1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 Steven Lee Tucker, ) 9 ) Plaintiffs, ) 10 ) No. CIV 17-192-TUC-CKJ vs. ) 11 ) ORDER Don Verrett, et al., ) 12 ) Defendants. ) 13 ) 14 Pending before the Court are the Motion for Partial Summary Judgment ("PMPSJ") 15 (Doc. 123) filed by Plaintiff Steven Lee Tucker ("Tucker") and the Motion for Summary 16 Judgment ("DMSJ") (Doc. 129) filed by Defendants. Responses and replies have been filed. 17 Also pending before the Court is the Request for Leave of the Court to File an Amended 18 Response and Controverting Statement of Facts to Defendants' Motion for Summary 19 Judgment (Doc. 147). 20 Because the parties have thoroughly presented the facts and briefed the issues, the 21 Court declines to set this matter for oral argument. See LRCiv 7.2(f); 27A Fed.Proc., L. Ed. 22 § 62:361 (March 2021) ("A district court generally is not required to hold a hearing or oral 23 argument before ruling on a motion."); 27A Fed. Proc., L. Ed. § 62:671 (March 2021) (a 24 hearing on a summary judgment is not required by due process considerations). 25 26 I. Request for Leave of the Court to File an Amended Response and Controverting Statement of Facts to Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 147) 27 Tucker seeks to make technical modifications to his Response and Controverting 28 1 Statement to Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment. The Court accepts Defendants 2 non-response to this request as a consent to the granting of the motion. See LRCiv 7.2(i). 3 The Court will grant this motion and accepts the proposed amendments. 4 5 II. Factual and Procedural Summary 6 Tucker served 24 years in prison for convictions on two counts of attempted 7 molestation of a child under A.R.S. § 13-1410. (Defendants' Statement of Facts ("DSOF"), 8 ¶¶ 5-6, 7, 116.) On December 18, 2012, the Arizona Board of Executive Clemency 9 ("ABOEC") granted a request by Tucker for release to home arrest. (DSOF, ¶ 10.) This 10 release on home arrest was "granted subject to an approved program, acceptance of the 11 standard conditions of supervision, and special conditions, such as all mandatory ADC 12 conditions, no alcohol consumption, and required sex offender treatment and substance abuse 13 programming." (DSOF, ¶ 11, citing Ex. A ¶ 12; DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 3, Tucker 0564 (listing 14 special conditions, which could not be modified without prior approval of ABOEC).) Prior 15 to his release from prison to home arrest, Tucker signed conditions of release and supervision 16 and special conditions. (Id.) 17 On February 25, 2013, Tucker signed the conditions of supervision and release, 18 including special condition of supervision for sex offenders. (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 3, Tucker 19 0814-17.) The Conditions of Supervision and Release form ("CS 2/25/13") signed by Tucker 20 included: 21 12. Special Conditions apply, Form #1002-3SPCL: Yes No 22 13. Special Conditions apply, Form #1002-3SO: Yes No 23 14. Special Conditions apply, Form #1002-3GPS: Yes No 24 (Id. at 0816.) Tucker also signed Conditions of Supervision - Sex Offenders, Form #1002- 25 3SO ("CSSO 2/25/13"). (Id. at 0815; see also Plaintiff's First Amended Controverting 26 Statement of Facts ("PCSOF"), ¶ 12.) The CSSO 2/25/13 included, but was not limited to, 27 requirements that Tucker meet with his supervising officer weekly, wear a Global Positioning 28 System ("GPS") electronic monitoring ankle device, attend sex offender counseling, not have 1 any contact with his victims, not access chat rooms or social media that catered to sex- 2 offender behavior, and not view, purchase , or possess any pornography. (DSOF, ¶¶ 7-8, 15.) 3 Tucker registered as a sex offender. (DSOF, ¶ 9.) 4 On February 26, 2013, upon his release, Tucker reported to the Southern Region 5 Community Corrections Center where he met with Community Corrections Officer (i.e., 6 parole officer) John March ("March") and again signed conditions of supervision and release 7 forms. (DSOF, ¶¶ 1, 13.) The Conditions of Supervision and Release form ("CS 2/26/13") 8 included: 9 12. Special Conditions apply, Form #1002-3SPCL: Yes No 10 13. Special Conditions apply, Form #1002-3SO: Yes No 11 14. Special Conditions apply, Form #1002-3GPS: Yes No 12 (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 4, Tucker 0877.) Tucker also signed a Conditions of Supervision - Sex 13 Offenders and other conditions of supervision and release forms. (Id. at 0878-81.) As of 14 February 26, 2013, Tucker was under maximum supervision. 15 On April 5, 2013, J. March visited Tucker's residence and "reconditioned [Tucker] 16 with Home Arrest Conditions." (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 5, Tucker 0165.) Tucker signed a Home 17 Arrest Authorization and Conditions of Supervision form. (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 4, Tucker 18 0911-12.) This included, but was not limited to: 19 3. I will adhere to any other conditions of supervision as may be imposed by the Arizona Board of Executive Clemency, or my Parole Officer. 