Mr. Justice Craig
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The plaintiff in error, Edward D. Tucker, was indicted, at the April term, A. D. 1885, of the circuit court of Kankakee county, for bigamy, by the grand jury of that county. He was arrested, tried and convicted, hut the judgment was subsequently reversed in this court on writ of error, and the cause was remanded for a new trial. After the cause was remanded, the defendant obtained a change of venue from Kankakee to Livingston county. A transcript of the record and the papers in the ease were transmitted to the circuit court of Livingston county, where a second trial was had, and the defendant was again found guilty. To reverse the latter judgment the defendant sued out this writ of error.
- The first error relied upon is, that the circuit court of Livingston county had no jurisdiction of the cause; and this supposed error is predicated upon what is supposed to be a defective transcript transmitted from the circuit court of Kankakee county to the circuit court of Livingston county. The defect relied upon is, that the clerk has certified to what transpired in court, rather than to a true transcript of the record. The certificate is as follows:
“I, J. Frank Leonard, clerk of the circuit court in and for the said county, in the State aforesaid, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the petition and affidavits; the organization of the grand jury; the return of the indictment against said defendant into open court; the plea of the defendant ; the order for change of venue herein; and that the papers numbered from one (1) to five (5), both inclusive, are all the papers now on file in my office, forming any part of the record in this case. I further certify that I am the custodian of the records and files of said court. In witness whereof,” etc.
Section 28, chapter 146, of the Bevised Statutes, relating to change of venue, provides: “In all cases of change of venue, the clerk of the court from which the change is granted shall immediately make a full transcript of the record and proceedings in the case, and of the petition and affidavits, and order for the change of venue, and transmit the same, together with all papers filed in the case, including the indictment and recognizances of the defendant and all witnesses, to the proper court.”
It is true that the certificate does not, in terms, state that the foregoing is a true copy of the record and proceedings, as required by the statute, and yet such is the substance of, and what was intended by, the certificate. But as we understand the law which must control the question, it will not be necessary to determine whether the certificate is technically accurate or not. The venue in this case was changed at the request and upon the application of the defendant. The record and papers upon which the defendant was tried were transmitted to Livingston county, upon his request. If the certificate of the clerk was irregular or defective, or if the record was otherwise defective, it was the duty of the defendant, before the trial began, to point out the defects, in order that such defects might be cured; but no objection was made by the defendant to the record, or any part thereof, as certified by the clerk of the circuit court of Kankakee county. Under such circumstances, can he now be heard to complain that the circuit court of Livingston county had no right to proceed with the trial of the cause ? We think section 35 of chapter 146, supra, furnishes the answer. That section is as follows: “All questions concerning the regularity of proceedings in obtaining changes of venue, and the right of the court to which the change is made to try the cause and execute the judgment, shall be considered as waived after trial and verdict.”
In Gardner v. The People, 3 Scam. 83, where a change of venue had been taken from the circuit court of Scott to the circuit court of Morgan county, after a conviction, on writ of error it was objected, as here, that the circuit court of Morgan county had no right to try the prisoner, because the record of the proceedings in Scott county was not properly certified by the clerk, as required by the statute. In deciding the point ii,: '(>d, it is there said: “No objection was made in the court
below, before or after verdict, to the regularity of the proceedings in Scott county, or to the authentication of the same when changed to Morgan county. If the authentication of the record was defective, the prisoner should have availed himself of it in the circuit court before trial. Not having done so, the irregularity, if in fact any existed, is cured by the statute (citing it,) as above.” The same rule was laid down in Perteet v. The People, 70 Ill. 172, and the doctrine has been approved in other cases, but it Will not be necessary to cite them. If the transcript from Kankakee county, or the certificate thereto, was defective or irregular, it was the duty of the defendant to interpose the objection before the trial. As he failed to speak when duly required, the objection now made for the first time comes too late.
