NUMBER 13-20-00107-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
TYLER FARMER, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 148th District Court of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Longoria and Tijerina Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria
Appellant Tyler Farmer appeals his conviction of felony murder, a first-degree
felony for which he was sentenced to thirty-nine years’ imprisonment. See TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(3). By four issues, Farmer contends (1) his Sixth Amendment rights
were violated by his trial counsel’s “continuous statements to the jury that Farmer was
guilty of aggravated assault,” (2) the indictment and jury charge were invalid, (3) he received ineffective assistance of counsel, and (4) the trial court erred by not including an
instruction regarding accomplice witness testimony. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
The indictment alleged that on or about November 18, 2017, Farmer, acting alone
or together with Gavin Escoto, James Lockhart, and/or Kayla Valdez, committed or
attempted to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life, “namely shooting a firearm
at or in the direction of a group of people, that caused the death of one of those people,
namely Gilbert Sierra”; that Farmer “was then and there in the course of intentionally and
knowingly committing a felony, namely [a]ggravated [a]ssault”; and that Sierra’s death
was caused “while [Farmer] was in the course of and in furtherance of the commission or
attempt of said felony.” See id.
At trial, Jesus Cruz testified he and Farmer had a contentious history involving
Farmer’s then-girlfriend, Valdez. According to Cruz, when he and Valdez worked
together, Valdez was in an altercation with another co-worker, and Cruz posted a meme
on Facebook indicating that Valdez had lost the fight. Cruz stated that Farmer called him
and said he wanted to fight because of the Facebook post. Months later, Cruz
encountered Farmer and Valdez at a store, and he and Farmer argued. They continued
their argument on Facebook, challenging each other to a fight in the parking lot of a
restaurant. They met at the parking lot and engaged in a fist fight, which Sierra, Cruz’s
cousin, shared to Facebook via live stream. According to Cruz, he and Farmer decided
the following day that they would meet up to fight again, this time at an elementary school
in Corpus Christi.
2 Cruz testified that he arrived at the school’s basketball court between 6:30 p.m.
and 7:00 p.m. with his cousin, Sierra. They were joined by another cousin, Brandy Tapia,
and three others. Cruz stated that the group waited nearly two hours for Farmer.
Eventually, Cruz received a message that Farmer was on his way to the school. Shortly
thereafter, Cruz heard approximately six to eight gunshots, and he then heard Sierra
saying that he had been shot. Sierra was holding his chest and “crawling” away from the
direction of the shots. When the shooting stopped, Cruz went to help his cousin and called
911. Cruz stated he and the others were attempting to help Sierra by applying pressure
to the wound while waiting for medics to respond. Cruz stated that because it was dark
at the time, he was only able to see “flashes” of the gunshots, and he could not see who
fired the shots. He said neither he nor anyone with him had a firearm at the time. On
cross-examination, Cruz admitted he felt guilt and remorse over the incident because he
had set up the fight with Farmer.
Tapia testified that Sierra had called her and told her there was going to be a fight,
and she decided to go to the elementary school that night to support Cruz and to be there
in case Valdez tried to join the fight. She explained that when the shots were fired, she
dropped to the ground, “hit [her] chin and fell sideways.” At that point, she saw Sierra grab
his stomach and “dive” to the ground. She later found out that Sierra had been shot, and
she called 911. She used two shirts from her friends to apply pressure to Sierra’s wound
and contain the bleeding until the medics arrived. While she believed that no one that was
on the basketball court had a gun, she stated on cross-examination that she could not be
certain.
3 Several officers from the Corpus Christi Police Department responded to the
scene. The officers separated witnesses and took statements, secured the scene, and
searched the area for shell casings. Three casings were found from a .40-caliber weapon.
Based on information provided by witnesses, officers went to Farmer’s apartment to
question him regarding the shooting. Upon the officers’ arrival, no one was present at the
apartment, so they left and returned approximately forty minutes later. When the officers
returned, they could hear voices in the apartment, and they surrounded the location. Two
officers then knocked on Farmer’s door, announced their presence, and identified
themselves as police officers.
Officer Andrew Gebauer testified that, after knocking on Farmer’s door, he and
Officer John Paul Ghezzi were notified that Farmer and three others—later identified as
Escoto, Lockhart, and Valdez—were attempting to flee using the balcony. Gebauer
located Farmer on a neighbor’s balcony and Escoto, Lockhart, and Valdez on Farmer’s
balcony. At that point, according to Gebauer, Farmer attempted to “run away through the
neighbor’s apartment.” Gebauer chased Farmer, who was stopped in the doorway of the
neighbor’s apartment by another officer. Gebauer stated that Farmer was not arrested
pursuant to a warrant; instead, Gebauer testified that Farmer had violated several laws in
his presence, including escaping from custody, evading arrest, and criminal trespass.
Ghezzi testified that, after Farmer, Escoto, Lockhart, and Valdez attempted to
evade the officers at the apartment, the four individuals were brought to the police station.
According to Ghezzi, as he and other officers were escorting the four individuals out of
the apartment, he noticed there was “an ammo box that had several firearms and
ammunition in it” on the floor of the bedroom connected to the balcony.
