TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-04-00148-CV
TXU Generation Company, L.P.; TXU Portfolio Management Company, L.P.; Oncor
Electric Delivery Company; Coalition of Wholesale Electric Market Participants;
Occidental Chemical Corporation; Occidental Permian, Ltd.; Occidental
Power Marketing, L.P.; Occidental Power Services, Inc.; Oxy
Vinyls, L.P.; Ingleside Cogeneration, L.P.; and
Coral Power, L.L.C., Appellants
v.
Public Utility Commission of Texas, Appellee
DIRECT APPEAL FROM THE PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSION OF TEXAS
D I S S E N T I N G O P I N I O N
Because I believe that the Public Utility Commission's rule, 29 Tex. Reg. 1899
(2004) (to be codified at 16 Tex. Admin. Code § 25.503 (Pub. Util. Comm'n)) (Wholesale Market
Oversight Rule (WMO Rule)), exceeds the Commission's statutory authority, I respectfully dissent.
The defects in rule 25.503 begin with the absence of an intent
requirement--participants in the deregulated wholesale electricity market are at peril of presumed
liability based solely on the effects of their competitive conduct, even if inadvertent. 16 Tex. Admin.
Code § 25.503(g). The core concepts found in rule 25.503 are derived from section 39.157 of
PURA. See 29 Tex. Reg. 1905. Section 39.157 requires the Commission to "monitor market
power" and maintain oversight over "market power abuses," defined as "practices by persons
possessing market power that are unreasonably discriminatory or tend to unreasonably restrict,
impair, or reduce the level of competition, including practices that tie unregulated products or
services to regulated products or services or unreasonably discriminate in the provision of regulated
services," and "include predatory pricing, withholding of production, precluding entry, and
collusion." Tex. Util. Code Ann. § 39.157(a) (West Supp. 2004-05). These are familiar antitrust
concepts. See, e.g., Verizon Communications, Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, 124 S. Ct.
872, 878-79 (2004); see also Tex. Util. Code Ann. § 39.157(a) (clarifying that subsection did not
affect enforcement of state or federal antitrust laws). The code construction act thus compels us to
look to antitrust law when construing section 39.157. Tex. Govt. Code Ann. § 311.011(b) (West
2005) ("[w]ords and phrases that have acquired a technical or particular meaning, whether by
legislative definition or otherwise, shall be construed accordingly."). (1)
As the majority concedes, section 39.157 implies an intent requirement for proving
"market power abuse" under that provision because it employs antitrust concepts that carry with
them the implication of an intent element. Slip op. at 14 ("If the authority for this rule was derived
only from section 39.157(a) governing 'market power abuse,' we would agree that an element of
intent is implied."). In adopting a rule that implements the requirements of section 39.157 yet omits
the intent requirement implicit in its terms, the Commission exceeds its statutory authority. See State
v. Public Util. Comm'n, 131 S.W.3d 314, 321 (Tex. App.--Austin 2004, pet. denied) (court to
consider whether rule: (1) contravenes specific statutory language; (2) runs counter to general
objectives of statute; or (3) imposes additional burdens, conditions, or restrictions in excess of or
inconsistent with relevant statutory provisions).
By departing from the requirements of section 39.157, rule 25.503 distorts the
legislature's careful balancing of the dual policy goals reflected in the statute, encouraging the
innovation and risk-taking of competition while protecting the integrity of market mechanisms. See
Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, 124 S. Ct. at 878-79. Indeed, both chapter 39 of PURA as a whole
and the Texas Free Enterprise and Antitrust Act seek to balance such interests. Compare Tex. Util.
Code Ann. § 39.001(a) (West Supp. 2004-05), with Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 15.04 (West
2002); see also Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 311.023(4) (West 2005) (courts may consider "common law
or former statutory provisions, including laws on the same or similar subjects"). The term "market
power abuse" in section 39.157, like similar standards employed in the antitrust context, carries with
it an unmistakable legislative intent to proscribe a type of conduct only where intent can be proven.
See Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185, 199 (1975); see also United States v. Grinnell Corp.,
384 U.S. 563, 570-71 (1966). Absent an intent requirement, "market power abuse" is rather unclear. (2)
The market participants go as far as to urge that the term is unconstitutionally vague, and they are
not far off the mark, though we need not reach that issue. The majority, in fact, concedes that "[t]he
lack of a well defined concept of market power does produce some uncertainty in the enforcement
of the rule," slip. op. at 32, but dismisses its significance.
In the antitrust context, the Texas Supreme Court has cautioned that "a vague
standard [of predatory pricing] has a chilling effect on business. Business must be able to determine
prospectively what price it may legally charge." Caller-Times Pub. Co. v. Triad Comm., Inc., 826
S.W.2d 576, 581 (Tex. 1992). Accordingly, the court rejected a subjective intent standard because
"a seller cannot predict where it may legally set a price" and "this standard creates a lack of
predictability in the law which punishes those who would engage in vigorous competition." Id. Rule
25.503's "market power abuse" standard suffers similar defects: a market participant cannot predict
what competitive conduct on its part could give rise to effects that the Commission deems "abuse"
or "withholding." In addition, the enumerated list of prohibited activities is not even exclusive. See
16 Tex. Admin. Code § 25.503(g) (term "prohibited activity" includes, but is not limited to,
enumerated "acts and practices"). Without the balancing factor of an intent requirement, these
features of rule 25.503 chill competition in a manner inconsistent with the legislature's intent. (3)
Further compounding the problem is the burden of proof: market participants are
presumed to have violated rule 25.503 if the effect of their competitive activities, even inadvertently,
is whatever may constitute "market power abuse." See id. Subsection (h) excludes from "prohibited
activity" conduct by market participants that "served a legitimate business purpose consistent with
prices set by competitive market forces; and that it did not know, and could not reasonably
anticipate, that its actions would inflate prices, adversely affect . . . reliability [or] proper
accounting." However, this affirmative "defense" applies only "if the market entity establishes" it.
Id. § 25.503(h). The significance of the placement of the burden of proof cannot be underestimated,
especially in an administrative proceeding subject only to substantial-evidence review. See
Richardson v. City of Pasadena, 513 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Tex. 1974). (4)
The legislature's philosophical foundation underlying chapter 39 was that "the
production and sale of electricity is not a monopoly warranting regulation of rates, operations, and
services and that the public interest in competitive electric markets requires that, except for
transmission and distribution services and for the recovery of stranded costs, electric services and
their prices should be determined by customer choices and the normal forces of competition." Tex.
Util. Code Ann § 39.001(a). To this end, the legislature mandated that regulatory authorities "shall
authorize or order competitive rather than regulatory methods to achieve the goals of the chapter to
the greatest extent feasible and shall adopt rules and orders that are practical and limited so as to
impose the least impact on competition." Id. § 39.001(d). In my view, the Commission, in rule
25.503, has strayed from these principles, as well as from the language and intent of section 39.157
in particular. See Railroad Comm'n v. Lone Star Gas Co., 844 S.W.2d 679, 685 (Tex.1992) (quoting
Gerst v. Oak Cliff Savings & Loan Ass'n, 432 S.W.2d 702, 706 (Tex. 1968)) ("The determining
factor. . . whether. . . a particular administrative agency has exceeded its rule-making powers is that
the rule's provisions must be in harmony with the general objectives of the Act involved.").
Having conceded that the section 39.157's "market power abuse" concept contains
an implied intent element, the majority posits two alternative statutory bases to support a rule that
implements section 39.157's conduct standards yet omits its implied intent element. First, the
majority looks to PURA section 39.101, which requires the Commission to "ensure that retail
consumer protections are established that entitle a consumer . . . to safe, reliable, and reasonably
priced electricity." Tex. Util. Code Ann. § 39.101. Second, the majority relies on section 35.004(e),
which requires the Commission to "ensure that ancillary services necessary to facilitate the
transmission of electric energy are available at reasonable prices." Id. § 35.004(e).
