COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Beales and Huff UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Salem, Virginia
TYSHAWN TERREL BYRD MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1426-12-3 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES MARCH 18, 2014 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SMYTH COUNTY Isaac St. Clair Freeman, Judge
Matthew L. Felty (Snodgrass Law Firm, on briefs), for appellant.
Craig W. Stallard, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Tyshawn Terrel Byrd (appellant) entered pleas of no contest to several offenses, and the trial
court sentenced appellant to a total of forty years and twelve months imprisonment, with twenty-six
years and six months suspended. Appellant argues, the Attorney General concedes, and we agree
that the sentences for two of the offenses must be reversed and vacated because they exceeded the
maximum sentence permitted by law.1 Appellant also challenges for the first time on appeal the
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 The Attorney General concedes that appellant’s sentence of ten years (with five years suspended) under Code § 18.2-308.2(A) for possessing a firearm after having been convicted of a violent felony and appellant’s sentence of five years (with two years suspended) under Code § 18.2-53.1 for using a firearm in the commission of a felony exceeded the maximum sentence permitted by law for those offenses. We accept the Attorney General’s concession as appropriate, in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Rawls v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 334, 634 S.E.2d 697 (2006), and this Court’s decision in Hines v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 567, 721 S.E.2d 792 (2012). See Rawls, 272 Va. at 348, 634 S.E.2d at 703 (holding that the five-year “mandatory minimum sentence for a defendant convicted of possession of a firearm after a previous violent felony” under Code § 18.2-308.2(A) “equals the statutory maximum sentence” for that offense); Hines, 59 Va. App. at 580, 721 S.E.2d at 798 (holding that “Code § 18.2-53.1 authorizes the imposition of only a three-year mandatory term of incarceration” for a first offense validity of his pleas of no contest that he entered in the trial court. Concluding that the ends of
justice exception to Rule 5A:18 does not apply to appellant’s challenge of his no contest pleas, we
affirm appellant’s convictions for the reasons stated below. Thus, we remand the matter to the trial
court solely for resentencing (as addressed in footnote 1).
I. BACKGROUND
Under settled principles of appellate review, we view “the evidence in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth, as we must since it was the prevailing party” in the trial court.
Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 330, 601 S.E.2d 555, 574 (2004). On February 8, 2012,
appellant and appellant’s court-appointed trial counsel appeared in the trial court after appellant was
charged with seven felonies and a misdemeanor.2 Trial counsel informed the trial court that
appellant wished to plead no contest to all of the charges against him. Appellant confirmed that he
wished to plead no contest rather than go to trial.
During the plea colloquy with the trial court, appellant acknowledged, inter alia, that he
understood the elements of the charged offenses, that the Commonwealth was required to prove all
of the required elements of each offense beyond a reasonable doubt, that he had discussed possible
under that statute); see also Batts v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 1, 12-13, 515 S.E.2d 307, 313 (1999) (“‘Where the sentence imposed is in excess of that prescribed by law, that part of the sentence which is excessive is invalid.’” (quoting Deagle v. Commonwealth, 214 Va. 304, 305, 199 S.E.2d 509, 510 (1973))). Accordingly, on remand, the trial court is instructed to impose a mandatory term of five years imprisonment for the conviction under Code § 18.2-308.2(A), as required by Rawls, and a mandatory term of three years imprisonment for the conviction under Code § 18.2-53.1, as required by Hines. Given that these are the only sentences permitted by law for appellant’s convictions under Code § 18.2-308.2(A) and Code § 18.2-53.1, “a new sentencing hearing is unnecessary.” Hines, 59 Va. App. at 581 n.7, 721 S.E.2d at 798 n.7. Furthermore, the sentences imposed by the trial court for appellant’s other offenses remain unaffected by the result here. 2 Specifically, appellant was charged with (and entered no contest pleas for) statutory burglary, in violation of Code § 18.2-91; attempted malicious wounding, in violation of Code §§ 18.2-26 and 18.2-51; three counts of abduction, in violation of Code § 18.2-47; possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a violent felony, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2; use of a firearm in the commission of a felony or attempted felony, in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1; and misdemeanor assault and battery, in violation of Code § 18.2-57. -2- theories of defense with his trial counsel, that he was entirely satisfied with his counsel’s services,
that he was aware that the legal effect of a no contest plea was the same as that of a guilty plea, and
that he was entering his pleas of no contest freely and voluntarily. Appellant also told the trial court
that he was aware of the maximum punishments for each charged offense and that he had reviewed
the sentencing guidelines range with his trial counsel. In addition, when the trial court stated that
one of the charged offenses carried a five-year mandatory minimum term of imprisonment,
appellant said that he understood. Trial counsel also told the trial judge that “the defense would
stipulate” that the Commonwealth’s proffered evidence “could prove each and every element” of
the charged offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial court found that appellant entered his
“pleas of no contest freely and voluntarily and with the full knowledge of the consequence” of those
pleas. The trial court then found appellant guilty of all charged offenses beyond a reasonable doubt.
