Champlin, J.
Some time in 1882 William A. Tuttle^ who is the plaintiff's husband, engaged in the business of selling drugs and medicines at Williamston, Ingham county. He occupied a store which belonged to his wife, Flora B. Tuttle.
jljj. March of 1884 domestic dissensions caused a separation between Tuttle and his wife, and she left him and determined upon filing a bill of complaint to obtain a divorce from the bonds of matrimony. To save litigation over the question of alimony, he agreed to give her [655]*655$1,000, in full of all claims against him, to be paid when she obtained a decree for divorce, to secure which he gave her a certificate of deposit on the bank of Daniel L. Crossman, payable to her order when she should obtain a decree for divorce against her husband. The certificate was then left with Orossman for safe keeping. This arrangement was so entirely satisfactory that the parties, on the same day or the next, laid aside their differences and went to living together again. The bill was not filed, neither was the certificate of deposit taken up or canceled with her consent. Harmony, however, did not long prevail in the Tuttle family. Dissensions broke •out anew, and Mr. Tuttle, without her knowledge, •obtained from Mr. Crossman possession of the certificate, •and a short time thereafter she found it in his cash-•drawer and took and retained possession of it. It appears that the date of the certificate was March 22, 1884, and when it was obtained Mr. Tuttle deposited $500, and .gave his note to Crossman, due in six months, for the •other $500. This note was not taken up when he became possessed of the certificate after the reconciliation, and there is no direct testimony that he then withdrew the $500 cash which he had deposited, although there is a strong inference to that effect from Crossman’s testimony. At any rate, in August Mrs. Tuttle held the $1,000 certificate, and Crossman held Mr. Tuttle’s note for $500. At this time Mr. Tuttle told her that he had got to sell in order to pay Crossman that $1,000, because he had to .secure him at the time he got the certificate, and that she might come on Crossman if he did not settle, and so he had got to sell out to pay him. He finally told Mrs. Tuttle that if she would indorse the certificate of deposit to him she could have a thousand dollars’ worth of interest in the stock of drugs and medicines, which offer she accepted, and indorsed the certificate, and Tuttle delivered [656]*656it up to Crossmau on August 19, 1884, and Crossman canceled it, and delivered up to Tuttle his note of $500. There was some testimony tending to prove that Tuttle had occupied the store of Mrs. Tuttle over two years without paying any rent to her, and also had collected the rents of tenants occupying other portions of the building, for which he owed her, and that this indebtedness also entered into the consideration for the $1,000 worth of interest in the stock of goods.
After this transaction Mr. Tuttle continued to carry on the business until April 25, 1885, when he sold the entire stock of goods and fixtures to defendants for $2,750, $500 of which was paid in cash, and the balance in notes. The last one to mature, being for $250, was made conditional upon defendants being able to obtain a lease of the store from Mrs. Tuttle. An inventory made soon after the purchase at the cost price showed the value of the stock to have been a little over $3,160. The bargain was closed on Saturday night, and the next day Mr. Tuttle left the place and remained absent nearly two years without his whereabouts being known to Mrs. Tuttle. The sale was made without her consent. She had heard that the defendant Campbell was endeavoring to purchase, and he had inquired of her whether she would rent to him the store in case he should purchase, and she refused, and also, as she testifies, expressly notified him in that interview that she was the owner of a thousand dollars' interest in the stock of goods. This interview was about four months before the purchase by defendants. The defendant Hanlon had been a school-teacher in the village, and had heard that the domestic relations of Tuttle and his wife were not entirely harmonious. He was invited by Dr. Campbell to join him in making the purchase, and had been told by him that Mrs. Tuttle refused to rent the store to him, but it was not shown that he [657]*657had express notice of Mrs. Tuttle's $1,000 interest in the stock of goods when he purchased. A bill of sale was executed to them jointly by Tuttle, conveying the whole stock of goods then in the store. They thereupon went into possession, and continued the sale of drugs at retail, Mr. Hanlon giving his attention to the selling of the goods in the store. About 30 days after the purchase Mrs. Tuttle went into the store and found Mr. Hanlon there in possession, and stated to him that she had a thousand dollars' interest in the stock, and demanded that he turn out to her a thousand dollars' worth of the goods in the stock, or pay her $1,000 for such interest. He absolutely .refused to do either, and claimed that they had bought the whole stock and it was theirs. No demand was made upon defendant Campbell. This suit was then brought by plaintiff, alleging the conversion of her interest in the goods, but waiving the tort, and asking a judgment for their value in assumpsit. The trial resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff for the full amount of her claim, with interest from the date of demand.
