Tyndale v. Secretary, DPSCS

• Court: District Court, D. Maryland
• Decided: February 6, 2025
• Docket: 1:23-cv-01292
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MARYLAND ERNEST TYNDALE, *

Plaintiff, *

v. CIVIL NO. JKB-23-1292 SECRETARY, DPSCS, et al., Defendants. * * * te xe * te * * * * * MEMORANDUM AND ORDER Pending before the Court is Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss or in the Alternative for Summary Judgment. For the reasons that follow, the Defendants’ Motion, construed as a motion to dismiss, will be granted. I. Background Plaintiff Ernest Tyndale is an inmate incarcerated at Jessup Correctional Institution (“JCI”), and he filed suit against Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services (“DPSCS”) Secretary Robert Green, Chaplain Anton Westley, Warden Cleveland Friday, and Administrative Officer Sandra Holmes. (ECF No. 5.) He alleges that his Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated on two occasions. (See ECF Nos. 5, 10.) Tyndale alleges that, on April 19, 2021, he was denied the opportunity to make an international bereavement call when his stepmother passed away. (ECF No. 5.) He alleges that his request to make the call was denied by Chaplain Westley, despite a prison manual stating that the chaplain “shall notify the offender and arrange a call” when there is a death in the family. (/d. at 4.) He explains that when his sister passed away, he was permitted to make a phone call. (/d. at 5.) Tyndale alleges that he filed a complaint with Warden Friday, which was dismissed, and

that his appeal to the Commissioner was dismissed as untimely. (/d. at 5.) He explains that he filed an Inmate Grievance Office (“IGO”) complaint, which was also dismissed. (/d.; ECF No. 5- 4 (IGO decision letter signed by Holmes denying relief).) He explains that he axpenlonced “emotional stress and depression, could not sleep or eat for a while.” (ECF No. 5 at 5.) Tyndale also alleges in a supplement to his Amended Complaint that in March 2023, he was not permitted to watch his mother’s funeral service via a live stream on the internet (ECF No. 10.) He alleges that on March 10, 2023, he sought approval to view her funeral service, and that on March 15, 2023, “Capt. Harcum at JCI informed [Tyndale] that Maj. Shaw at JCI told him that [Tyndale] would be able to view [the] memorial service on his assigned tablet.” (/d, at 3.) On March 16, 2023, Tyndale “went to Chapl[a]in Settles to confirm with Maj. Shaw through an email. Chapla[i]n Settles was not aware of the police or procedure for the viewing of [the] funeral.” (ECF No. 10-2 at 3.) Although the circumstances are not entirely clear, it appears that Tyndale was not permitted to live stream the funeral, and he was told that he could ask his family for a recording of the funeral instead. (See, e.g., ECF No. 10-2 at 18.) However, because his family believed that he would be able to watch the memorial service live, they did not record it, nor did the funeral home. (ECF No. 10 at 4.) He alleges that he was “so hurt and disappointed that he could not view his beloved mother’s memorial service.” (/d. at 3.) He also alleges that in June 2023 another inmate was permitted to watch his mother’s funeral during a “video visit.” (/d. at 4.) He alleges that “Defendants advanced that live streaming presents a security risk to the prison” but that this is “contrary to the facts.” (/d.) Il. Legal Standard When considering a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the Court must “accept as true all well-pleaded allegations and view the complaint in the light most favorable to the