20 A. Return to BOEC for first missed, positive[, or] diluted UA 21 B. Must complete SO treatment and 12 step substance programming 22 C. No internet acc unless authorized by parole officer 23 D. Not to operate motor vehicle unless approved 24 (Id. at 0912.) 25 On June 12, 2013, Tucker again signed special condition 13 and 14, acknowledging 26 that he was subject to the sex-offender conditions and GPS monitoring. (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 27 4., Tucker 0937-38.) This acknowledgment included that Tucker would "not view, 28 1 purchase, or possess any pornography, nor enter any adult entertainment establishment of any 2 kind." (Id. at 0937.) Tucker disputes this summary of Defendants, asserting that he "was not 3 subject to any of these previous conditions while he was on parole." (PCSOF, ¶ 17.) Tucker 4 cites to Doc. 127-2 at 59 in support of this assertion. However, that document is the ABOEC 5 Proclamation of Community Parole dated March 20, 2014. (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 4, Tucker 6 0070.) This document was issued nine months after Tucker signed special conditions 13 and 7 14 in June of 2013. 8 Tucker signed the Halloween Sex Offender Directives in October 2013. (DSOF, Ex. 9 A, Att. 4, Tucker 0933.) The document included "a list of directives [Tucker was] to follow 10 and adhere to for the upcoming Halloween Holiday season and for Halloween day on 11 10/31/13." (Id.) It further provided, "During the holiday season Parole Officers may come 12 to your place of residence to ensure compliance. These directives are in addition to 13 [Tucker's] Arizona Conditions of Supervision including all special Conditions of Supervision 14 that have been imposed by [Tucker's] Parole Officer." (Id.) Also included in the document 15 was a paragraph initialed by Tucker: 16 I have read, or have had read to me, and fully understand and agree to abide by all Conditions of Supervision and release and these Halloween Directives while under 17 the supervision of the Arizona Department of Corrections. If I fail to abide by any of these conditions, I am aware that I may be returned to an institution or the sending 18 state. I understand that until my maximum sentence expires, I am subject to the rules and regulations of the Arizona Department of Corrections. 19 (Id.) Tucker also signed and initialed a copy of this document on September 20, 2014. (Id. 20 at Tucker 0883.) Tucker asserts these documents are not material. (PCSOF, ¶¶ 21, 40.) 21 Between December 4, 2013, and December 10, 2013, the Sahuarita police department 22 received reports from five different sources that Tucker had been watching children in the 23 neighborhood near a bus stop and/or while hiding in bushes. (DSOF, ¶¶ 20, 22; DSOF, Ex. 24 A, Att. 4, Tucker 0964.) Tucker notified March of the police contact and contested the 25 allegations. (PCSOF, ¶ 22; DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 4, Tucker 0067-69.) 26 Tucker's subsequent request for a change in his release status from home arrest to 27 parole was granted on February 20, 2014. (DSOF, ¶¶ 24-25.) On January 21, 2014, March 28 1 completed a Progress Report for Parole Board Hearing in which no negative information 2 regarding Tucker was included. (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 3, Tucker 0519.) 3 On March 20, 2014, Tucker and March signed an ABOEC Proclamation of 4 Community Parole ("Proclamation"). (DSOF, ¶ 20.) The ABOEC authorized Tucker's 5 "release upon parole to the community in the legal custody and under the control of the 6 ADOC until supervision is terminated as provided by law." (DSOF, ¶ 29.) The parole was 7 authorized under the Proclamation "conditioned upon compliance with those regulations 8 specified by the ADOC for conduct while on parole and such further conditions established 9 by the Board as follows: 10 Needs Assessment/Referral (counseling, vocational, educational) No Use of Alcohol Random Tests for Drugs/Alcohol 11 Continued Participation in NA/AA and Sex Offender Treatment 12 (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 4, Tucker 0070.) Defendants assert Tucker "was required to comply with 13 almost all of the same conditions that he was subjected to on home arrest, including his GPS 14 monitoring, sex offender treatment, urinalysis testing, compliance checks, and the special 15 conditions, including not viewing pornography." (DSOF, ¶ 35.) Tucker disputes that he 16 "was subject to compliance checks and special conditions, including those not to view 17 pornography. There is no indication that J. March performed any compliance checks or 18 informed Plaintiff he could not view pornography after the signing of the Parole Order[.]" 19 (PCSOF, ¶34.) A review of the Arizona Department of Corrections Chrono Notes ("Chrono 20 Notes") from February 26, 2013 – July 7, 2015, indicate no discussion between Tucker and 21 a parole officer occurred regarding compliance checks, possible compliance checks, special 22 conditions, or viewing pornography. (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 5, Tucker 0137-67.) This compares 23 with the note that March "[r]eviewed Halloween Directives with offender." (DSOF, Ex. A, 24 Att. 5, Tucker 0155.) 