On June 4, 2012, appellant appeared again with his trial counsel for sentencing by the trial
court. Trial counsel told the trial court at the outset of the sentencing hearing that, at appellant’s
request, she was moving to withdraw from the representation and was also moving to continue the
sentencing until new counsel could be appointed. Trial counsel said that she felt ready to proceed
with sentencing – but she explained that appellant had become dissatisfied with her services due to a
lack of contact following the February 8, 2012 hearing.3 In response to the trial court’s questions
concerning the nature of these motions, trial counsel said that she attempted to review the contents
3 Appellant was represented in the trial court by Jessica Jones, Esq. It is undisputed from the record that, due to an illness that required surgery, Ms. Jones did not meet with or communicate with appellant after the February 8, 2012 plea hearing until apparently shortly before the June 4, 2012 sentencing hearing. Due to her hospitalization, Ms. Jones did not respond to correspondence from appellant, who learned of her illness for the first time at the sentencing hearing. Appellant testified at the sentencing hearing that he was “caught off guard as far as coming to Court today” and was “clueless” because Ms. Jones had not communicated with him since the plea hearing. Ms. Jones told the trial court that appellant indicated to her that he had filed a complaint against her with the Virginia State Bar, but Ms. Jones stated that she was unaware of any actual such complaint. After appellant’s notice of appeal was filed, a different attorney, Matthew L. Felty, Esq., was appointed to represent appellant in this appeal. -3- of the presentence report with appellant shortly before the sentencing hearing, but she indicated that
appellant was not fully cooperative because he was upset with her. Trial counsel informed the trial
court that she “explained to him the Guidelines as well as the mandatory minimums” adding, “I
believe he understood, Your Honor, but he did not agree with what I was saying.” Appellant did
not appeal the trial court’s decision to deny trial counsel’s motion to withdraw from the
representation and motion for a continuance.
At the sentencing hearing, appellant was permitted to read aloud a letter that he had prepared
in anticipation of sentencing. In his letter, appellant contended that he had matured since compiling
an extensive prior juvenile record in New Jersey – including the offenses of robbery and conspiracy
to commit murder – and asked the trial court for leniency at sentencing. Appellant’s trial counsel,
the prosecutor, and the trial court also examined appellant on the witness stand. However, neither
appellant nor his trial counsel ever requested that the no contest pleas be withdrawn.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Withdrawing the Pleas of No Contest
Appellant argues on appeal that the trial court “erred in not allowing” appellant to withdraw
his pleas of no contest. The phrasing of this assignment of error presumes that the issue of
“allowing” appellant to withdraw his no contest pleas was ever before the trial court. However, as
appellant acknowledges, no request to withdraw appellant’s no contest pleas was ever raised in the
trial court. Accordingly, appellate consideration of this assignment of error is barred by Rule
5A:18.