Three objections were taken to the admission of testimony. We do not think the errors assigned upon them call for a reversal of the judgment upon any of the grounds stated against the admission of such testimony.
The main grounds of error relied on may be considered under the following heads:
1. Was the transaction between the plaintiff and her husband such a one as created them owners in common of the stock of goods ?
2. If they were such owners in common, would a purchaser from the husband of the whole stock, without notice of his co-owner's rights, acquire a title to the whole stock P
3. If not, is the purchase by Dr. Campbell, with notice of plaintiff's ownership, and the refusal to recognize the [658]*658rights of I\Irs. Tuttle by the defendant Hanlon, evidence of a conversion of the goods by both defendants, so as to sustain an action against both jointly ?
4. Where a small portion only of the goods are sold, the balance remaining in possession of the co-owners in common, who deny the right of another owner in common to any pf the goods, can the dispossessed owner treat it as a conversion of the whole, and, waiving the tort, maintain an action of assumpsit to recover the value of the goods converted ?
1. The owner of chattels may sell an undivided share or interest in them, and the relation thus created will be a common ownership, which, by analogy to such relations in real property, is frequently designated as tenancy in common of the property. In such case no actual delivery is required. The title passes at time of sale, if such is the intent of the parties. Both or either may have the actual possession of property owned in common, and when one owner has the actual possession, and the other has not, the owner in possession is simply the bailee of his co-owner’s share.
When an undivided share or interest in personal property is sold, there is no more objection to a designation of the interest sold by dollars’ worth than there is by designating a part as one-half, one-fifth, or any other fraction of the whole.
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Champlin, J.
Some time in 1882 William A. Tuttle^ who is the plaintiff's husband, engaged in the business of selling drugs and medicines at Williamston, Ingham county. He occupied a store which belonged to his wife, Flora B. Tuttle.
jljj. March of 1884 domestic dissensions caused a separation between Tuttle and his wife, and she left him and determined upon filing a bill of complaint to obtain a divorce from the bonds of matrimony. To save litigation over the question of alimony, he agreed to give her [655]*655$1,000, in full of all claims against him, to be paid when she obtained a decree for divorce, to secure which he gave her a certificate of deposit on the bank of Daniel L. Crossman, payable to her order when she should obtain a decree for divorce against her husband. The certificate was then left with Orossman for safe keeping. This arrangement was so entirely satisfactory that the parties, on the same day or the next, laid aside their differences and went to living together again. The bill was not filed, neither was the certificate of deposit taken up or canceled with her consent. Harmony, however, did not long prevail in the Tuttle family. Dissensions broke •out anew, and Mr. Tuttle, without her knowledge, •obtained from Mr. Crossman possession of the certificate, •and a short time thereafter she found it in his cash-•drawer and took and retained possession of it. It appears that the date of the certificate was March 22, 1884, and when it was obtained Mr. Tuttle deposited $500, and .gave his note to Crossman, due in six months, for the •other $500. This note was not taken up when he became possessed of the certificate after the reconciliation, and there is no direct testimony that he then withdrew the $500 cash which he had deposited, although there is a strong inference to that effect from Crossman’s testimony. At any rate, in August Mrs. Tuttle held the $1,000 certificate, and Crossman held Mr. Tuttle’s note for $500. At this time Mr. Tuttle told her that he had got to sell in order to pay Crossman that $1,000, because he had to .secure him at the time he got the certificate, and that she might come on Crossman if he did not settle, and so he had got to sell out to pay him. He finally told Mrs. Tuttle that if she would indorse the certificate of deposit to him she could have a thousand dollars’ worth of interest in the stock of drugs and medicines, which offer she accepted, and indorsed the certificate, and Tuttle delivered [656]*656it up to Crossmau on August 19, 1884, and Crossman canceled it, and delivered up to Tuttle his note of $500. There was some testimony tending to prove that Tuttle had occupied the store of Mrs. Tuttle over two years without paying any rent to her, and also had collected the rents of tenants occupying other portions of the building, for which he owed her, and that this indebtedness also entered into the consideration for the $1,000 worth of interest in the stock of goods.