The fourth count of the indictment charges that Edward D. Tucker, on the 15th day of April, 1872, in the county of Cook, Illinois, married Mary I. Bennett, and afterwards, while so married to said Mary, to-wit, on the 19th day of September, 1883, at, to-wit, the county of Kankakee, feloniously and unlawfully did marry Mary B. Markham, alias Mary B. Rommel, (said Mary, Ms former wife, bemg then alive,) contrary to the form of the statute, etc. For the purpose of proving the marriage between the defendant and Mary I. Bennett, a certified copy of a license, and return thereon, were read in evidence. The license was signed by George W. Wheeler, clerk of the county court, and it is insisted that such license was invalid, because the statute only authorized the county clerk to issue a license. Under our statute, the county clerk is clerk of the county court,—one and the same person is county clerk and clerk of the county court; and the fact that George W. Wheeler, who was county clerk and clerk of the county court, signed the license as clerk of the county court, did not affect its validity. This question is fully met by section 1, chapter 131, of the Revised Statutes of 1874, which declares that the words “county clerk” shall be held to include “clerk of the county court,” and the words, “clerk of the county court,” to include “county clerk.”
It is also said that there was a variance between the charge in the indictment and- the proof. The averment in the indictment is, that defendant was lawfully married to Mary I. Bennett, while the proof showed a marriage to Mary Bennett. We do not regard the alleged variance of any importance. The letter “I”-was no part of the name of the person mentioned in the indictment, and the evidence of a marriage to Mary Bennett was sufficient proof of the fact as laid in the indictment.
Complaint is also made that the court permitted certain letters of the defendant, written to his former wife, Mary Bennett, to be read in evidence. These letters were written while the defendant and Mary Bennett were livmg together as husband and wife. They were addressed to her as Ms wife, and contained admissions that she was Ms wife. They also show that the parties were living together as husband and wife, and that she was acknowledged" and treated by Mm as his wife.
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Mr. Justice Craig
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The plaintiff in error, Edward D. Tucker, was indicted, at the April term, A. D. 1885, of the circuit court of Kankakee county, for bigamy, by the grand jury of that county. He was arrested, tried and convicted, hut the judgment was subsequently reversed in this court on writ of error, and the cause was remanded for a new trial. After the cause was remanded, the defendant obtained a change of venue from Kankakee to Livingston county. A transcript of the record and the papers in the ease were transmitted to the circuit court of Livingston county, where a second trial was had, and the defendant was again found guilty. To reverse the latter judgment the defendant sued out this writ of error.
- The first error relied upon is, that the circuit court of Livingston county had no jurisdiction of the cause; and this supposed error is predicated upon what is supposed to be a defective transcript transmitted from the circuit court of Kankakee county to the circuit court of Livingston county. The defect relied upon is, that the clerk has certified to what transpired in court, rather than to a true transcript of the record. The certificate is as follows:
“I, J. Frank Leonard, clerk of the circuit court in and for the said county, in the State aforesaid, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the petition and affidavits; the organization of the grand jury; the return of the indictment against said defendant into open court; the plea of the defendant ; the order for change of venue herein; and that the papers numbered from one (1) to five (5), both inclusive, are all the papers now on file in my office, forming any part of the record in this case. I further certify that I am the custodian of the records and files of said court. In witness whereof,” etc.
Section 28, chapter 146, of the Bevised Statutes, relating to change of venue, provides: “In all cases of change of venue, the clerk of the court from which the change is granted shall immediately make a full transcript of the record and proceedings in the case, and of the petition and affidavits, and order for the change of venue, and transmit the same, together with all papers filed in the case, including the indictment and recognizances of the defendant and all witnesses, to the proper court.”
It is true that the certificate does not, in terms, state that the foregoing is a true copy of the record and proceedings, as required by the statute, and yet such is the substance of, and what was intended by, the certificate. But as we understand the law which must control the question, it will not be necessary to determine whether the certificate is technically accurate or not. The venue in this case was changed at the request and upon the application of the defendant. The record and papers upon which the defendant was tried were transmitted to Livingston county, upon his request. If the certificate of the clerk was irregular or defective, or if the record was otherwise defective, it was the duty of the defendant, before the trial began, to point out the defects, in order that such defects might be cured; but no objection was made by the defendant to the record, or any part thereof, as certified by the clerk of the circuit court of Kankakee county. Under such circumstances, can he now be heard to complain that the circuit court of Livingston county had no right to proceed with the trial of the cause ? We think section 35 of chapter 146, supra, furnishes the answer. That section is as follows: “All questions concerning the regularity of proceedings in obtaining changes of venue, and the right of the court to which the change is made to try the cause and execute the judgment, shall be considered as waived after trial and verdict.”