4 Detective Edward Alvarado testified that when he first interviewed Farmer at the
police station, Farmer claimed not to know anything about the shooting. Several days
later, when Alvarado went to the jail to obtain a DNA sample from Farmer pursuant to a
search warrant, Farmer asked to speak with Alvarado privately. Alvarado brought the
DNA sample to the police station and returned to the jail, where he interviewed Farmer a
second time. A video recording of the interview was entered into evidence and played for
the jury. During the interview, Farmer stated that after “the idea sprung up to shoot to
scare” the people at the basketball court, he shot a .40-caliber Smith & Wesson pistol into
the air, Escoto shot a nine-millimeter Hi-Point at the ground, and Lockhart shot a Ruger
at a “fat dude.” They each shot two to three times. Farmer later said he shot into the
ground in front of him.
Katherine Pina, a crime scene investigator, testified she went to the hospital where
Sierra was taken and photographed his body and possessions. She was then dispatched
to the apartment where Farmer was found. She was advised that a search warrant was
being executed, and she went to the apartment to process the scene. Four firearms,
“close to” 100 rounds of ammunition, casings, shotgun shells, and firecrackers were
located in the apartment and examined for fingerprints. Pina testified that she “swabbed”
each firearm to collect DNA, which was then sent to a lab for testing.
Another crime scene investigator, Abby Sharp, testified that she processed the
scene at the elementary school basketball court. She observed and collected the three
.40-caliber casings located by police, and she created a sketch to show where the casings
were found in relation to the basketball court and where Sierra was shot. Sharp also
photographed the scene, which included discarded bloody clothing and a bloody “trail” on
5 the basketball court. Sharp later tested Farmer for gunshot residue, which the parties
stipulated yielded positive results. Sharp stated that a gunshot residue test must be
performed within “a four-hour window of when the gun was possibly fired” or it will not be
accepted for testing at the crime lab.
Medical examiner Ray Fernandez, M.D., testified that he examined Sierra’s body
and that the cause of death was a bullet wound to the lung and heart, lodging in the back
chest wall. Sharp collected a “DNA spot card,” “some hair samples,” “a bullet, [and] two
copper jacket[]s” from Fernandez after the autopsy was performed. The bullet and
casings were processed for fingerprints, which came back negative, and then submitted
for firearms analysis.
Carolyn Martinez, a firearm and tool mark examiner, testified that she test-fired the
weapons found in Farmer’s apartment and “compared the known samples from these
firearms to the questioned samples that [she] received from [the] crime scene
investigator.” Martinez opined that the fragments of bullet extracted from Sierra were fired
from the .40-caliber Smith & Wesson gun found in Farmer’s apartment. The parties
stipulated that DNA recovered from this gun “belongs to [Farmer].”
Lockhart testified that he and Farmer worked together in the morning and met up
later that evening at the apartment. Lockhart knew that Farmer got “into an argument on
social media” and that a fight was planned. He said he wanted to attend the fight to
support Farmer if needed. According to Lockhart, Valdez was driving the truck, Farmer
was in the front passenger’s seat, Lockhart was sitting behind Valdez, and Escoto was
sitting behind Farmer. Lockhart recalled that, when the group arrived at the basketball
court, he noticed they were outnumbered. At that point, Lockhart testified, the decision
6 was made to fire gunshots as “a scare tactic.” He did not recall who told the group to
begin shooting, but he noted that Valdez gave each of the others a gun from her purse.
Lockhart testified that he was handed a nine-millimeter Ruger handgun; Farmer had a
Smith & Wesson; Escoto had a Hi-Point; and Valdez did not have a weapon. Once the
guns were distributed, they rolled the windows down and began shooting. Lockhart stated
he did not fire his weapon because he would have had to “[shoot] past [Escoto’s] face.”
After the shots were fired, they drove away quickly. Lockhart said that no one in the
vehicle thought that anyone on the basketball court had actually been shot.
Lockhart was interviewed three times by police. He admitted that he initially lied to
the police, fabricating a story for his whereabouts during the shooting; however, he later
decided to tell the truth. Lockhart testified that, as part of a plea agreement, he pleaded
guilty to manslaughter and agreed to “tell the truth” in Farmer’s case; in exchange, the
State recommended, and he received, a ten-year probated sentence.
On cross-examination, Lockhart stated that he recalled Farmer instructing them to
“shoot at the ground” but not at the group of people. He acknowledged that his plea
agreement was reached prior to the time he made his final statement to police, and that
he also agreed to testify in Valdez’s separate trial.
Escoto testified that he was with Farmer and Lockhart on the day of the shooting.
They made the decision to go to the basketball court to fight and began to drive there. He
initially testified that the three men were each armed and that Valdez was not present. He
said he had a Hi-Point nine-millimeter, he gave a Smith & Wesson to Farmer, and
Lockhart had brought his own gun. When they arrived at the basketball court, there were
twelve people. After waiting ten to fifteen minutes, Escoto told everyone to shoot but not
7 to hurt anyone. He testified that they each shot their guns out of the windows. After the
shooting, Escoto stated that he drove the group back to the apartment to “get ready to
get rid of the guns” but the police arrived before he had the opportunity.
The jury was instructed on the charged offense, the lesser included offenses of
aggravated assault and deadly conduct, and the law of parties under penal code
§ 7.02(b). See id. § 7.02(b) (“If, in the attempt to carry out a conspiracy to commit one
felony, another felony is committed by one of the conspirators, all conspirators are guilty
of the felony actually committed, though having no intent to commit it, if the offense was
committed in furtherance of the unlawful purpose and was one that should have been
anticipated as a result of the carrying out of the conspiracy.”). The jury found Farmer guilty
of felony murder and, in accordance with the court’s instructions, did not consider the
lesser included offenses. The jury also affirmatively found that a deadly weapon was used
or exhibited during the commission of the offense or in the immediate flight therefrom.