After this transaction Mr. Tuttle continued to carry on the business until April 25, 1885, when he sold the entire stock of goods and fixtures to defendants for $2,750, $500 of which was paid in cash, and the balance in notes. The last one to mature, being for $250, was made conditional upon defendants being able to obtain a lease of the store from Mrs. Tuttle. An inventory made soon after the purchase at the cost price showed the value of the stock to have been a little over $3,160. The bargain was closed on Saturday night, and the next day Mr. Tuttle left the place and remained absent nearly two years without his whereabouts being known to Mrs. Tuttle. The sale was made without her consent. She had heard that the defendant Campbell was endeavoring to purchase, and he had inquired of her whether she would rent to him the store in case he should purchase, and she refused, and also, as she testifies, expressly notified him in that interview that she was the owner of a thousand dollars' interest in the stock of goods. This interview was about four months before the purchase by defendants. The defendant Hanlon had been a school-teacher in the village, and had heard that the domestic relations of Tuttle and his wife were not entirely harmonious. He was invited by Dr. Campbell to join him in making the purchase, and had been told by him that Mrs. Tuttle refused to rent the store to him, but it was not shown that he [657]*657had express notice of Mrs. Tuttle's $1,000 interest in the stock of goods when he purchased. A bill of sale was executed to them jointly by Tuttle, conveying the whole stock of goods then in the store. They thereupon went into possession, and continued the sale of drugs at retail, Mr. Hanlon giving his attention to the selling of the goods in the store. About 30 days after the purchase Mrs. Tuttle went into the store and found Mr. Hanlon there in possession, and stated to him that she had a thousand dollars' interest in the stock, and demanded that he turn out to her a thousand dollars' worth of the goods in the stock, or pay her $1,000 for such interest. He absolutely .refused to do either, and claimed that they had bought the whole stock and it was theirs. No demand was made upon defendant Campbell. This suit was then brought by plaintiff, alleging the conversion of her interest in the goods, but waiving the tort, and asking a judgment for their value in assumpsit. The trial resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff for the full amount of her claim, with interest from the date of demand.
Three objections were taken to the admission of testimony. We do not think the errors assigned upon them call for a reversal of the judgment upon any of the grounds stated against the admission of such testimony.
The main grounds of error relied on may be considered under the following heads:
1. Was the transaction between the plaintiff and her husband such a one as created them owners in common of the stock of goods ?
2. If they were such owners in common, would a purchaser from the husband of the whole stock, without notice of his co-owner's rights, acquire a title to the whole stock P
3. If not, is the purchase by Dr. Campbell, with notice of plaintiff's ownership, and the refusal to recognize the [658]*658rights of I\Irs. Tuttle by the defendant Hanlon, evidence of a conversion of the goods by both defendants, so as to sustain an action against both jointly ?
4. Where a small portion only of the goods are sold, the balance remaining in possession of the co-owners in common, who deny the right of another owner in common to any pf the goods, can the dispossessed owner treat it as a conversion of the whole, and, waiving the tort, maintain an action of assumpsit to recover the value of the goods converted ?