< et Cal es er eR ed OF es oe ee a el pa ee ee a ae es apse, □□ □□□ □ Bie a Loss 341 Fe ite peas eh ay Srrayoind See Fe a eee Aiken □□ rth ae □ □□□ □□ ae wap 7S ET Ree ie oS, Phe Se erase aati er □□ ERS ae □□□ □□ Debacle Hs A gt Rae a ete Se ee Mie Satis SR phere es = fe, eRe at = Fin □ □□ □□ hs oie 7 2 gh fey (gttise eae Rive tes □□ CaS Ree aye ee hen tie eS Se 3 oe Loe beg □□□ □ es Lit Se See BE ait NS erat □□ A □ : RS gel | aghast Aten, aa er nena ety oe gs meee, GE ee □□□ □□ □□ □□ eee im i x wei Hs ey eg ra sn ER ee Se SGP eee Nee Seed 2 eS eek ce □□□ i 2, Sy tego fat a oe aie sige eae wg eee TS aes Se ee = ee ae ess SE □□ □□ An: Mas te AMSG “C8 ae Bye PES eee Peet ee get, SO Soe Le ey, □□□□ □ RR A a get ag Se See □□□ SP esl OT ge et RT Se Be! PRIS SRW 4 asain eee ce ee Eee ee oa TE oe ee eee ReEY vtejetas BA Se Te □ □□ □□ □ Sens a Sy 7 Mannie oe SES Bie ne amen a ee a Bett, _ patra atte ae teh oree □□ □□□ □□ +3 oe ine eoteds | ES cere renee Se a Seatne te aera eet so ae □□□ : Se, qe sete ah eta op baer able □□□ geen pany ae Bee Sts! Se = jeer og □□ □□□□ □□ □□ eae ae ge SE lea ef Sais So hanes BS cketeek □□□ Apa Rea ee py Kae Te Fae RE goog a =. : ae tee, SES oe te pel LES gee Se Be pees Ae NES SESE sae yg. patted or a tar a Sten = £8 2 Se Fils RS ft Be ee □□ ; See og NE ee a ee a Ui grou Bea ees He Pate Pe BP SPOTS 2 a a “= ieee erat Cee eet ee oe as Siete dere □□ seo oo DRS See Bg see ge □□ eal hs Sy ORE: CBRE gla 5 RS SONS Se Pa alee eee eel Meee gee Weg ae Oe Be □□ □□□□□ □ = ‘a trees SE Se A ae ree tras ee ee eee Ee rs eee) ee ese ee aS □ □□□ □□ | See eg et BSS Sh Se vn ar Sete co ai ee Se ee Sos □□□ eee eT = Se =, □□ □□ □□ □□ □ a tae ee EE eg Ps en ie a el CUMC REM Coty aN ee ag □□ □□ ole eo ial : □□□ □□□ = EE. ee Mie ee eee eres, □□□ ES. □□ et (Hae? Shp ff □□ □□□□ re Site Bharat Ss SS ME tc Sp igeee soles: Weeeeeraes NST far tana seb ee Cosh Se Mae fae aaa ieee as Aes ke age □□ □□ □□ □ panee SOR i fateh Sy ey po ae aS esr = es PaaS OgEs afyytte agar ats ES BES ea fe: preg eS □□ □□□ eee 1 URS ketal tees “Nes eye See □□ iat. res matics, anh Br ls = Bt EA □□ □□ ernie: Mears wR Rete cia Blin MECN abs Gee cert Bee! aa ss □□□ oe SP □□□ □□ □□□□□ SS Sal: Tig Pe SS og AO ee ct rp lt gta oo ae a eee ene: Fah ie aot eg ee os “3 Bae □□ ES: □□ poe ot, 7 SEES 3 ah Sap sees. gi Heed: wrap hare Neg mage ea! aim Pe come EG aus i ee □□ □□□ RE ee SAGE Meee CR oa Ree ee genes eet TE Sega VEE □□ □□□□ □□ es 2 Soman ey ere ah age ag ee sere Shige ae eke meme cia □□□ ee tee stages Poet RE eee epee □□ Sine S| Cae (CO ea eage ee eas SER 3 Gee ieee tee eee EO Re □□□ □□ □□□ □□ □□ □ 3 sot PE eine Sy cnertemgiame: os tl as fo ee rene ae □□ Me ae tek □□□ □□ = kee fom □□□ eee Eee i qe ce gee ae ee SN □□□□□ □□□ ae t ee a SBE os een