Based on their plain language, both provisions are limited in scope. Section 35.004(e)
speaks only to ancillary services, which the parties represent is a small component of the wholesale
electricity market. Section 39.101 does not speak to the wholesale market at all but only to the retail
electricity market. Within these limited provisions, the majority nonetheless finds broad-ranging
regulatory power. Slip op. at 15-17.
Regarding section 39.101, the majority acknowledges that the provision is addressed
solely to the retail market but extrapolates that because "both the retail and wholesale electric
markets should be governed by market forces" and "issues relating to reliability or price in the
wholesale market will necessarily be reflected in the retail market," the Commission's power to
ensure retail customers "safe, reliable, and reasonably priced electricity" for retail consumers would
necessarily permit it to act in the wholesale market. Slip op. at 15-16. Similarly, the majority
suggests that because "[i]n the existing competitive wholesale market, scarcity of electric power will
be reflected in higher prices throughout the market," its authority under section 35.004(e) to ensure
that ancillary services are available at reasonable prices would permit it broad power to regulate
conduct throughout the entire wholesale market. Slip op. at 16. As a matter of statutory
construction, I disagree that section 39.101 and section 35.004(e) grant the Commission such broad-ranging regulatory power in the wholesale market. See Reliant Energy v. Public Util. Comm'n, 101
S.W.3d at 145 (overbroad Commission rule invalid).
Moreover, even if section 39.101 and 35.004(e) would otherwise confer general
power on the Commission to act in some manner with regard to wholesale transactions, such an
authorization is not limitless--rather, the Commission must act in conformity with the broader
statutory objectives and framework of the electricity deregulation statutes. Were it otherwise, the
Commission's general duties to ensure "safe, reliable, and reasonably priced electricity" in the retail
market, as contemplated in section 39.101, and that ancillary services are available at "reasonable
prices," per section 35.004(e), could be invoked to justify virtually any manner of regulation
(including that of prices) if, in the Commission's judgment, such actions would ensure "reliability"
and "reasonable prices." The limitation that prevents such measures lies not within the terms of
sections 39.101 or 35.004(e) but in the overall structure and general objectives of electricity
deregulation legislation (5) and the legislature's explicit mandate that "[r]egulatory authorities . . . shall
authorize or order competitive rather than regulatory methods to achieve the goals of the chapter to
the greatest extent feasible and shall adopt rules and orders that are practical and limited so as to
impose the least impact on competition." Tex. Util. Code Ann. §§ 39.001(a), (c); see State v. Public
Util. Comm'n, 131 S.W.3d at 321 (rule invalid if it contravenes specific statutory language or runs
counter to general objectives of statute); see also Railroad Comm'n v. Lone Star Gas Co., 844
S.W.2d 679, 685 (Tex. 1992) (determining factor whether particular administrative agency has
exceeded its rule-making powers is "that the rule's provisions must be in harmony with the general
objectives of the Act involved."). The majority overlooks the context of sections 39.101 and
35.004(e) within the statutory framework.
Beyond the majority's reliance on sections 39.101 and 35.004(e), it continually
returns to the notion that Commission members and staff are experts to whose decisions we should
defer. It couples this deference with policy observations to the effect that "electricity is different."
I concede that the Commission has expertise regarding the behavior of the Texas electricity market
and that the legislature intended it to have some flexibility in effectuating its statutory duties.
However, even if the legislature intends that an agency created to centralize expertise in a certain
regulatory area "be given a large degree of latitude in the methods it uses to accomplish its regulatory
function," Texas Mun. Power Agency v. Public Util. Comm'n, 150 S.W.3d 579, 586 (Tex.