1. The owner of chattels may sell an undivided share or interest in them, and the relation thus created will be a common ownership, which, by analogy to such relations in real property, is frequently designated as tenancy in common of the property. In such case no actual delivery is required. The title passes at time of sale, if such is the intent of the parties. Both or either may have the actual possession of property owned in common, and when one owner has the actual possession, and the other has not, the owner in possession is simply the bailee of his co-owner’s share.
When an undivided share or interest in personal property is sold, there is no more objection to a designation of the interest sold by dollars’ worth than there is by designating a part as one-half, one-fifth, or any other fraction of the whole. In either case the part sold is a fraction of the whole, and extends to every part and parcel thereof. In one case the unit is the property; in the other, the unit is the value of the property. But the value represents the property, so that the units are in fact the same. The share conveyed measured by dollars’ worth will depend, as regards quantity, upon the total value or worth of the whole property. And, in cases where the property is severable and capable of division in kind without sale, such share may be severed or separated from the rest by taking so many dollars’ worth, without [659]*659regard to .the quantity that is left, whether it be much or little, for the balance of the unit will be left after taking ■out the dollars’ worth severed. Of course, a division is more readily made when the unit is the thing and the share is designated by a fraction of the quantity; but if the ■owners cannot agree upon the division, then the remedy is a sale, as in other cases. Dollars’ worth is often used to measure and designate the share or ownership in property. More particularly is this the case in partnership transactions. No difficulty has been experienced in dividing up the property from the use of such standard as a measurement of interest. A sale of an interest in personal property must be supported by a sufficient consideration. In this case there was evidence of a present consideration passing from Mrs. Tuttle to her husband, which, if believed by the jury, was sufficient to support the contract. We conclude that the transaction between Mr. and Mrs. Tuttle was such as created them owners in common of the stock of goods.
2. This being so, he could not without her consent convey away her title to the goods to the defendant purchasers. So far as he retailed goods out of the store to ■customers, her consent would be implied by the course of ■dealing tacitly permitted by her, without objection. But a sale of the entire stock, being out of the ordinary course of business, would require her consent, in order to bind her or carry her interest to the purchaser. She testified that he had expressly agreed that he would not sell out the entire stock without her knowledge and consent, and that this sale was made in violation of that agreement. Owners in common of property have a right to dispose of their own undivided share, but such owner cannot sell the whole property, nor any portion thereof except his own; and if he undertakes to dispose of any larger interest his co-owners are not bound thereby. Bus-[660]*660sell v. Allen, 13 N. Y. 173, 178, per Dean, J.; White v. Brooks, 43 N. H. 402; Welch v. Sackett, 12 Wis. 243;. Frans v. Young, 24 Iowa, 375. The principle is well settled that a seller of personal property can convey no-greater title than he has, and it makes no difference that the purchaser has no notice and is ignorant of the existence of other parties in interest. Couse v. Tregent, 11 Mich. 65; Dunlap v. Gleason, 16 Id. 158; Trudo v. Anderson, 10 Id. 357; Parish v. Morey, 40 Id. 417; Pease v. Smith, 61 N. Y. 477; Bearce v. Bowker, 115 Mass. 129. Exceptions are found where, through the conduct of the party or by his laches, he is estopped- from asserting title-as against the innocent purchaser; but this case does not-come within the exception. The fact that Hanlon had no notice of plaintiffs interest in the goods before he purchased from Mr. Tuttle is of no importance, and the rule laid down by the court, requiring that they should find as matter of fact that he had notice of her interest in order to entitle her to recover, was more favorable to defendants than they were entitled to, and the question raised by defendants'’ counsel, that there was no testimony to support such finding, is of no consequence. By their purchase the defendants acquired title to that portion of the stock which their vendor had not sold to Mrs. Tuttle, and to that only, and they stood in the same relation to Mrs. Tuttle, respecting the ownership of the goods, as their vendor stood before their purchase, and were owners in common with her of the entire stock.