Sea ay Seeger PaaS oe eee NS Set Salant eee □□ □□ □□ SERS aa ae BFS tl ePaper □□ en ae ae dw nach et □□□ ge i ER oe a, Pane □□□□□□ Bet BS cee HSE Ra feat ATs, EAE ES 24 eee Pde. sh Pare BR gee ones Spe ies 2b ae ee eee ee AN emp at se Lea th aa □□ □□□ Fal “a : ; he tiger Se EE Se ee ea ae cai nee Uses ooo is ae □□□ ate ey 8 hee ON Gee to, ER Sea ae ee ere ee ele TSE 4 gat ce a é Jt a ga, EES Se Popeege □□ ee ere pty Te = Se □ 5, □□ hen 1 mil Aiba! Rane Maier IRR ERE ee te i ee. So ee a Bars □□□ = ER ESE oc SY □□□ eS, see Chg Ra ye Se Se He fark Ed rye San ae ae Sean sh oF Uti ,ouraee” □□□□□ eee a We aS □□□ oes oo OR aes” phe. oe Wale Oh Be ee □□□□ □□ xf | oR RR To 2 SS eer □□ eect Se gees omer UNAS Pe per ial sae Sieg cree ages Sat gp eee! weet eke □□□□□ □□□□□ □□□□ □□ Tears a oY get eee er eaeeoi. cor ae are eee eee cement □ | tay he tr Ze □□□ □□ □ ae, Se ari PAS See ee cic Ase RUS, Wt ectaetet ont Sea tes □□ ger □□□ we □ □□□ □□□ enna □□□ Mies eatias Caer ewe ne ee oes cate Mer ity Gey cael ae ee fe ees pata ay □□□□□□ □□ □□ SSS chcae ies Ag rem □□□ Pe ea ie egies ea Ee ee Steg specs 2 1 escange eR eae ee Me Fee □□ □□□□ Pee ge a Se are RT Rees ong % Use yrede pais ee SRS 25 ES oho? So hea, se ee SS) ow cee Ey ate See gf Dare ee eer es Se Snes cons peeetoteee SL et, eat PT ee □ □□ □□ Lette = □□ othe i, a SE ene a Pe PR ie osetia r Sa en □□ □□ oeaES 5 eRe SS meat OY Seo ky * sae Pe aie iets! a uM wg ctaeteae = □□□ eee ee on 4 es sh Suet pert ey Sebi □□ eee REY eile! tee a ec: Oy See el □□□□ □□□□ a ot dL. GRRL ESS Serres er ere oka. ees, Se Ne □□□ □□□ eee eae Me Cl asirg A Pee Se a NS □□ □□□ □□ SR A Lat dS ag eee Ok Sees GA alee Hes peer RY care fey 2a thal □□□ Sta a We goo free ee. hee Sai eee 8 a, Gigle Ocala "ae ae Nl BR eae □□ □□□ oe i |e eS, fae eh peas Sioa es «Sgr Ses eae eda See □□ ro” geeSre, □□ □□□ □ Ney all alin, □ RAS eae a ES ee ee Wath Satier ey pee eds CS ae ; ; □□□ Se Riph ee GEae eA eR □□□ ae □ ce ce ten Pang a nn ae east 4 oe, □□ □ Tree OS abe eae he ee er ee oe i aren eee Be oo □□□ yee □□□ □ □□ HEPES Beas SHE aeloasan Peay TREE Se □□ TES AGE es Re OSE TBE $i Siete EE: □□ Fe : ae fect = 3} Ps el ead lea □□ Tee Sena A ees Ser ieee aS = Sais =e □□□ □□ BP foto heater at oa □□ her ep we ls OB ee | □□□ . oP ligase =i ae ee hae ge LS ee ee ee Pyare Sirois eh ons tat ae ae , at ey □□□ Bey □□ ys ie, Spee PS Gates ag eae OE ee RS at an ae Pela ens Se aE “AD See es SSE □□ Seppe ye ross othe StS □□□ bo Bie ES oj egy re a oh ee ge Pe AES pt Rome eat 5 gh Ae □□□ □□□□□ □□ Pe estida Sh ee tee a ce aS oe Sad aryl sa EE pe nog cas ate te Se TE Pla fl □□□□□ □□□ ‘ Ser see ake es =e BEES * SRS “EF See aa eee TEs: Pra pies eist AN □□ mecpiat ios tus <0 eee A St eae ee ae ee a tomtas os NCAR rss Sec ps 2 ae □□ □□ ee ee 220, SP cay” a aie iy eirtine te. ee pee TE rae ae singin □□ ae □ ore os Plo: sag te Bee een oe it, A aad cee Hen ee Net pe ee ee. ST Se, * oa Lv □ roe at □ St epee Saas ete ge Sa) ie ggneee Soot □□□ “Seen se AFT aay : 2 □□ 4,8 3 Beaders da cue Seen megs SE le ee eee) aonltiaaatea □ AP SEU ee ese ON Be a a are: fae gah es Benet fA eee ase hes ty ep a ae ee I ewes ee pert □□□ □□ rea oe ee ere Meet Peres OS Bee Hee A SB eg □ feet