In Gardner v. The People, 3 Scam. 83, where a change of venue had been taken from the circuit court of Scott to the circuit court of Morgan county, after a conviction, on writ of error it was objected, as here, that the circuit court of Morgan county had no right to try the prisoner, because the record of the proceedings in Scott county was not properly certified by the clerk, as required by the statute. In deciding the point ii,: '(>d, it is there said: “No objection was made in the court
below, before or after verdict, to the regularity of the proceedings in Scott county, or to the authentication of the same when changed to Morgan county. If the authentication of the record was defective, the prisoner should have availed himself of it in the circuit court before trial. Not having done so, the irregularity, if in fact any existed, is cured by the statute (citing it,) as above.” The same rule was laid down in Perteet v. The People, 70 Ill. 172, and the doctrine has been approved in other cases, but it Will not be necessary to cite them. If the transcript from Kankakee county, or the certificate thereto, was defective or irregular, it was the duty of the defendant to interpose the objection before the trial. As he failed to speak when duly required, the objection now made for the first time comes too late.
The fourth count of the indictment charges that Edward D. Tucker, on the 15th day of April, 1872, in the county of Cook, Illinois, married Mary I. Bennett, and afterwards, while so married to said Mary, to-wit, on the 19th day of September, 1883, at, to-wit, the county of Kankakee, feloniously and unlawfully did marry Mary B. Markham, alias Mary B. Rommel, (said Mary, Ms former wife, bemg then alive,) contrary to the form of the statute, etc. For the purpose of proving the marriage between the defendant and Mary I. Bennett, a certified copy of a license, and return thereon, were read in evidence. The license was signed by George W. Wheeler, clerk of the county court, and it is insisted that such license was invalid, because the statute only authorized the county clerk to issue a license. Under our statute, the county clerk is clerk of the county court,—one and the same person is county clerk and clerk of the county court; and the fact that George W. Wheeler, who was county clerk and clerk of the county court, signed the license as clerk of the county court, did not affect its validity. This question is fully met by section 1, chapter 131, of the Revised Statutes of 1874, which declares that the words “county clerk” shall be held to include “clerk of the county court,” and the words, “clerk of the county court,” to include “county clerk.”
It is also said that there was a variance between the charge in the indictment and- the proof. The averment in the indictment is, that defendant was lawfully married to Mary I. Bennett, while the proof showed a marriage to Mary Bennett. We do not regard the alleged variance of any importance. The letter “I”-was no part of the name of the person mentioned in the indictment, and the evidence of a marriage to Mary Bennett was sufficient proof of the fact as laid in the indictment.
Complaint is also made that the court permitted certain letters of the defendant, written to his former wife, Mary Bennett, to be read in evidence. These letters were written while the defendant and Mary Bennett were livmg together as husband and wife. They were addressed to her as Ms wife, and contained admissions that she was Ms wife. They also show that the parties were living together as husband and wife, and that she was acknowledged" and treated by Mm as his wife. In a prosecution for bigamy, section 29, chapter 38, of the Revised Statutes of 1874, provides: “It shall not be necessary to prove either of the marriages by the register or certificate thereof, or other record evidence; but the same may be proved by such evidence as is admissible to prove a marriage in other cases.” In civil cases, Greenleaf, (vol. 2, see. 462,) says: “Marriage may be proved by reputation, declarations and conduct of the parties, and other circumstances usually accompanying that relation. * * * In regard to the language and conduct of the parties, it is competent to show their conversation and letters addressing each other as man and wife.” Under the rule indicated, there can be no doubt in regard to the competency of the evidence. Whether the marriage, in a prosecution of this character, might be established solely by such evidence, it will not be necessary, here, to determine. The evidence tended to prove the marriage, and, as such, it was competent, in connection with the other evidence bearing upon the question.
It is also urged, that under the constitutional guaranty of the statute, the defendant had the right to meet the witnesses face to face, and that the record proof of marriage, consisting of a certified copy, from the records of the county clerk, of the certificate of the person who performed the marriage ceremony indorsed on the back of the license, was and is a violation of that right. In other words, the argument is, that record evidence of marriage is not admissible, but the law required the prosecution to produce the person who solemnized the marriage, as a witness, in order that the defendant might meet him face to face, and exercise the right of cross-examination.