Rule 5A:18 states that no ruling of the trial court “will be considered as a basis for reversal
unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good
cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” The purpose of Rule
5A:18 is “to alert the trial judge to possible error so that the judge may consider the issue
-4- intelligently and take any corrective actions necessary to avoid unnecessary appeals, reversals and
mistrials.” Martin v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 524, 530, 414 S.E.2d 401, 404 (1992) (en banc).
“In addition, a specific, contemporaneous objection gives the opposing party the opportunity to
meet the objection at that stage of the proceeding.” Weidman v. Babcock, 241 Va. 40, 44, 400
S.E.2d 164, 167 (1991).
Appellant relies on the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18.4 However, the ends of
justice exception “‘is narrow and is to be used sparingly.’” Bazemore v. Commonwealth, 42
Va. App. 203, 219, 590 S.E.2d 602, 609 (2004) (en banc) (quoting Redman v. Commonwealth, 25
Va. App. 215, 220, 487 S.E.2d 269, 272 (1997)). “Thus, the ‘ends of justice’ provision may be used
when the record affirmatively shows that a miscarriage of justice has occurred, not when it merely
shows that a miscarriage might have occurred.” Mounce v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 433, 436,
357 S.E.2d 742, 744 (1987). In short, the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18 only applies when
the record establishes that the trial court has erred and when “failure to apply the ends of justice
provision would result in a grave injustice.” Howard v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 455, 462, 706
S.E.2d 885, 888-89 (2011).
In support of his argument that the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18 applies here,
appellant contends on brief that the trial court should have intervened at the sentencing hearing by
withdrawing appellant’s no contest pleas because appellant claims that he “was confused and was
not informed about the process of his plea and sentencing” by his trial counsel. However, this
argument that appellant raises for the first time on appeal misperceives the trial court’s role. A
criminal defendant’s decision concerning which plea to enter is a deeply personal one that is
reached with the advice of counsel. See, e.g., Coleman v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 284, 290,
4 On appeal, appellant does not rely on the good cause exception to Rule 5A:18. See Perry v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 655, 667, 712 S.E.2d 765, 771 (2011) (explaining that the good cause exception does not apply when there was an opportunity for the objection or argument to be raised in the trial court). -5- 657 S.E.2d 164, 167 (2008) (“Each defendant considers the ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ of his or her plea and
makes a decision based on the factors, or ‘influences,’ that are important to that person.”). Contrary
to appellant’s argument on appeal, a trial court cannot be expected to impose its own will by altering
a criminal defendant’s chosen plea sua sponte.5
Instead, it is the role of the trial court to assess a defendant’s motion to withdraw a plea of
guilty or nolo contendere that is actually raised pursuant to Code § 19.2-296.
A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or nolo contendere may be made only before sentence is imposed or imposition of a sentence is suspended; but to correct manifest injustice, the court within twenty-one days after entry of a final order may set aside the judgment of conviction and permit the defendant to withdraw his plea.
Code § 19.2-296; see also Rule 1:1. At no point during the sentencing hearing did appellant even
suggest that he wished to withdraw his pleas of no contest. Furthermore, no motion to withdraw the
no contest pleas was raised “to correct manifest injustice” after the sentence was imposed but while
the trial court still retained jurisdiction. See Code § 19.2-296. Thus, the trial court was never asked
to rule on any issues that would accompany a motion under Code § 19.2-296 – such as whether the
motion was made in good faith, whether any plausible defenses existed, or whether the
Commonwealth would be prejudiced if relief were granted under Code § 19.2-296. See e.g., Justus
v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 143, 153-54, 645 S.E.2d 284, 288 (2007); Howell v. Commonwealth,