App.--Austin 2004, pet. filed), an agency may not, in the guise of implied powers, exercise what
is effectively a new power on the theory that such exercise is expedient for the agency's purpose,
Public Util. Comm'n v. GTE-Southwest, Inc., 901 S.W.2d 401, 407 (Tex. 1995), nor may it
contravene specific statutory language, run counter to the general objectives of the statute, or impose
additional burdens, conditions, or restrictions in excess of or inconsistent with the relevant statutory
provisions. State v. Public Util. Comm'n, 131 S.W.3d at 321.
I also recognize the unique nature of electricity as a commodity, which can create
some conceptual challenges when applying antitrust or other economic concepts. However, nothing
about the nature of electricity suggests that we should construe Commission statutory power more
broadly than the terms of those enactments would otherwise provide. The legislature was aware of
the unique nature of electricity when it deregulated the industry, enacted its competition mandates
in chapter 39, and employed antitrust concepts in the standards it chose to govern the wholesale
marketplace. Those standards should govern our analysis of the Commission's power here and, in
my view, compel us to invalidate rule 25.93.
Finally, by reaching such a conclusion, I do not, as the majority accuses, "ignore"
legislative intent to protect consumer welfare in a deregulated electricity market, much less suggest
that consumer protection is not a statutory goal. To the contrary, our duty is to faithfully follow the
legislature's intent to advance consumer welfare, but we should not lose sight of the legislature's
overarching policy judgment that consumer welfare is ordinarily best advanced by vigorously
competitive retail and wholesale electricity markets rather than by regulation. See Tex. Util. Code
Ann. § 39.001(a) & (d). And, where, as in section 39.157, the legislature has carefully and precisely
balanced competing considerations in its pursuit of consumer welfare--preventing market abuses
without causing what it views as too great a chilling effect on competition--we should be faithful
to its judgment and ensure that the Commission's rules are in conformity.
For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
__________________________________________
Bob Pemberton, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Pemberton
Filed: May 19, 2005
1. I thus disagree with the majority's dismissal of state and federal antitrust authorities as
merely "persuasive." Slip op. at 14 & n.6.
2. The WMO Rule does not define "market power abuse" other than to explain that the term
includes "[w]itholding of production, whether economic withholding or physical withholding, by
a market participant who has market power, constitutes an abuse of market power." See 16 Tex.
Admin. Code Ann. § 25.503(g)(7). Given the nature of the wholesale electricity market, it is unclear
whether or how market participants could ascertain whether they possess "market power" at a given
moment amid the myriad, fluid circumstances on the grid, much less conform their conduct to avoid
the prohibited effects. Nor is it clear whether or how market participants could ascertain how to
avoid committing such other violations as creating "artificial congestion." See id. § 25.503(g)(1).
3. In response to my discussion of Caller-Times and federal antitrust cases, the majority
inaccurately portrays my arguments and attempts to pigeonhole them as relating to constitutional
vagueness issues rather than statutory construction. Slip op. at 29-30. As is apparent above, my
arguments concern the proper construction of section 39.157, and respecting the legislature's
balancing of interests reflected therein. Having determined that rule 25.93 exceeds the
Commission's statutory power, I would not reach the constitutional issues.
4. In such an environment, it is perhaps not surprising that several of the market participants
equate rule 25.503 with back-door price regulation. They contend that uncertainty regarding the
nature of competitive conduct that is proscribed, the prospect of sanctions based not on intent but
mere effect, and a "guilty until proven innocent" burden of proof has compelled them to cling to any
guidance they could discern from the rule, such as the Commission's reference to marginal cost
pricing in the preamble to the rule. See 29 Tex. Reg. 1899, 1916 (2004) (to be codified at 16 Tex.
Admin. Code § 25.503 (Pub. Util. Comm'n)) ("Pricing in excess of marginal cost by a seller who
is immune from the chastening hand of competition is an abuse of market power.").
5. The legislature enacted section 35.004(e) as part of the 1999 electricity deregulation bill.
See Act of May 27, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 405, §§ 17, 39, 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 2543, 2552,
2558-2602.