Farmer was sentenced as set forth above and this appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Predicate Felony
By his second issue, which we address first, Farmer contends that the indictment
and jury charge were defective because “felony murder cannot be predicated on the
underlying offense of aggravated assault as worded” therein.
The felony murder statute provides:
A person commits an offense if he . . . commits or attempts to commit a felony, other than manslaughter, and in the course of and in furtherance of the commission or attempt, . . . he commits or attempts to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes the death of an individual.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(3). This statute “dispenses with any inquiry into the
8 mens rea accompanying the homicide itself”; rather, “[t]he underlying felony supplies the
necessary culpable mental state” for murder. Garrett v. State, 573 S.W.2d 543, 545 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1978). Thus, a felony murder prosecution “must rest on the proposition that
the intent with which the [predicate felony] was committed can be transferred to the act
which caused the homicide.” Id. With these considerations in mind, the Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals held in Garrett that “[t]he legislative prohibition against resting a [felony
murder] prosecution on voluntary manslaughter necessarily includes a prohibition against
resting such a prosecution on offenses statutorily includable in voluntary manslaughter.”
Id. at 546. The Court later clarified in Johnson v. State that “[n]ot every ‘assaultive’
offense, if alleged as an underlying felony, will merge with the homicide in a felony murder
indictment.” 4 S.W.3d 254, 256 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (citing Ex parte Easter, 615
S.W.2d 719, 721 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981)). Instead, a conviction under § 19.02(b)(3) is
prohibited only “when the underlying felony is manslaughter or a lesser included offense
of manslaughter.” Id. at 258 (holding that “Garrett did not create a general ‘merger
doctrine’ in Texas”).
Here, the indictment alleged that Farmer “was then and there in the course of
intentionally and knowingly committing a felony, namely [a]ggravated [a]ssault.” As both
parties recognize, however, an aggravated assault committed “intentionally and
knowingly” is not a lesser included offense of manslaughter because it requires proof of
a more culpable mental state. Lawson v. State, 64 S.W.3d 396, 397 (Tex. Crim. App.
2001); see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.04(a) (providing that a person commits
manslaughter “if he recklessly causes the death of an individual”); id. §§ 22.01(a)(2),
22.02(a)(2) (providing that a person commits aggravated assault if, among other things,
9 he intentionally or knowingly threatens another with imminent bodily injury while using or
exhibiting a deadly weapon); see also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.09(3) (stating
that an offense is a lesser included offense if “it differs from the offense charged only in
the respect that a less culpable mental state suffices to establish its commission”); TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.01(d) (classifying “intentional” and “knowing” as higher degrees of
culpability than “reckless”). Accordingly, the indictment was not defective in this regard. 1
On the other hand, the jury charge failed to consistently specify that the predicate
felony offense of aggravated assault must have been committed “intentionally or
knowingly” in order for Farmer to be guilty of felony murder. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 36.14 (providing that the jury charge must “distinctly set[] forth the law applicable
to the case”). In a section entitled “Accusation,” the charge accurately recited the
allegation as contained in the indictment. However, in a subsequent section entitled
“Relevant Statutes,” the charge stated in part:
To prove that the defendant is guilty of aggravated assault, the state must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, two elements. The elements are that—
1. the defendant threatened another with imminent bodily injury; and
2. used or exhibited a deadly weapon during the commission of the offense.
And in the application paragraph concerning felony murder, the charge stated:
You must determine whether the state has proved, beyond a reasonable doubt, three elements. The elements are that—
1. the defendant, in Nueces County, Texas, on or about November 18,
1 We note that, in any event, appellant failed to preserve any issue concerning error in the indictment because he did not raise the issue prior to the first day of trial. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.14(b) (“If the defendant does not object to a defect, error, or irregularity of form or substance in an indictment or information before the date on which the trial on the merits commences, he waives and forfeits the right to object to the defect, error, or irregularity and he may not raise the objection on appeal or in any other postconviction proceeding.”).
10 2017, committed the felony offense of aggravated assault; and
2. in the course of and in furtherance of the commission or attempt, or in immediate flight from the commission or attempt of the felony offense of deadly conduct or aggravated assault, the defendant committed or attempted to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life by firing a firearm at or in the direction of a group of people; and
3. the act clearly dangerous to human Iife caused the death of Gilbert Sierra.