25 Defendants assert the "conditions of supervision that Tucker had previously signed 26 did not expire or automatically extinguish when Tucker reverted from home arrest to parole." 27 (DSOF, ¶ 36.) Tucker asserts there "is no indication that J. March performed any compliance 28 1 checks or informed Plaintiff he could not view pornography after the signing of the Parole 2 Order. (PCSOF, ¶ 36.) Specifically, he states: 3 Dispute that J. March conducted any compliance checks of Plaintiff's residence, vehicle, or any other property from February 26, 2013 through May 3, 2015, nor did 4 J. March make any notations in the Parole Chrono notes that he had conducted any compliance checks (Doc. 127-2 at 76-86). 5 (PCSOF, ¶38.) A review of the Chrono Notes indicate that, after Tucker was placed on 6 Parole, compliance checks were conducted on October 31, 2014, and May 3, 2015. (DSOF, 7 Ex. A, Att. 5, Tucker 0148.) Additionally, March conducted a field visit on June 21, 2014. 8 (Id. at Tucker 0144.) 9 March states: 10 In June 2014, during a field visit and an office visit with Tucker, I acknowledged that 11 the ABOEC had waived Tucker's cost of supervision ("COS") fees. (Attachment 5 at Tucker 0144.) 12 (DSOF, Ex. A, ¶ 40.) March, who placed the entry into the Chrono Notes, states COS means 13 cost of supervision. (DSOF, ¶¶ 32, 39.) The Chrono Notes entry for June 30, 2014, states, 14 "AZ COS waived." (DSOF, ¶ 39.) Tucker states, inter alia: 15 The actual abbreviation used by J. March in the Parole Chrono Notes was "AZ COS" 16 and not "COS" (Doc. 127-2 at 83). There is no mention of the word "fees" in the June 2014 entries in the Parole Chrono Notes (Id.). J. March did not testify regarding the 17 February 17, 2015 entry in the Parole Chrono Notes that the "AZ COA [sic] waived BOEC" (Doc. 127-2 ¶ 40). J. March's testimony that the abbreviation "AZ COS" 18 meant cost of supervision ("COS") fees were waived by the ABOEC is refuted by his usage of the abbreviation "AZ COS", as well as the phrase AZ COS Fees", and the 19 word "fees" in the Parole Chrono Notes from February 26, 2013 through May 3, 2015 (Doc. 127-2 76-106). J. March's testimony that the abbreviation "AZ COS" meant the 20 cost of supervision ("COS") fees were waived by the ABOEC is refuted by the fact that Plaintiff's cost of supervision fees was in arrears $975.00 on July 29, 2015 (Doc. 21 127-2 at 73). 22 (PCSOF, ¶ 39.) 23 While on parole, Tucker continued urinalysis testing, sex offender treatment, attending 24 AA meetings, and GPS monitoring. March continued checking Tucker's employment status, 25 checking Tucker's GPS coordinates, and reviewing Tucker's requests to go out of town or 26 extend curfew. (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 5, Tucker 0137-48.) Tucker asserts the GPS monitoring 27 of Plaintiff was required by Arizona Law A.R.S. § 41-1604.08 and is immaterial regarding 28 1 applicable parole conditions. (PCSOF, ¶ 38.) 2 March became aware of the Sahuarita reports that Tucker had been watching children 3 near a bus stop. (DSOF, Ex. A, ¶ 42.) 4 On April 18, 2015, Parole Supervisor Gregory Smith ("Smith") conducted a field visit 5 to Tucker's residence. (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 4, Tucker 0138.) Smith suggested an unexpected 6 field visit. (Id.) 7 On Sunday, May 3, 2015, March and his supervisor, Senior Parole Officer Don 8 Verrett ("Verrett") participated in a field visit at Tucker's home and conducted a compliance 9 search. (DSOF, ¶¶ 45, 76) Defendant Richard Zormeier ("Zormeier") provided security 10 services, took photographs, placed handcuffs on Tucker, and escorted Tucker to the 11 transportation vehicle, but had no role in deciding to arrest Tucker. (DSOF, ¶¶ 45, 77; 12 PCSOF, ¶ 45.) Maureen Rodriguez ("Rodriguez"), who assisted in the compliance check 13 (including the searches of electronic equipment), and Nickolas Ratkevich, who was assigned 14 as a transportation officer, were also present. (DSOF, ¶¶ 76, 78-9; PCSOF, ¶¶ 45, 85.) 15 Defendant Pamela Jensen ("Jensen"), the Parole Supervisor who signed the written Warrant 16 of Arrest after the arrest, was not present, working, or on-call on the day of Tucker's arrest. 17 (DSOF, ¶¶ 55-56, 124-25.) 18 March and Verrett searched Tucker's home, closets, computers, and devices. (DSOF, 19 ¶¶ 46, 76, 80-83.) Rodriguez noticed that Tucker's desktop computer had no internet 20 browsing history because Tucker had manually changed the default setting to automatically 21 delete the browsing history upon his exiting the internet web browser. (DSOF, ¶¶ 81-82.) 22 Rodriguez was unable to access Tucker's wife's laptop; Mrs. Tucker said that she had not 23 used the laptop in months, she had recently changed the password, and she could not 24 remember it, even after several attempts. (DSOF, ¶ 82.) 25 Verrett noticed an iPad that was being charged next to the bed while searching 26 Tucker's bedroom. (DSOF, ¶ 83.) When Verrett asked Mrs. Tucker if the iPad belonged to 27 her, she stated it belonged to Tucker. (Id.) When looking at the iPad, Verrett noticed a 28 1 downloaded application of HBO Go and observed that Tucker was logged in using the ID 2 Name: bat5336 with an email address stucker66@gmail.com. (DSOF, ¶ 84.) The following 3 shows were listed on the iPad as viewable: Katie Morgan on Sex Toys; The Best Sex: A 4 Retrospective; Cathouse; and Sexo Urbano: Explore the Erotic World Latin America. 