Section 9, of chapter 89, of the Revised Statutes of 1874, provides that the minister, judge or justice of the peace shall, within thirty days after a marriage is solemnized, make a certificate thereof, and return the same, together with the license, to the clerk of the county in which the marriage occurred. Section 11 provides that the county clerk, upon receiving such certificate, shall make a registry thereof in a book to be kept in his office for that purpose. He shall also indorse on such certificate the time when the same is registered, and shall number and carefully preserve the same. Section 12 declares that such certificate, or a copy of the same, or of the entry of such registry, certified by the county clerk under the seal of the county, shall be received as evidence of the marriage of the parties as therein stated.
In Jackson v. The People, 2 Scam. 231, which was a prose-' cution for bigamy, the record evidence of marriage was held admissible. In that case, however, the constitutional question does not seem to have been raised, but if it had been raised .and relied upon, we do not think the result would have been different. Under the constitutional guaranty the depositions of witnesses can not be taken and read in evidence in a criminal prosecution, as is done in a civil case, because this would be a direct denial of the right to meet the witnesses face to face. But the provision, “in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right to meet the witnesses face to face,” in our judgment has no reference to record evidence which may, during the progress of a criminal trial, become necessary to establish some material fact, to secure a conviction. The offered transcript consisted of a public record, which is declared by the law to be evidence. The record imports verity, and a cross-examination is foreign to and has no application to this character of evidence.
After the evidence had been closed by both People and defendant, the attorney for the People made an argument to the jury, and he was followed by an argument in favor of the defendant. At the conclusion of the argument in behalf of defendant the court took a recess for dinner. When the court met after recess, the counsel for the People entered a motion for leave to introduce in evidence certain portions of the statute of Minnesota. This motion was allowed, and the statute was read in evidence, and the ruling of the court is relied upon as error. It appears from the bill of exceptions, that the court, upon allowing the evidence to he introduced, offered to allow the defendant the right to introduce further evidence in his-behalf, if he desired, and to further argue his case to the jury. The admission of further evidence after the case had been closed, and before the jury had retired, was a matter resting in the sound discretion of the court, and as it does not appear that the discretion was abused, we do not think the court erred. The failure on the part of the attorney for the People to read, in evidence the statute of Minnesota, was a mere oversight, and it was but just that he should be allowed to introduce the-evidence, as the defendant was in no manner injured, the court having allowed him the right to rebut the evidence if he wished, and to argue its force and effect to the jury.
As a defence to the indictment, the defendant introduced in-evidence the statutes of the territory of Utah, showing authority-in the probate courts to grant divorces. Also, exemplification of record of proceedings in the probate court of the county of Salt Lake, wherein plaintiff in error was complainant, and Mary I. Bennett, defendant, and a decree of divorce granted the-complainant therein on May 23,1883. The service, as appears from the record in the divorce proceeding, was had by publication in a newspaper. The statute read in evidence required the notice to be published four times consecutively in a newspaper having a general circulation in the territory, the first insertion to be at least forty days before the commencement, of the term of court. The notice was published for one month in a weekly newspaper, first insertion of date April 18, 1883, last, May 9, 1883. The decree was rendered on the 23d day of May, but thirty-five days from the date of the first publica-tion. From the facts appearing on the face of the record, it is manifest that the court in Utah, where the decree was rendered, had no jurisdiction of the person of the defendant in the divorce proceeding, and having no jurisdiction, the decree was void.
The defendant attempted to introduce an amendment of the record, made nearly three years after the divorce was granted, to cure the defect appearing in the record; hut this amendment was made without notice to the defendant in the proceeding, and was, as the circuit court properly held, a nullity. What authority the court in Utah had to amend the record in a matter of substance almost three years after a final decree was rendered, does not appear, but if it had such authority, it could only be exercised on full notice to the party interested.
Objection is made to the indictment, but when the case was here before, the indictment was held to be sufficient, and that decision must be held to tie conclusive as to its sufficiency.
Some of the instructions given for the People have been criticised, and the decision of the court in modifying some of the defendant’s instructions, is objected to; but upon an examination of all the instructions, we find no substantial error. Indeed, we find no error in the record which will authorize a reversal of the judgment.
The judgment will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.