We agree with Farmer that the charge was erroneous because the application
paragraphs did not specify, either directly or by reference, that the aggravated assault
must have been committed “intentionally or knowingly.” Instead, the application
paragraphs permitted the jury to convict Farmer of felony murder based on a predicate
finding that he committed aggravated assault recklessly—an offense which may be a
lesser included offense of manslaughter. See id. §§ 22.01(a)(2), 22.02(a); Johnson, 4
S.W.3d at 256; Garrett, 573 S.W.2d at 546. 2 Indeed, the application paragraph allowed
the jury to find Farmer guilty of the predicate felony without finding that he acted with any
culpable mental state whatsoever. See id. §§ 22.01(a)(2) (stating that aggravated assault
by threat is an offense only if it is committed “intentionally or knowingly”), 22.02(a). We
further agree with Farmer that the application paragraph for the second element was
erroneous because it suggested that the predicate felony offense may have been deadly
conduct, while the application paragraph for the first element did not include deadly
2 Pointing to the “Accusation” section of the charge and citing Plata v. State, the State contends
that “a logically consistent combination of the paragraphs in the jury charge provided adequate instruction on the statutory elements of the underlying felony.” See 926 S.W.2d 300, 304 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (stating that an adequate charge must contain an application paragraph which either “specif[ies] all of the conditions to be met before a conviction . . . is authorized” or “authoriz[es] a conviction under conditions specified by other paragraphs of the jury charge to which the application paragraph necessarily and unambiguously refers, or contains some logically consistent combination of such paragraphs”), overruled on other grounds by Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). But the application paragraph did not “necessarily and unambiguously” refer to the “Accusation” section, see id., and the definition of the offense suggested in the “Accusation” section conflicted with the definition in the “Relevant Statutes” section.
11 conduct as a potential predicate felony offense.
Having found error in the charge, we proceed to a harm analysis. When error in
the charge is not preserved by timely objection at the charge conference, as here, the
error will only result in reversal of the conviction upon a showing of “egregious harm” to
the appellant. Price v. State, 457 S.W.3d 437, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Nava v. State,
415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157,
171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g)). Egregious harm deprives an appellant of a
“fair and impartial trial.” Price, 457 S.W.3d at 440. “Errors that result in egregious harm
are those that affect the ‘very basis of the case,’ ‘deprive the defendant of a valuable
right,’ or ‘vitally affect a defensive theory.’” Warner v. State, 245 S.W.3d 458, 461–62
(Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (quoting Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App.
1996)).
Farmer argues that he was egregiously harmed by the error because “the only
defense to the felony murder charge was that Farmer was reckless in committing the
aggravated assault.” We disagree. The predicate felony offense specified in the jury
charge was aggravated assault by threat, but there was no evidence that Farmer
“threatened” anyone recklessly, as opposed to intentionally or knowingly. See TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. § 6.03(c) (“A person acts recklessly, or is reckless, with respect to
circumstances surrounding his conduct or the result of his conduct when he is aware of
but consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist
or the result will occur.”). 3 Farmer admitted to police that he and his companions
3Notably, aggravated assault by threat is only a crime if it is committed intentionally or knowingly. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(2).
12 intentionally fired their guns with the intent to “scare” Cruz and the others who were
waiting at the basketball court, and Lockhart corroborated that statement at trial. There
was never any suggestion at trial that anyone fired their weapons accidentally or with any
intent other than to threaten. 4 We therefore find it vanishingly unlikely that the jury based
its guilty verdict on a finding that Farmer recklessly committed aggravated assault. The
error did not affect the very basis of the case or a defensive theory, nor did it deprive
Farmer of a fair and impartial trial. See Warner, 245 S.W.3d at 461–62.
Moreover, the charge accurately defined the offense of deadly conduct to include
a “knowing” mental state, and the conduct alleged to be deadly conduct was identical to
the conduct alleged to be aggravated assault—i.e., discharging a firearm at or in the
direction of one or more individuals. See id. § 22.05(b)(1). By finding Farmer guilty, the
jury necessarily found that he committed aggravated assault in this manner. Therefore,
we cannot say that the error in the application paragraph for the second element caused
egregious harm.
We overrule Farmer’s second issue.
B. Accomplice Witness Instruction
By his fourth issue, Farmer argues the jury charge was erroneous because it did
not instruct the jury that the testimony of his accomplices must be corroborated.
Article 38.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides that a “conviction
cannot be had upon the testimony of an accomplice unless corroborated by other
evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense committed; and the
4 While Farmer and the others may not have intended to cause injury or death, such an intent is
not a required element of aggravated assault as charged or as defined in the penal code. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02.
13 corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows the commission of the offense.” TEX. CODE
CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14. An instruction regarding this rule “is required when the
evidence raises the question of whether a witness is an accomplice under a party-
conspirator theory.” Zamora v. State, 411 S.W.3d 504, 512 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). A
witness who is indicted for the same offense as the accused is an accomplice as a matter
of law, and the trial judge must instruct the jury accordingly. Smith v. State, 332 S.W.3d
425, 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). It is undisputed that witnesses Lockhart and Escoto
were charged with the same offense as Farmer; therefore, they are accomplices as a
matter of law. See id. The State concedes that the trial court erred by failing to include an
accomplice witness instruction regarding these individuals, and we agree.
Because appellant’s counsel did not request such an instruction, we again review
for egregious harm. See Price, 457 S.W.3d at 440. Farmer contends he was egregiously
harmed by the lack of an accomplice witness instruction because “the only [non-
accomplice] evidence implicating Farmer of a crime was his own admission that he fired
a gun at the ground.” But that itself constitutes evidence “tending to connect [Farmer] with
the offense committed.” See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14. Moreover, in addition
to Farmer’s admissions to police, the non-accomplice evidence tending to connect
Farmer with the offense also included: (1) Martinez’s testimony that the bullet extracted
from Sierra was fired from the same .40-caliber handgun which was found in Farmer’s
apartment and contained Farmer’s DNA; (2) Sharp’s testimony that Farmer tested
positive for gunshot residue; and (3) the officers’ testimony that Farmer attempted to flee
from police through his neighbor’s apartment. 5 Therefore, even if the jury had been
5 Farmer contends Cruz is also an accomplice because he “instigated and orchestrated the entire 14 properly instructed, it is overwhelmingly likely it would have found that the evidence
sufficiently corroborated the testimony of Lockhart and Escoto. See Dowthitt v. State, 931
S.W.2d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (“The non-accomplice evidence does not need
to be in itself sufficient to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . Nor must the
non-accomplice evidence directly link the accused to the commission of the offense. . . .