Pee Noe ae Bgeees gee Se aia ee Ae ae Lge Weeds ise 2 2p □□□ Be Etengesscsae: □ Sey STA tate gece ateg | Macerpiet ene) Vintespepete eerie Maia We ae Seite abe aoeb gaye □□□ □ □□ Pateg Laie soos: UE 4 SEOs Fh is wel ee th Riot CME fee ee eh ee gd □□ gh ge ‘Shire er ee a een □□□ at) «ea Na Te errata se tees ee Rath see SNe ee ee SE tere te □□ □□ eee = re 8 : OS erie Sag ee raed ete sae ae □ OES mn Reese oe St war □□ □□ Ta oh WO ge Fp □□ ee a een no are ee 2 Raa Serres wl ace nae oe eens ¢ eye nee Sante ete TF | Shey So re ites ee tice atk Cee te) el “oer ere sheng satay ake Beek oS. Os □□ □□□□ te SENT td yo ge, ae ee SE oe peerage a aS “a □□□ ee Seog ite, Spee Lees ; ale! at ea □□□ □□ □□ a ee BEL a epee ahs Dike. bees te Beret ae coll a belie esck gd abt □□ i ieee Beers, Okt RS Ee □□ □□ ope □□□ wt =o SR eet eae ok 2% Rag Bit Re Seas Saar eee a = HEE □□ eee PE ig Ra □□ ee eee Ree Sea So eg ogee aes een hey □ tea Satan Pee py Bo SSH ER cae ae □□□ tnt” empath” ae oe 2s Py □□ □□ fie re ee Payyncee tN ae «acre tetas ava sa Shing SEAR OT oS eee ine hoe ts □□ □□ □□ ge □ hss aims oa Sea Lokin Nicaea ay (mcr serie ar eae Pe 27 □□ □ zi Fie pe Sas, i ee See Bie a ee OS Pare □□ eget a REY 8 we □□ et est. = □□ Pea eos pte epi epaie le gi? Ce ir Pt eps Tes i ies dee OIE ge eaten ee □□□ □□□□ ee PE SS a ae Se Box, SOBs | eae gig gs gees eS See □□ aera eo ae |. MES en ee res ee et ie ee ee eet Ty de tes Ra “St Soe i □□ Oe ae roe gall ap Res gy pee a ge ePrice □□ ma oe ole Meats SEY Sat : VSR □□ □□ □□ ak tans side SAE Sie SN oe a nett eee en eee ea ll Sesser ee ee Ay ge eee se ne □□□ □□ □ egal he ea) see re hag Veta a □□ Lo eee 8 Seag ae a. aes ee 28% to, Sh ae eee Me ke □ Mo 2. □□□ □□ □□ SURE oa aise □□□ ad Seo eee Fe □□ TSA iy RE me ete WE Kg tee hes See eee mele ge □□□ □□ PARR ORE 98 iB ale Ey SEES MEU Tia Sar AE STE Ca Spee abe a” g temic Gt ge Cee Pe Ago Boerne he Caper wee nk ge Sao re eke ee □□ AS, + de a Senge = ofa □□ | Bt Scans Gon Wer □□□ □□ a BS . □□ □□□□ Sen aa es a EF se sae SE RO Net ema Toe ate ewan yar’ ae, Se Fae" Ee Re Be tee PS □□□ □□ A Geet ald lige Rei Ey ea tle ese at ES a ise tigers et mo 3 eS gaye ogee Meee ieee es ST ia Ee Se ane Sears Nan PRE PRL( Sa □□□□ ee eS Sona a ee ie ee gee NP, Ro giee ewe eure een OG WEEE eR RR cet eR □□□□ □□□□□□ □□□□ ye FT one ee lee Re DG Rese coed eine gets Sc ete SMa BB SS, Peete □□ □□□ ee BE ae eg ee er □□ oe □□ ata ee SY ate □□ □ □□ eee Gig 2 ESE ee ae □□□ ee ine eae, a caine ee ea Reece | ae ees Siegert heehee □□ □□□ Ee ES eo SS RES en Sr seieae ee peo ee Se ke ise OE eee) Pe ae Bae PESe entree □□□ □□□ □□□ ee eee ea | eae agp SE ES □□ ah aes | Svat wee eee iy It Fan Se Stage Ee Nang eae in gen : □□□ | □□□ Bree ge MD ag pS So Acres ee ae oe Sees Gee Shae Reig □□ Sos te oF fm □□ □□□ stoi Wig itkghas ngen □□ FS «Sas ees Fae ete ns Bees oe wo, ee tec sect SD Ge □ □□ □□ □□ a ET ficeent OE SEL Te eget ages aos ont eae ee Us Se ER. re □□ □□ ae □□ ye i$ Rog) Get □□□ ee: CONSE Gee Are eee me □□□ rs, ee Tet “oa □□ Ee er wd te get Sp 8 GE ae Sean Sen eaters res Oi et 5 See te et 2 te □□ ates os a □□ ee ee A ee ee ee ger eS □□□ Sas ii eae ce Bier se A See Lares OES oe □□ saw se Se . = : 2 i □ : get. cal Ul a ee