60 Va. App. 737, 746-49, 732 S.E.2d 722, 726-28 (2012).
5 On direct appeal, we cannot address appellant’s argument that his trial counsel should have moved to withdraw the no contest pleas at the sentencing hearing or otherwise while the trial court still retained jurisdiction over the criminal charges, which is essentially an argument alleging ineffective assistance of counsel, which can no longer be made on direct appeal. See Blevins v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 291, 296, 590 S.E.2d 365, 368 (2004) (“Additionally, Blevins contends that he was denied his right to effective assistance of counsel. This contention, however, is not cognizable on direct appeal.”); Browning v. Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 295, 297 n.2, 452 S.E.2d 360, 362 n.2 (1994) (“Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel may no longer be raised on direct appeal. Code § 19.2-317.1, which allowed direct appeal of such claims under certain circumstances, was repealed in 1990.”); see also Roach v. Commonwealth, 251 Va. 324, 335 n.4, 468 S.E.2d 98, 105 n.4 (1996). -6- Appellant’s request now – on appeal – to withdraw his pleas of no contest has come far too
late. Accordingly, the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18 simply does not apply to this
assignment of error.
B. Accepting the Pleas of No Contest
Appellant also argues that the trial court erred in accepting his pleas of no contest at the
February 8, 2012 plea hearing. However, appellant acknowledges that he did not raise this
argument in the trial court, including at the June 4, 2012 sentencing hearing or even in the period
after the sentencing hearing while the trial court still retained jurisdiction over the case. See Rule
5A:18; Rule 1:1. Thus, appellant again relies on the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18.
On brief, appellant actually acknowledges that the trial court “went to great lengths” in order
to “ensure that Appellant’s pleas were made knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently” – adding that
the trial court “asked all of the appropriate questions and the Appellant made all the appropriate
responses to ensure the pleas were knowing and voluntary.” Nevertheless, appellant asserts that the
trial court erred during the plea colloquy by mentioning that the charge of possessing a firearm after
having been convicted of a violent felony (under Code § 18.2-308.2(A)) carried a mandatory term
of five years imprisonment, but not mentioning that the charge of using a firearm in the commission
of a felony (under Code § 18.2-53.1) also carried a mandatory term of three years imprisonment.
Appellant now claims that there was a “mutual misunderstanding” between appellant, his trial
counsel, and the trial court concerning the number of mandatory minimum terms of imprisonment
that appellant faced. Consequently, appellant asserts for the first time on appeal that he was misled
by the trial court concerning the punishment he faced after pleading no contest to all of the charges
against him.
-7- The record in this case simply does not present the rare case of a grave injustice that the
ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18 serves to prevent as a last resort. 6 See Howard, 281 Va. at
462, 706 S.E.2d at 888-89; see also Jimenez v. Commonwealth, 241 Va. 244, 249, 402 S.E.2d 678,
680 (1991) (explaining that “[i]t is a rare case in which, rather than invoke [the Supreme Court’s
version of Rule 5A:18], we rely upon the exception and consider an assignment of error [that was]
not preserved at trial”). Clearly, appellant said at the February 8, 2012 plea hearing that he
recognized the trial court’s statement that he faced a mandatory minimum term of five years
imprisonment on one of the eight charges against him. Pertaining to this particular sentence, the
prosecutor had also stated during the plea hearing, “It’s a mandatory five years, which is
unsuspendable and may not run concurrent with any other sentence is my understanding.” Thus,
appellant acknowledged at the plea hearing that he faced at least a five-year mandatory term of
imprisonment – which could not run concurrently with his sentences for the seven other charges to
which he was pleading no contest. In addition, appellant told the trial court that he was aware of the
maximum punishments he faced for each offense – and that he had actually reviewed the sentencing
guidelines with his trial counsel.
Any alleged failure to inform appellant that he faced a second mandatory sentence of three
years should have been brought to the trial court’s attention. The effect, if any, of that particular
sentence on appellant’s decision to plead no contest cannot now be determined on appeal. On this
6 In support of appellant’s contention that a grave injustice occurred here, appellant’s counsel emphasized during oral argument before this Court that appellant had asked the trial court at the June 4, 2012 sentencing hearing to impose probation in lieu of an active prison sentence. However, appellant’s request that the trial court sentence him only to probation does not mean that the trial court misled appellant into entering his pleas of no contest simply by mentioning one of the mandatory terms of imprisonment but not the other one. On the contrary, the undisputed fact that the trial court advised appellant at the February 8, 2012 plea hearing that he faced a mandatory term of imprisonment – which appellant then acknowledged at the plea hearing – actually undercuts the argument made by appellant’s counsel. The record amply demonstrates that appellant had every reason to be aware by the time of the sentencing hearing that imposing a term of probation was simply not an option for the trial court. -8- record, we certainly cannot conclude that the trial court committed the rare “clear, substantial and
material” error that the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18 serves to correct. See Brown v.
Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 126, 132, 380 S.E.2d 8, 11 (1989) (requiring the litigant “to
affirmatively show” that the error was “clear, substantial and material”).
Moreover, this Court’s recent decision in Winslow v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 539, 749
S.E.2d 563 (2013), is highly instructive on the analysis here. There, Winslow did not seek to
withdraw his guilty plea or otherwise seek to challenge it in the trial court. For the first time on
appeal, Winslow argued that the trial court erred in accepting the guilty plea because the plea
agreement had not been reduced to writing and signed by the parties, as was required under Rule
3A:8(c)(2). This Court disagreed with Winslow’s argument that the ends of justice exception to
Rule 5A:18 applied, holding:
The ends-of-justice doctrine is a narrow exception that should be used sparingly. It is never enough for the defendant to merely assert a winning argument on the merits – for if that were enough procedural default would never apply, except when it does not matter. Taken to its logical conclusion, such an approach would mean that only losing arguments could be waived and every issue would be subject to appellate review regardless of whether the issue was properly preserved.
To prevent the exception from swallowing the rule, Virginia courts applying the ends-of-justice exception require a defendant to present not only a winning argument on appeal but also one demonstrating that the trial court’s error results in a grave injustice or a wholly inexcusable denial of essential rights. In criminal cases, this usually requires a showing that the defendant was convicted for conduct that was not a criminal offense or the record must affirmatively prove that an element of the offense did not occur. Winslow’s arguments in this case fall far short of meeting this standard.
Id. at 546-47, 749 S.E.2d at 567 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (emphasis added).
In this case, the Commonwealth proffered at the February 8, 2012 plea hearing in the trial
court that its evidence, inter alia, would prove that appellant and two other men participated in a
home invasion, that a male victim was taken away from the home against his will while the other -9- two victims (including an eighteen-month-old child) were held at gunpoint in a bathroom, that
appellant was armed with a handgun, that appellant engaged in a struggle with the male victim
when they arrived at a different residence, and that appellant then fired a shot at the male victim.
Appellant’s trial counsel then stipulated that “the Commonwealth could prove each and every
element of the offenses charged beyond a reasonable doubt,” and appellant also acknowledged at
the sentencing hearing, “In the eyes of the law, I am guilty, yes.”7 Appellant clearly fails to
establish that his conduct was not criminal or that the record affirmatively shows that an element of
any of the eight offenses for which he was convicted is missing. Id. at 546-47, 749 S.E.2d at 567.
Accordingly, appellant fails to show that relief under the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18 is
appropriate.
III. CONCLUSION
Appellant’s arguments challenging his pleas of no contest were not raised in the trial court,
and the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18 does not apply to those arguments. Accordingly,
we affirm appellant’s convictions. We reverse and vacate the sentences that were imposed for the
offenses of possessing a firearm after being convicted of a violent felony under Code
§ 18.2-308.2(A) and using a firearm in the commission of a felony under Code § 18.2-53.1. On
remand, the trial court is instructed to enter a mandatory sentence of five years for the Code
§ 18.2-308.2(A) offense and a mandatory sentence of three years for the Code § 18.2-53.1 offense.
Affirmed in part, reversed and vacated in part, and remanded.
7 Appellant points out on brief that a witness testified at the sentencing hearing that appellant’s gun “went off.” Appellant claims – for the first time on appeal – that this testimony would support a defense theory that appellant did not actually intend to shoot the male victim. Appellant’s reliance on this testimony is clearly untimely, given that our review is limited to the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18. - 10 -