Even apparently insignificant incriminating circumstances may sometimes afford
satisfactory evidence of corroboration.”).
We conclude that the jury charge error did not egregiously harm Farmer because
it did not affect any defensive theory or deprive him of a fair and impartial trial. See
Warner, 245 S.W.3d at 461–62. Farmer’s fourth issue is overruled.
C. Sixth Amendment
Finally, Farmer raises two issues concerning his right to counsel under the Sixth
Amendment. See U.S. CONST. amend. VI. To obtain reversal on the basis of ineffective
assistance of counsel, an appellant must generally show that: (1) trial counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984);
Ex parte Garza, 620 S.W.3d 801, 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021). “Deficient performance
means that ‘counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the
‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.’” Ex parte Napper, 322
S.W.3d 202, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). “The
event by taunting Famer online” and “had every intention of getting into an altercation and committing aggravated assault himself.” See Smith v. State, 332 S.W.3d 425, 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (“An accomplice is a person who participates in the offense before, during, or after its commission with the requisite mental state.”). We assume but do not decide that Cruz is an accomplice, and we exclude his testimony from our consideration of corroborating evidence.
15 prejudice prong of Strickland requires showing ‘a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’”
Id. at 248 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).
The burden is on appellant to prove ineffective assistance of counsel by a
preponderance of the evidence. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App.
1999). Appellant must overcome the strong presumption that counsel’s conduct fell within
the wide range of reasonable professional assistance and that his actions could be
considered sound trial strategy. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. “We commonly assume
a strategic motive if any can be imagined and find counsel’s performance deficient only if
the conduct was so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.”
Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 101 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Counsel’s effectiveness
is judged by the totality of the representation, not by isolated acts or omissions.
Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.
1. Admission of Aggravated Assault
First, Farmer complains that his trial counsel repeatedly conceded that Farmer was
guilty of aggravated assault, the predicate felony offense supporting the charge of felony
murder. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(c). For example, counsel made the following
remark during opening argument at the guilt-innocence phase:
The evidence in the case—well, you heard the indictment yesterday, right, and one thing that’s important to note when hearing that indictment, it’s a different type of a murder indictment. The indictment doesn’t allege that he intentionally killed anyone. What the indictment alleges is that he committed the offense of an aggravated assault and during the course of that assault someone died, and there’s a huge difference, and I think you’ll see that as the evidence unfolds. The reason Mr. Farmer remained silent when the indictment was read to him yesterday is because he knows what the truth is, and he knows that he is guilty of an aggravated assault. The reason we’re having this trial though is because sometimes the evidence can be 16 inconclusive in other ways, and I think that’s what the evidence will show you, that he’s not guilty of murder, but that he is guilty of the aggravated assault.
And at closing, counsel remarked: “[Farmer] is not guilty of murder. [Farmer] was with
them, and he was shooting his gun to scare them, which is an aggravated assault.”
By his first issue, Farmer contends that counsel’s actions deprived him of his “right
to have counsel maintain his innocence” under McCoy v. Louisiana, 138 S.Ct. 1500, 1509
(U.S. 2018) (“When a client expressly asserts that the objective of ‘his defence’ is to
maintain innocence of the charged criminal acts, his lawyer must abide by that objective
and may not override it by conceding guilt.” (quoting U.S. CONST. amend. VI and citing
MODEL RULES OF PRO. CONDUCT r. 1.2(a) (AM. BAR ASS’N 2016) (“[A] lawyer shall abide by
a client’s decisions concerning the objectives of the representation.”))).
We first address the proper standard of review for this particular claim. As noted,
under Strickland and its progeny, a defendant must overcome the presumption that
counsel’s actions might be considered sound trial strategy. 466 U.S. at 689; see Jackson
v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). However, some decisions—
including whether to waive the right to a jury trial, whether to plead guilty, and whether to
concede guilt on the charged offense—belong exclusively to the defendant and are not a
matter of trial strategy. McCoy, 138 S.Ct. at 1508; Turner v. State, 570 S.W.3d 250, 274
(Tex. Crim. App. 2018); Harrison v. State, 595 S.W.3d 879, 886 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2020, pet. ref’d). “These are not strategic choices about how best to achieve
a client’s objectives; they are choices about what the client’s objectives in fact are.”
McCoy, 138 S.Ct. at 1508. In such cases, “a client’s autonomy, not counsel’s
competence, is in issue,” and so the Strickland prejudice prong does not apply. Id. at
17 1510–11 (“Violation of a defendant’s Sixth Amendment-secured autonomy ranks as error
of the kind our decisions have called ‘structural’; when present, such an error is not
subject to harmless-error review.”); Harrison, 595 S.W.3d at 886. Farmer argues that, as
in McCoy, Turner, and Harrison, he does not need to show prejudice in order to obtain
reversal on these grounds.