5 (DSOF, ¶ 85.) 6 Verrett contacted Nicole Studer ("Studer"), the Community Corrections Program 7 Manager in ADC's central office in Phoenix, who was on call in Phoenix. (DSOF, ¶ 86; 8 DSOF, Ex. C. ¶ 20.) Verret "advised her of Tucker's convictions for dangerous crimes 9 against children, what he understood were Tucker's conditions of supervision and release 10 based on his status as a sex offender on maximum supervision, the Sahuarita police report 11 allegations, the compliance check, the automatic deletion of Tucker's browser history from 12 his desktop, and what he observed on Tucker's iPad." (DMSJ, p. 8, citing DSOF, ¶¶ 87, 120.) 13 After Studer authorized an arrest warrant, Verrett obtained warrant number 2015W1583 from 14 ADC Central Office. (DSOF, ¶¶ 92, 121; DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 5, Tucker 0137; DSOF, Ex. C, 15 ¶ 23.) 16 Defendants state that, on May 3, 2015, Tucker was arrested and taken into custody at 17 ASPC-Tucson for technical violations of Condition 13, prohibiting his viewing or possessing 18 any pornographic material of any kind. (DSOF, ¶¶ 93, 121; DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 4, Tucker 19 0937; DSOF, Ex. B, Att. 3, Tucker 0137.) Tucker asserts Zormeier told Tucker he was under 20 arrest per Verrett's order and that Tucker was arrested and handcuffed in his living room and 21 then driven to ASPC-Tucson. (PCSOF, ¶¶ 49, 131.) 22 March completed the paperwork for Tucker's arrest warrant and Jensen, a parole 23 supervisor and Verrett's immediate supervisor, signed the written Warrant of Arrest on May 24 7, 2015 and backdated it to May 3, 2015. (DSOF, ¶¶ 55-56, 68, 124-25.) 25 The parties dispute whether March and Verrett understood and believed that Tucker 26 was subject to the conditions of supervision and release and the special conditions, including 27 special condition 13. (DSOF, ¶¶ 51, 88; PCSOF, ¶ 50, 88.) Defendants assert that at no time 28 1 did March know or believe that the conditions of supervision that Tucker had been subject 2 to and that he had been supervising as his parole officer were not applicable to Tucker or not 3 legally effective. (DSOF, ¶ 51; PCSOF, ¶ 50.) March and Verrett state the conditions of 4 supervision previously signed by Tucker did not expire or automatically extinguish when 5 Tucker transitioned from home arrest to parole. (DSOF, Ex. A, ¶ 37; DSOF, Ex. B ¶ 26.) 6 Tucker disputes this and, citing to DSOF exhibits, states that March and Verrett both 7 admitted the February 26, 2013 Condition of Supervision were not applicable to Tucker and 8 not legally effective. (PCSOF, ¶ 89.) However, the citations only indicate March knew the 9 fees were waived. 10 A parole revocation hearing on the alleged parole violations was held on July 6, 2015. 11 (DSOF, ¶¶ 59, 97.) Tucker asserts multiple witnesses testified that Tucker did not sign any 12 conditions of parole after the Proclamation. (PSOF, ¶¶ 29-31.) While Defendants do not 13 dispute that Tucker did not sign conditions of supervision after March 20, 2014, Defendants 14 assert Tucker did sign Halloween Sex Offender Directives acknowledging that he had to 15 comply with the Halloween Directives and all Conditions of Supervision, including all 16 special conditions. (Defendants' Controverting Statement of Facts ("DCSOF"), ¶¶ 29-33.) 17 Tucker asserts the ABOEC "concluded that [Tucker] was only subject to the conditions of 18 parole that were listed on the Proclamation of Community Parole because Defendants did not 19 have [Tucker] sign any additional conditions of supervision." (PSOF, ¶33.) Defendants 20 assert evidence related to events occurring after the May 3, 2015, arrest should be 21 disregarded as hearsay, improperly authenticated and not material. (DCSOF, ¶¶ 25-33.) 22 The ABOEC found that Tucker was not in violation of his parole conditions. (DSOF, 23 ¶ 98.) According to Tucker, the ABOEC "concluded that Tucker was only subject to the 24 conditions of parole that were listed on the Proclamation of Community Parole because 25 Defendants did not have Plaintiff sign any additional conditions of supervision." (PSOF, ¶ 26 27 28 1 33, Exhibit 4 at 0:34:00 to 0:35:00 and 0:37:00-0:41:00; Doc. 83-6, pp. 19-23).1 Tucker was 2 released from prison and reinstated on parole on July 8, 2015. (DSOF, ¶ 60.) At that time, 3 he signed another set of conditions of supervision and release. (DSOF, ¶ 60.) The parties 4 dispute whether this set of conditions was substantially the same as those he signed in 5 February and June 2013. (Id.; PCSOF, ¶ 60.) Tucker signed Special Condition 13, which 6 provided that he could not view, purchase, or possess any pornography or sexually 7 stimulating material or products, and could not enter any adult establishment of any kind. 8 (DSOF, ¶ 62; DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 7.) 9 Tucker remained on parole through May 12, 2018, when he completed his sentence. 