3. Ordinarily, when an owner in common sells the goods, the other owner in common may treat this act as a conversion, , and bring an action of trover against his co-owner, to recover the value of his share; but he is not obliged to do this. He may retain his title in the goods in the hands of the purchaser, and if he converts them he is-likewise liable therefor as his co-owner. What constitutes-[661]*661•a conversion, short of a sale, is not definitely settled. A total destruction of the chattel, or a conversion of the whole to his own use, or something equivalent, such as .a total denial of his co-owner’s interest in the property, •coupled with a total exclusion from possession, will render the owner in possession liable to his co-owner. Owing to the right which an owner in common has to the possession of property so owned, if the property is in its nature indivisible, mere refusal to yield possession of the property or admit to a joint possession, without denying the interest or ownership of his co-owner, will not constitute a conversion. I have no doubt that the claim set up of such exclusive ownership by Hanlon when demand was made upon him, and his denial of, and his refusal to recognize, the rights of plaintiff, constituted a conversion •of the plaintiff’s interest in the property, so far as he was concerned. No demand was made of defendant Campbell, and none was necessary, if the testimony of Mrs. Tuttle is to be believed, and under the instructions -of the court the jury have given credence to it. The law is laid down in Cooley, Torts, at page 528 (*451), ■that:
“ One who buys property must, at his peril, ascertain the ownership; and, if he buys of one having no authority to sell, his taking possession in denial of the owner’s right is a conversion.”
Dr. Campbell purchased knowing Mrs.. Tuttle’s right to "the property, and in contravention of it purchased from 'Tuttle the whole property, without recognizing, but ignoring, her rights or title to any of it, and took possession thereof under his bill of sale conveying the whole property with warranty. This was a conversion of her •share in the property by him, and a demand before bringing suit was unnecessary. The third question must be •answered in the affirmative.
[662]*6624. The general rule is that befóre a party can waive a tort for the conversion of personal property and bring assumpsit the property in the hands of the tort-feasor must have been sold and converted into money, upon the theory that the money has been received for the plaintiff’s, use. There is, however, another class of cases, where the property has been converted but not sold, where the tort may be waived and assumpsit brought for the value of the goods converted. This class belongs to those relations where a contract may exist and at the same time' a duty is superimposed or arises out of the circumstances, surrounding or attending the transaction, the violation of which duty would constitute a tort. . In such cases the tort may be waived and assumpsit be maintained, for the reason that the relation of the parties, out of which the duty violated grew, had its inception in contract. These-relations are usually those of trust and confidence, such-as those of agent and principal, attorney and client, or bailee and bailor. When an owner in common of personalty has the exclusive possession of the property he is a bailee of his co-owner’s share. In such case there is a contract of bailment implied between the parties, ‘the law implying a delivery from the nature of the case and the-peculiar rights which one owner in common has to such property when reduced to his possession. He takes it. and holds it upon the trust and confidence that he will care for it and use it, if he uses it, in an ordinarily careful manner, and will not sell or convert his co-owner’s share to his own use. If he violates this trust and confidence by converting the property to his own use, his co-owner may bring trover for the conversion, or, waiving the tort, may sue in assumpsit to recover its value. This has been the settled law in this State for many years/ and was explicitly declared in Fiquet v. Allison, 12 Mich. 328, which case is decisive of this. See, also, Goe v. [663]*663Wager, 42 Mich. 49 (3 N. W. Rep. 248); McLaughlin v. Salley, 46 Id. 219 (9 N. W. Rep. 256); Evans v. Miller, 58 Miss. 120. The facts of this case do not bring it within the principle above stated, and the action of assumpsit cannot be maintained.
The judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted.
Morse and Long, JJ., concurred with Champlin, J.
Campbell, J. I do not think any cause of action was shown, and I concur in the result for that reason.