We disagree. Unlike the defendants in the other cases, Farmer’s counsel never
conceded that Farmer was guilty of the charged offense; instead, he conceded that
Farmer was guilty of the predicate felony offense of aggravated assault, which is only one
element of felony murder. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(3). The McCoy Court
made clear that “strategic disputes about whether to concede an element of a charged
offense” are not within the purview of its ruling. 138 S.Ct. at 1510. Moreover, Farmer
never complained to the trial court about counsel’s decision, and there is nothing in the
record indicating that Farmer ever disapproved of counsel’s decision prior to this appeal.
See Turner, 570 S.W.3d at 276 (agreeing that “a defendant cannot simply remain silent
before and during trial and raise a McCoy complaint for the first time after trial”). We
therefore conclude that both prongs of Strickland apply to this particular Sixth Amendment
claim.
Farmer discusses the Strickland prongs as they relate to this complaint in the first
part of his third issue. He argues that counsel’s decision to concede his guilt of aggravated
assault was “outrageous” and lacked any “legitimate possible tactical or strategic basis.”
Farmer acknowledges that the commission of a predicate felony is only one element of
felony murder, see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(3), but he contends that counsel’s
concession of guilt on this element “left the State with nothing to prove other than [that]
18 Farmer engag[ed] in dangerous conduct that resulted in death” and “took away any
chance that a jury would find him guilty of the lesser offense of deadly conduct.” Farmer
notes that “[i]t was undisputed that [Sierra] was shot and died from one of the bullets shot
by someone in the car with [Farmer]” and he argues that, “[b]ecause the actions of the
aggravated assault and dangerous conduct were based on the same act of shooting the
gun (regardless if Farmer’s bullet was the fatal one), Farmer stood no chance of getting
a ‘not guilty’ verdict for the charge of murder” as a result of counsel’s actions.
To convict Farmer for felony murder as charged in the indictment, the jury must
have found beyond a reasonable doubt that: (1) he committed aggravated assault; (2) he
committed an act clearly dangerous to human life by shooting a firearm “at or in the
direction of a group of people”; (3) the shooting was done in the course of and in
furtherance of the commission of the aggravated assault; and (4) the shooting caused
Sierra’s death. See id. Because the jury charge contained an instruction on the law of
parties under penal code § 7.02(b), the jury could also have convicted Farmer of felony
murder if it found that: (1) he engaged in a conspiracy with others to commit aggravated
assault; (2) one of his co-conspirators committed a felony resulting in Sierra’s death; (3)
the co-conspirator’s felony was committed “in furtherance of the unlawful purpose” of the
conspiracy; and (4) the co-conspirator’s felony should have been anticipated as a result
of carrying out the conspiracy. See id. § 7.02(b).
Counsel conceded Farmer committed aggravated assault—i.e., that he
intentionally or knowingly threatened another with imminent bodily injury by using or
exhibiting a deadly weapon. See id. § 22.02(a)(2). However, counsel did not concede that
Farmer engaged in a conspiracy with anyone else to do so. See id. § 7.02(b). Moreover,
19 counsel did not concede that Farmer or any of his associates shot “at or in the direction
of a group of people” or caused Sierra’s death. We acknowledge that the evidence
supporting these points was strong—just as it was with respect to Farmer’s commission
of aggravated assault—but counsel’s options were limited. Further, Farmer did not file a
motion for new trial and there is nothing in the record explaining counsel’s actions. On
this record, we cannot say that counsel’s actions were “so outrageous that no competent
attorney would have engaged in” them. Andrews, 159 S.W.3d at 101; see Hathorn v.
State, 848 S.W.2d 101, 118 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (concluding that “defense counsel’s
conduct in conceding appellant’s guilt in an apparent attempt to get the jury to find
appellant guilty of a lesser offense can reasonably be explained as [a] trial tactic”
because, “[a]lthough it was apparently unsuccessful, it was logical when the
overwhelming strength of the State’s case was considered”); Jordan v. State, 859 S.W.2d
418, 422 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no pet.) (finding it was a “well-reasoned
trial strategy” for counsel, when “faced with overwhelming evidence of appellant’s guilt,”
to “placate the jurors” by conceding guilt at closing “rather than to possibly antagonize
them with an impassioned, though weakly supported, plea for a verdict of not guilty”). 6
2. Failure to Object to Indictment and Charge
In the remainder of his third issue, Farmer makes various other complaints
regarding his trial counsel’s performance. First, he contends his trial counsel was
6 We note that challenges requiring development of a record to substantiate a claim, such as ineffective assistance of counsel, may be raised in an application for writ of habeas corpus. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 11.07; Mitchell v. State, 68 S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). A habeas proceeding would “provide an opportunity to conduct a dedicated hearing to consider the facts, circumstances, and rationale behind counsel’s actions at . . . trial.” Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 814– 15 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); see Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (“This Court has repeatedly stated that claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are generally not successful on direct appeal and are more appropriately urged in a hearing on an application for a writ of habeas corpus.”).
20 ineffective because he failed to object to the indictment and jury charge on the basis that
they failed to specify a mens rea for the predicate felony offense of aggravated assault.