ae nid caesar een, ee (PRE ge □□ ee “Pg Tes eager ean ee 5+) es fe Le Ne nee Ga SR Gee ear eae Tee TR eee □ : : □□ te ies See es ee Be “ee TER, ganar es aa ee □□□ □□□ Sige COR ee ies oe Tah eye eae ae ee See Pi ee eS A □□ SSE Sees co Sei bias Ree a pe ie ee See ee ee BR oe Samer ite Boll □□ do tte - a □□□ ays □□□ led rie ae ioe ade Wane merely Wi. iaigs fabs, SS = il 8 or Rie ee: Sacer oie esse PUL Sieg a iat Cape ter Peat ats Seear ie Poi in Pe □□□ □□□ be See a ea Se Se eee MR RI Spee eames inte wes Sea Res (eee □□□ Bele 2 fe ESS ee fee geen: eee asthe a Tee ae ee, ee ers A. Saar aed Pest ahs ii ches oy he eat a ee BE Pee pes en Se et, Sa SF gece 2s ee Dates Se te □□ at cig EEL PACA Eee oii Ses aul ce Re te es ai ASS Sree eS OME ye oes □□ □ i 3 eps ee ee aie. Seer Se □ □□ gg ee ne oe ae kan ee i as □□ □□□ □□□ □□ =) | Sneh ie Si SO tae pe SS in cade □□□ 1 a at □□ ete i ere: ets geld □□□ □□ □□ □□ SMe 2 □□ ny LE SO ig Ge eee SE Re) weet: ee Siar vec if □□□ □□□ □□□ □ i ee Pee eevee, Res ES Seer SR ae ee ee aS at ae eg mer tata a ee = Jrhiy □□□ □□□□ □□ Se aT SURE a ee Se gee eee een 9 eg eeea cn Mire □□□ st cine Ret Gat See as □□ 1 NE 5 □□□ □□□ i Sete SO, See ass ee Se ap aa ete ee Pie =i Mise anit Ss Beet od er Oe ee RR See □□ □□ on EE ee Shy BupeR SE □□□ eee ce i □□ aaa ne is pce a” = PRS. □□ □□ eget ees a ion eet PEW Hye Ss 2 aoe ee as Ee ae eee ce A SOE □□□□ □□□ ep Et #5 Sa gS Serer ES ree ie a eee, al) Male Pei Sew ak. gt RENO □□□ □□ □□

plaintiff.” Venkatraman v. REI Sys., Inc., 417 F.3d 418, 420 (4th Cir. 2005). To survive a motion to dismiss, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bel/ Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Jqbal, 446 U.S. at 662. A “pleading that offers ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.’ Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” /d. at 678 (alteration in original) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 557). III. Analysis The Court construes Tyndale’s claims as 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims alleging violations of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. Tyndale fails to sufficiently allege either. “The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on ‘cruel and unusual punishments’ imposes certain basic duties on prison officials” including “maintaining humane conditions of confinement.” Raynor v. Pugh, 817 F.3d 123, 127 (4th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted). “To succeed on an Eighth Amendment claim, a prisoner must show that the prison official acted with a sufficiently culpable state of mind (subjective component) and the injury inflicted on the inmate was sufficiently serious (objective component).” Brown v. Brock, 632 F. App’x 744, 746 (4th Cir. 2015) (citations, quotations, and alterations omitted). While the Court is “guided by contemporary standards of decency in determining whether an alleged harm is sufficiently deleterious to satisfy the objective component of an Eighth Amendment claim,” the Court is mindful that “only extreme deprivations are adequate to satisfy the objective component of an Eighth Amendment claim.” Shakka v. Smith, 71 F.3d 162, 166 (4th Cir. 1995).