10 (DSOF, ¶ 64.) From July 8, 2015, until his release, Tucker continued to sign for and comply 11 with the various conditions of supervision and release, including Special Condition 13. 12 (DSOF, ¶ 63; PCSOF, ¶ 63.) 13 On October 5, 2017, Tucker filed his Second Amended Complaint in this case.2 The 14 Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals determined Tucker had stated claims for false arrest and 15 imprisonment as stated in Counts 15 through 17. These counts allege Tucker was unlawfully 16 arrested, removed, transported, and imprisoned on May 3, 2015. On June 14, 2021, Tucker 17 filed a Third Amended Complaint ("TAC"), which alleges three claims of false arrest and 18 imprisonment, one each for the arrest of Tucker, the transportation of Tucker, and the 19 continued imprisonment of Tucker, against all Defendants. (Doc. 83.) Defendants filed an 20 Answer on June 24, 2021. (Doc. 85.) 21 On January 9, 2022, Tucker filed a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment ("PMSJ") 22 (Doc. 123.) On January 11, 2022, Defendants filed a Motion for Summary Judgment 23 ("DMSJ") (Doc. 129.) Responses and replies have been filed. 24 25 1These exhibits are a recording and what appears to be an unofficial transcript of the 26 revocation proceeding. 27 2Gail Tucker was also alleged to be a plaintiff in the SAC. Ms. Tucker was dismissed 28 pursuant to stipulation on January 6, 2021. (Doc. 57.) 1 III. Summary Judgment Legal Standard 2 Summary judgment may be granted if the movant shows "there is no genuine issue as 3 to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." 4 Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The moving party has the initial responsibility of informing the court of 5 the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of "the pleadings, depositions, answers 6 to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any," which it 7 believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. 8 Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). 9 Once the moving party has met the initial burden, the opposing party must "go beyond 10 the pleadings" and "set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine [material] issue 11 for trial." Id., 477 U.S. at 248 (internal quotes omitted); see also Cusson-Cobb v. O'Lessker, 12 953 F.2d 1079, 1081 (7th Cir. 1992) (cannot rely on the allegations of the pleadings, or upon 13 conclusory allegations in affidavits). The nonmoving party must demonstrate a dispute "over 14 facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law" to preclude entry of 15 summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Further, the 16 disputed facts must be material. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 322-23. Further, "a party cannot 17 manufacture a genuine issue of material fact merely by making assertions in its legal 18 memoranda." S.A. Empresa de Viacao Aerea Rio Grandense (Varig Airlines) v. Walter 19 Kiddle & Co., 690 F.2d 1235, 1238 (9th Cir. 1982). 20 The dispute over material facts must be genuine. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 21 S.Ct. at 2510. A dispute about a material fact is genuine if "the evidence is such that a 22 reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Id. A party opposing a 23 properly supported summary judgment motion must set forth specific facts demonstrating a 24 genuine issue for trial. Id. Mere allegation and speculation are not sufficient to create a 25 factual dispute for purposes of summary judgment. Witherow v. Paff, 52 F.3d 264, 266 (9th 26 Cir. 1995) (per curiam). "If the evidence is merely colorable or is not significantly probative, 27 summary judgment may be granted." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50. However, the evidence 28 1 of the nonmoving party is to be believed and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his 2 favor. Id. at 255. Further, in seeking to establish the existence of a factual dispute, the non- 3 moving party need not establish a material issue of fact conclusively in his favor; it is 4 sufficient that "the claimed factual dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve the 5 parties' differing versions of the truth at trial." T.W. Elec. Serv., 809 F.2d 626, 631 (9th Cir. 6 1987). 7 Summary judgment is not to be "too readily" granted in employee discrimination cases 8 because of "the importance of zealously guarding an employee's right to a full trial, since 9 discrimination claims are frequently difficult to prove without a full airing of the evidence 10 and an opportunity to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses." McGinest v. GTE Serv. 11 Corp., 360 F.3d 1103, 1112 (9th Cir. 2004). Indeed, "[a]s a general matter, the plaintiff in 12 an employment discrimination action need produce very little evidence in order to overcome 13 an employer's motion for summary judgment. This is because 'the ultimate question is one 14 that can only be resolved through a searching inquiry—one that is most appropriately 15 conducted by a factfinder, upon a full record.'" Chuang v. Univ. of California Davis, Bd. of 16 Trustees, 225 F.3d 1115, 1124 (9th Cir. 2000), quoting Schnidrig v. Columbia Mach., Inc., 17 80 F.3d 1406, 1410 (9th Cir. 1996). However, even in employment cases, "deference to the 18 non-moving party does have some limit." Jernigan v. Alderwoods Grp., Inc., 489 F. Supp. 19 2d 1180, 1187 (D. Or. 2007); see e.g. Nelson v. Boeing Co., No. 19-35401, 2020 WL 20 3076243, at *1 (9th Cir. June 10, 2020) (summary judgment properly granted on hostile work 21 environment claim because plaintiff failed to raise a genuine dispute of material fact as to 22 whether defendant's alleged conduct was based on his gender or that defendant's conduct was 23 sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of his employment); Denning v. Cty. 24 of Washoe, 799 F. App'x 547, 548 (9th Cir. 2020) (finding summary judgment was properly 25 granted because "isolated offensive remarks" and instances of "unfair treatment" are 26 insufficient to support a hostile work environment claim"); Manatt v. Bank of Am., NA, 339 27 F.3d 792, 798 (9th Cir. 2003) ("Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Manatt, 28 1 we conclude that the conduct of Manatt's co-workers and supervisor—while offensive and 2 inappropriate—did not so pollute the workplace that it altered the conditions of her 3 employment. Her hostile work environment discrimination claim must therefore fail."); 4 Pearson v. Reynolds Sch. Dist. No. 7, 998 F. Supp. 2d 1004, 1022 (D. Or. 2014) (granting 5 summary judgment on Title VII disparate treatment claim where plaintiff failed to establish 6 prima facie case). 7 Additionally, the Court is only to consider admissible evidence. Moran v. Selig, 447 8 F.3d 748, 759-60 (9th Cir. 2006) (pleading and opposition must be verified to constitute 9 opposing affidavits); FDIC v. New Hampshire Ins. Co., 953 F.2d 478, 484 (9th Cir. 1991) 10 (declarations and other evidence that would not be admissible may be stricken). Moreover, 11 "at the summary judgment stage, courts do not focus on the admissibility of the evidence's 12 form. [Courts] instead focus on the admissibility of its contents." Marceau v. International 13 Broth. of Elec. Workers, 618 F.Supp.2d 1127, 1141-42 (D.Ariz. 2009). 14 A "genuine" issue of "material" fact cannot be created by a party simply making 15 assertions in its legal memoranda. Varig Airlines, 690 F.2d at 1238. Declarations and other 16 evidence that would not be admissible may be stricken. FDIC v. New Hampshire Ins. Co., 17 953 F.2d 478, 484 (9th Cir. 1991). Indeed, a "conclusory, self-serving affidavit, lacking 18 detailed facts and any supporting evidence, is insufficient to create a genuine issue of 19 material fact." Nilsson v. City of Mesa, 503 F.3d 947, 952 n. 2 (9th Cir. 2007), citation 20 omitted. Moreover, statements must allege personal knowledge. See Skillsky v. Lucky 21 Stores, Inc., 893 F.2d 1088, 1091 (9th Cir. 1990) ("Like affidavits, deposition testimony that 22 is not based on personal knowledge and is hearsay is inadmissible and cannot raise a genuine 23 issue of material fact sufficient to withstand summary judgment."); see also Block v. Los 24 Angeles, 253 F.3d 410, 419 n. 2 (9th Cir. 2001); Radobenko v. Automated Equip. Corp., 520 25 F.2d 540, 544 (9th Cir. 1975), quoting Perma Research & Development Co. v. Singer Co., 26 410 F.2d 572, 578 (2nd Cir. 1969) ("[i]f a party who has been examined at length on 27 deposition could raise an issue of fact simply by submitting an affidavit contradicting his own 28 1 prior testimony, this would greatly diminish the utility of summary judgment as a procedure 2 for screening out sham issues of fact"). Additionally, the court is to review the record as a 3 whole, but must disregard evidence favorable to the moving party that the jury is not required 4 to believe and must give credence to the uncontradicted and unimpeached evidence of the 5 moving party, at least "'to the extent that that evidence comes from disinterested witnesses.'" 6 Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing, 530 U.S. 133, 150-51 (2000), citation omitted. 7 The Court recognizes the parties have disputed facts as stated by the opposing party. 8 The Court will only consider the admissible evidence that is supported by specific facts that 9 may show a genuine issue of material fact. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 10 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510 (1986). 11 12 IV. Qualified Immunity 13 Qualified immunity protects public officials from liability for damages under § 1983 14 if their actions did not violate clearly established rights of which a reasonable person would 15 have known. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009). In discussing prison officials, 16 the Ninth Circuit has stated an "official is entitled to qualified immunity if his conduct 'does 17 not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person 18 would have known.' Mendoza v. Blodgett, 960 F.2d 1425, 1431 (9th Cir. 1992), quoting 19 Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). "[Q]ualified immunity is immunity from 20 suit, not just a defense to liability, and the immunity is effectively lost if a case is erroneously 21 permitted to go to trial. David v. Kaulukukui, 38 F.4th 792, 799 (9th Cir. 2022), quoting 22 Andrews v. City of Henderson, 35 F.4th 710 (9th Cir. 2022) (cleaned up). 