We have already held that the indictment did not contain error in this regard and, while
the jury charge was erroneous, Farmer did not suffer egregious harm from the error. Citing
Ex parte Drinkert, 821 S.W.2d 953, 957 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), Farmer nevertheless
contends that the jury’s decision “would probably have been different” had counsel
objected to the charge. He contends that “[b]ecause the jury returned a general verdict,
there is no way to determine if the jury convicted on the underlying felony of aggravated
assault or deadly conduct” and “if the jury found that Farmer committed the aggravated
assault to predicate the felony murder, it is impossible to decipher if they believed Farmer
acted with knowledge, intent, or recklessness.” We disagree. In the application paragraph
for the first element of felony murder, the jury was properly instructed to convict Farmer
only if it found he committed the predicate felony of aggravated assault, and without
anything in the record to the contrary, we generally presume that a jury followed the
court’s instructions. See Gamboa v. State, 296 S.W.3d 574, 580 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
Further, as explained supra part II.A, there was no evidence that Farmer
committed aggravated assault recklessly; therefore, there is no reasonable probability
that, had the jury been correctly instructed on the mens rea for aggravated assault, the
result would have been different. See Napper, 322 S.W.3d at 246; cf. Drinkert, 821
S.W.3d at 956–57 (“There exists a reasonable probability that the jury may not have
convicted applicant had trial counsel objected and that theory not been submitted . . . the
evidence of applicant’s guilt is not so overwhelming as to conclude otherwise.”).
21 3. Failure to Recall Cruz
Farmer next complains of his trial counsel’s failure to recall Cruz as a witness to
“determine admissibility of potential impeachment evidence.” Farmer notes that, three
days after Cruz testified as the State’s first witness, the lead prosecutor stated in open
court that Cruz had been placed on “deferred prosecution as a juvenile” in 2014 for an
unrelated offense. When the trial court asked why this criminal history had not been
disclosed to the defense earlier, see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 39.14(a)
(concerning discovery in criminal cases), the prosecutor stated “we had to independently
verify it.” The following colloquy then occurred:
[Defense counsel]: I’m not—I don’t even know what to do with something like that right now. We’re so far along in the trial, I kind of want to get to the end of this, not start over, and not recall another witness. I don’t know that I could use it for impeachment anyway, to tell you the truth.
...
THE COURT: It’s up to you. If you want to waive any possible error, we’ll just leave it alone and continue with the trial. It’s up to you. It’s—but it is troubling because I think you had a right to have this information available when you conducted your cross examination. Without this information it puts you at a disadvantage, but that’s up to you what you want to do.
[Defense counsel]: I think retrying the case puts my client at a bigger disadvantage, so I just—
[Prosecutor]: And, Your Honor, I did speak with the witness, he is on standby and available. I let him know he may have to come—we may have to recall him to address this, if it was something they could impeach. So, I did want the Court to know that, that it’s not like we can’t recall him. He is aware that he may have to be recalled for this.
[Defense counsel]: Can we just say that I have it—I have it for review at
22 this time, and I’ll make a—I don’t know what to say off the top of my head on this thing, but I know that I’m not going to be able to complain about it if I don’t do something about it before the case goes to the jury. I just don’t know whether I want to do anything with it or not.
[Prosecutor]: I mean, a successfully completed deferred prosecution as a juvenile that has been dismissed five years ago isn’t impeachment.
[Defense counsel]: That’s what I think. That’s why I’m not concerned about it.
[Prosecutor]: Under the rules it doesn’t come up, and he didn’t discuss it. Unless someone opened up the door to it— I mean, he could have denied, and then potentially it could have come up. I mean, that, I suppose, is possible, but he wouldn’t have been entitled to go into it because it’s not a permissible area of inquiry.
[Defense counsel]: I think they’re disclosing it because they feel obligated to disclose it. I accept that, but there’s nothing I want to do with that now. I understand if I needed to recall [Cruz], we could have a hearing to determine whether it’s even admissible.
The trial continued and Cruz was not recalled.
Farmer contends his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to recall
Cruz or move for a mistrial. However, both the prosecutor and defense counsel expressed
their belief that the newly-disclosed evidence would not be admissible to impeach Cruz,
and Farmer does not address that issue in his brief. See Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d
891, 901 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (“To successfully assert that trial counsel’s failure to
object amounted to ineffective assistance, the applicant must show that the trial judge
would have committed error in overruling such an objection.”); see also TEX. R. EVID.
608(b) (“Except for a criminal conviction under Rule 609, a party may not inquire into or
offer extrinsic evidence to prove specific instances of the witness’s conduct in order to
23 attack or support the witness’s character for truthfulness.”); TEX. R. EVID. 609(c)
(“Evidence of a conviction is not admissible if . . . probation has been satisfactorily
completed for the conviction, and the person has not been convicted of a later crime that
was classified as a felony or involved moral turpitude, regardless of punishment.”).
Farmer does not otherwise contend that, had counsel recalled Cruz or requested a
mistrial, there is a reasonable probability the outcome of the trial would have been
different. See Napper, 322 S.W.3d at 246; see also TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).
4. Failure to Request Accomplice Witness Instruction
Also by his third issue, Farmer argues his counsel was ineffective for failing to
request an accomplice witness instruction to be included in the jury charge. In our
discussion of Farmer’s fourth issue supra part II.B, we concluded in part that the lack of
such an instruction did not egregiously harm Farmer because there was ample non-
accomplice evidence “tending to connect [Farmer] with the offense committed.” See TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14. For the same reason, we conclude there is no
reasonable probability that, had counsel successfully requested an accomplice witness
instruction, the result of the proceeding would have been different. See Napper, 322
S.W.3d at 246.