Although the Court does not minimize Tyndale’s experience, disallowing him from making an international bereavement call in the wake of his stepmother’s passing or livestreaming his mother’s memorial service does not amount to a sufficiently serious harm to satisfy the objective component. Indeed, “[t]o be sufficiently serious, the deprivation must be extreme—meaning that it poses a serious or significant physical or emotional injury resulting from the challenged conditions, or a substantial risk of serious harm resulting from exposure to the challenged conditions.” Porter v. Clarke, 923 F.3d 348, 355 (4th Cir. 2019) (citation, internal quotations, and alterations omitted). Although psychological harm may be sufficiently serious, Tyndale alleged harms of “emotional stress and depression, could not sleep or eat for a while” and being “hurt and disappointed” (ECF No. 5 at 5; ECF No. 10 at 3), simply do not rise to the level required to allege a sufficiently serious harm. Further, even assuming that it did present a sufficiently serious harm, the subjective component of an Eighth Amendment claim “is a demanding standard.” Brooks v. Johnson, 924 F.3d 104, 112 (4th Cir. 2019). Here, the Amended Complaint and supplement are devoid of allegations that allow for a plausible inference that any prison officials acted with a sufficiently culpable state of mind in disallowing from making the phone call or viewing the memorial service. With respect to Tyndale’s Fourteenth Amendment claim, it is not clear what his theory is. However, the Court presumes that he makes an equal protection claim, given his allegation that another inmate was permitted to watch a video of his mother’s funeral. “To succeed on an equal protection claim, a plaintiff must first demonstrate that he has been treated differently from others with whom he is similarly situated and that the unequal treatment was the result of intentional or purposeful discrimination. Once this showing is made, the court proceeds to determine whether

the disparity in treatment can be justified under the requisite level of scrutiny.” Morrison vy. Garraghty, 239 F.3d 648, 654 (4th Cir, 2001). Tyndale fails to sufficiently allege an equal protection claim. He attaches to his supplement a document that reflects that the other inmate was permitted to watch a recording of his mother’s funeral. (ECF No. 10-2 at 8.) This is precisely what Tyndale alleges the prison told him he was permitted to do. (See ECF No. 10 at 4.) The Court recognizes that Tyndale alleges that there was, in fact, no recording of Tyndale’s mother’s memorial service. (See id.) However, the Court cannot conclude based upon these facts that Tyndale was treated differently from any other inmate. Moreover, to the extent that he was treated differently, Tyndale does not plausibly allege that any unequal treatment was the result of intentional or purposeful discrimination. In addition, in a § 1983 case, “the plaintiff... must plead that each Government-official defendant through his own individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” See Ashcroft v. 556 U.S. 662, 663 (2009) (“Because vicarious liability is inapplicable to [] § 1983 suits... the plaintiff in a suit such as the present one must plead that each Government-official defendant, through his own individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” (citation omitted).) Further, to state a claim for supervisory liability under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege: “(1) that the supervisor had actual or constructive knowledge that his subordinate was engaged in conduct that posed ‘a pervasive and unreasonable risk’ of constitutional injury to citizens like the plaintiff; (2) that the supervisor’s response to the knowles was so inadequate as to show ‘deliberate indifference to or tacit authorization of the alleged offensive practices’; and (3) that there was an ‘affirmative causal link’ between the supervisor’s inaction and the particular constitutional injury suffered by the plaintiff.” Shaw v. Stroud, 13 F.3d 791, 799 (4th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted). Tyndale fails

to make sufficient allegations against any of the Defendants here. For that reason too the case must be dismissed. IV. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, it is ORDERED that: 1. The Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 21), construed as a motion to dismiss, is GRANTED; 2. Tyndale’s Amended Complaint is DISMISSED; 3. The Clerk is DIRECTED to MAIL a copy of this Memorandum and Order to Tyndale; and 4. The Clerk is DIRECTED to CLOSE this case.

DATED this 6 day of February, 2025. BY THE COURT: (ane 6 adder James K. Bredar United States District Judge