23 The defense of qualified immunity allows for errors in judgment and protects "all but 24 the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law . . . [I]f officers of reasonable 25 competence could disagree on the issue [whether or not a specific action was constitutional], 26 immunity should be recognized." Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986). Qualified 27 immunity balances the interests of "the need to hold public officials accountable when they 28 1 exercise power irresponsibly and the need to shield officials from harassment, distraction, 2 and liability when they perform their duties reasonably." Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223 3 (2009); O'Doan v. Sanford, 991 F.3d 1027, 1036 (9th Cir. 2021). Moreover, law 4 enforcement officers "who 'reasonably but mistakenly concluded that probable cause is 5 present'" and justifies an arrest are entitled to qualified immunity. Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 6 224, 227 (1991), quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 641 (1987). 7 "To determine whether an official is entitled to qualified immunity, the court asks (1) 8 whether the [official's] conduct violated a constitutional right, and (2) whether that right was 9 clearly established at the time of the events at issue." David v. Kaulukukui, 38 F.4th 792, 799 10 (9th Cir. 2022), citation and internal quotation marks omitted. "While the constitutional 11 violation prong concerns the reasonableness of the officer's mistake of fact, the clearly 12 established prong concerns the reasonableness of the officer's mistake of law." Gordon v. 13 Cnty. of Orange, 6 F.4th 961, 968 (9th Cir. 2021), citation omitted. Although the Supreme 14 Court stated that in resolving a government official's qualified immunity claim, a court must 15 first analyze whether a plaintiff alleges facts sufficient to show that the defendant violated 16 the claimant's constitutional rights, Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001), the Court 17 subsequently clarified in Pearson that, "while the sequence set forth there is often 18 appropriate, it should no longer be regarded as mandatory," and district courts should 19 exercise their discretion in deciding which of then two prongs to analyze first. 555 U.S. at 20 236; see also Gordon, 6 F.4th at 968. 21 Additionally, a court is to evaluate whether a right is clearly established "in light of 22 the specific context of the case, not as a broad general proposition." Saucier, 533 U.S. at 23 201. A government official will be entitled to qualified immunity even if he/she was 24 mistaken in his/her belief the conduct was lawful, so long as that belief was reasonable. 25 Wilkins v. City of Oakland, 350 F.3d 949, 955 (9th Cir. 2003). Further, a "plaintiff bears the 26 burden of proof that the right allegedly violated was clearly established at the time of the 27 alleged misconduct." Shooter v. Arizona, 4 F.4th 955, 961 (9th Cir. 2021), quotation 28 1 omitted). 2 Any genuine issues of material fact concerning the underlying facts of what the officer 3 knew or what the officer did are questions of fact for the jury. Acosta v. City and County of 4 San Francisco, 83 F.3d 1143, 1149 (9th Cir. 1996), citing Sinaloa Lake Owners Ass'n v. City 5 of Simi Valley, 70 F.3d 1095, 1099 (9th Cir. 1995). However, where the essential facts are 6 undisputed, the reasonableness of the officer's actions is properly determined by the court. 7 Sinaloa Lake Owners Ass'n, 70 F.3d at 1099; see also Scott v. Henrich, 39 F.3d 912, 915 (9th 8 Cir. 1994) ("Even though reasonableness is traditionally a question of fact for the jury, 9 defendant can still win on summary judgment if the district court concludes, after resolving 10 all factual disputes in favor of the plaintiff, that the officer's use of force was objectively 11 reasonable under the circumstances."). 12 13 A. Statutory or Constitutional Right 14 The parties dispute whether Defendants violated Tucker's statutory or constitutional 15 rights when he was arrested, transported, and imprisoned for a parole violation. As pointed 16 out by the defense, a parole officer needs only to have a reasonable belief that a parolee has 17 violated the terms of his parole in order to effectuate an arrest. United States v. Rabb, 752 18 F.2d 1320, 1324 (9th Cir. 1984), abrogated in part on other grounds by Bourjaily v. United 19 States, 483 U.S. 171 (1987). However, neither party has presented any controlling authority 20 or cited to any similar cases which establish whether conditions of release cease or remain 21 in effect when an individual's' status changes from home arrest to parole.3 Indeed, 22 Defendants state: 23 No court has found a constitutional violation where the facts are analogous to this case; and Tucker will be unable to meet his burden that clearly established law 24 requires new conditions as opposed to re-application of existing conditions when a release type changes. 