5. Punishment Phase
Farmer contends by the last part of his third issue that his counsel provided
ineffective assistance at the punishment phase by: (1) failing to object to the admission
of unnoticed extraneous offenses; (2) failing to object to “improper questioning” by the
State; and (3) failing to interview his own witnesses. 7
7 Farmer cites Ex parte Duffy, 607 S.W.3d 507 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980), for the proposition that “no 24 As to extraneous offenses, Farmer’s ex-girlfriend Samantha Nuzum testified at the
punishment phase that Farmer was physically and emotionally abusive towards her on
several occasions. Defense counsel did not object to her testimony, despite the fact that
these prior bad acts were not disclosed in response to counsel’s request. See TEX. CODE
CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07, § 3(g). Farmer contends that the lack of disclosure left him
“with no opportunity to provide a defense to the bad acts, or for defense counsel to be
prepared to impeach the witness.” He further claims that “[t]he repeated testimony of
specific instances of abuse by Farmer towards Nuzum was high[ly] prejudicial and
undoubtedly contributed to his extreme sentence of 39 years in prison for this accidental
murder.” However, as noted, because there was no new trial motion or hearing, the record
does not reveal counsel’s reasons for his decision not to object to Nuzum’s testimony.
And we cannot say that counsel’s decision was so outrageous that no competent attorney
would have engaged in it. See Andrews, 159 S.W.3d at 101; Heiman v. State, 923 S.W.2d
622, 626 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, pet. ref’d) (noting that “the decision not to
object can be a plausible trial strategy as part of an attempt to create the appearance of
being open and completely honest with regard to all questions”). Moreover, even if
counsel had objected to Nuzum’s testimony and the objection was granted, the trial court
may have granted a continuance to allow defense counsel to prepare for rebuttal or
impeachment. If that occurred, Nuzum’s testimony would have nevertheless been before
the jury, and there is nothing in the record indicating that counsel’s attempts at rebuttal or
showing of prejudice is required” when an appellant claims ineffective assistance at the punishment phase of a noncapital trial. However, as the State notes, Duffy was overruled in 1999. See Hernandez v. State, 988 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (“[W]e perceive no valid reason why Strickland cannot apply, or why a different rule should apply, to noncapital sentencing proceedings.”). Accordingly, both Strickland prongs apply to these ineffective assistance claims.
25 impeachment would have been successful. Therefore, on this record, Farmer has not
shown that he suffered prejudice from counsel’s decision.
As to “improper questioning,” Farmer complains of certain questions posed to Tony
Baker, a punishment witness for the defense. Baker testified that he is a “licensed
minister” and he met Farmer a few months before Sierra’s murder. After the murder,
Farmer came to speak with him “every Sunday morning” about “changing to a Christian
lifestyle.” Baker opined that Farmer was “very sincere” about “wanting to change the path
that he was on.” On cross-examination, the prosecutor asked Baker several questions
about the Bible, including the substance of the Ten Commandments; whether murder is
a sin; and whether there are consequences to one’s actions. Farmer argues that his
counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutor’s questions because they
were asked “for no other reason but to inflame the jury’s prejudice against Farmer and
render him a bad person.” He suggests, with reference to authority but without substantive
analysis, that the questions and answers were unfairly prejudicial. See TEX. R. EVID. 403.
However, again, the record is silent as to counsel’s reasons for his decision not to object.
On this record, we cannot say that counsel’s decision was so outrageous that no
competent attorney would have engaged in it, nor can we say there is a reasonable
probability that a different decision would have led to a different outcome. See Napper,
322 S.W.3d at 246; Andrews, 159 S.W.3d at 101.
Finally, Farmer notes that, at his opening statement at the punishment phase,
defense counsel stated that Farmer’s “family members are here because they want to
speak,” but counsel noted that “I have not even spoke[n] to all of them, so it’s hard to
anticipate what they’re going to say.” Farmer contends counsel was ineffective for this
26 reason, and he posits that “[h]ad counsel interviewed [the witnesses] beforehand, he
could have potentially produced a viable defense to the claims of abuse and violence.”
See Ex parte Lilly, 656 S.W.2d 490, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983) (noting that counsel “has
a responsibility to seek out and interview potential witnesses and failure to do so is to be
ineffective, if not incompetent, where the result is that any viable defense available to the
accused is not advanced”). We disagree. The mere potential for the discovery of useful
evidence is not enough to show ineffective assistance for failure to investigate. See
Stokes v. State, 298 S.W.3d 428, 432 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d)
(“[A] claim for ineffective assistance based on trial counsel’s failure to interview a witness
cannot succeed absent a showing of what the interview would have revealed that
reasonably could have changed the result of the case.”); see also Cooks v. State, 240
S.W.3d 906, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (rejecting appellant’s ineffective assistance claim
in part because his motion “d[id] not set out what evidence or information the ‘named
material witness’ or a ‘promised investigation’ would have revealed that reasonably could
have changed the result of this case”). Here, there is nothing in the record indicating what
Farmer’s family members would have testified to had counsel interviewed them
beforehand, and Farmer suggests no other basis by which counsel’s decision may have
affected the outcome of the case. We conclude there is no reasonable probability that,
had counsel interviewed Farmer’s family members prior to trial, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. See Napper, 322 S.W.3d at 246.
6. Summary
Considering the totality of the representation, we reject Farmer’s claims of
ineffective assistance for the foregoing reasons. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. His
27 first and third issues are overruled.
III. CONCLUSION
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
NORA L. LONGORIA Justice
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed on the 1st day of December, 2022.