who missed buried terms—he was represented by persons who failed him. For
these reasons, it would be unconscionable to enforce the Forum Selection Provision against
Drakulic.
This decision is quite limited. It does not address the enforceability of the other provisions
of the Merger Agreement, which may not raise the same due process considerations as the Forum
Selection Provision. It focused mainly on the authorities cited by the parties and not the wealth of
additional authorities on this issue. It is certainly not an invitation to allow parties to “radically
redefine” their contracts “simply by proving that [they] had not been informed of its stated terms
in advance.” 135 In the end, the court’s driving concern is that it would simply be unjust to assert
personal jurisdiction over Drakulic under a consent-based theory where consent was a total fiction.
For the foregoing reasons, Drakulic’s motion to dismiss is granted.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Sincerely,
/s/ Kathaleen St. Jude McCormick
Kathaleen St. Jude McCormick Vice Chancellor
cc: All counsel of record (by File & ServeXpress)
135 See Graham, 565 A.2d at 912.