25 26 3The Court does not agree with Tucker's reliance on a single decision made after the 27 arrest of Tucker, by a parole board, without citation to a controlling authority, to establish 28 that conditions of release cease when an individual's status changes to parole. 1 DMSJ (Doc. 129, p. 12). 2 Tucker asserts he was not subject to Special Condition 13 because he did not sign an 3 acknowledgment of those conditions after his status changed from home arrest to parole. 4 Defendants argue, however, that even if the government erred in not having Tucker sign the 5 form, any such mistake would have been a violation of prison regulations or policy, but not 6 a constitutional violation. Indeed, the Ninth Circuit has acknowledged that violations of state 7 law are not protected by § 1983, but are subject to redress under state law. Ybarra v. Bastian, 8 647 F.2d 891, 892-3 (9th Cir. 1981). Further, the Supreme Court of Arizona has stated that 9 "[a]lthough written conditions might be desirable in any case upon which a revocation of 10 parole is based, . . . it is [not] required." Meredith v. Raines, 131 Ariz. 244, 245 (1982). 11 The Court finds there is no constitutional right requiring a parolee receive and 12 acknowledge written conditions of parole prior to revocation proceedings. However, as 13 previously stated, a parole officer must have a reasonable belief that a parolee has violated 14 the terms of his parole in order to effectuate an arrest of the parolee. Rabb, 752 F.2d at 1324. 15 Defendants point out that Tucker had notice of, received copies of, signed, and abided 16 by the conditions for years. Tucker also signed the Halloween directives for sex offenders. 17 The parties dispute whether March and Verrett understood and believed that Tucker was 18 subject to the conditions of supervision and release and the special conditions, including 19 special condition 13. Defendants assert that at no time did March know or believe that the 20 conditions of supervision that Tucker had been subject to and that he had been supervising 21 as his parole officer were not applicable to Tucker or not legally effective. (DSOF, ¶ 51; 22 PCSOF, ¶ 50.) 23 The parties dispute the significance of the Proclamation. Defendants argue the 24 Proclamation establishes that Tucker was subject to the conditions of compliance and 25 regulations by the ADC as well as additional conditions provided by the ABOEC, but did not 26 void the existing conditions that ADC had required. Tucker argues he was only subject to 27 conditions imposed when/after he was placed on parole and that no Arizona Conditions of 28 1 Supervision or any Special Conditions were imposed on Tucker at that time. If Tucker's 2 argument is correct, he would have been subject to the following conditions: 3 Needs Assessment/Referral (counseling, vocational, educational) No Use of Alcohol Random Tests for Drugs/Alcohol 4 Continued Participation in NA/AA and Sex Offender Treatment 5 (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 4, Tucker 0070.) However, the Chrono Notes indicate that, after Tucker 6 was placed on Parole, compliance checks were conducted on October 31, 2014, and May 3, 7 2015 and a field visit was conducted on June 21, 2014. (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 5, Tucker 0144, 8 0148.) Further, while on parole, March continued checking Tucker's employment status and 9 reviewing Tucker's requests to go out of town or extend curfew. (DSOF, Ex. A, Att. 5, 10 Tucker 0137-48.) In other words, Tucker continued to comply with conditions after being 11 placed on parole that were not included in the Proclamation. 12 Related to this, Tucker continued on GPS monitoring after he was placed on parole 13 although he did not sign Special Condition 12 after being placed on parole. However, 14 Tucker argues there is an independent state authority for GPS authority, i.e., his compliance 15 with this condition is not material. Nonetheless, Tucker's acquiescence to the GPS 16 monitoring is relevant to whether the parole officers knowingly violated the law; i.e., whether 17 they were acting reasonably. 18 Defendants also point out that Tucker did not raise this issue of being subject to 19 conditions of supervision, including the pornography restrictions, until after his arrest for 20 violating special condition 13. Indeed, Defendants argue Tucker did not raise the 21 applicability of these conditions although he questioned the applicability of the cost of 22 supervision fees. Tucker does not specifically dispute this assertion. However, Tucker 23 points out that the Chrono Notes include references to "AZ COS" and "AZ COS fees," 24 arguing that AZ COS must refer to conditions of supervision rather than conditions of 25 supervision fees because March added "fees" to some of those references. Tucker appears 26 to be implicitly arguing that the references to "COS" being waived in the Chrono Notes leads 27 to a conclusion that there was nothing for him to dispute. Indeed, each time "COS" is 28 1 referenced in the Chrono Notes without "fees" the activity code does not reference COS fees. 2 Rather, the stated activity codes include office or field visits. The Court finds this is a 3 disputed fact. 4 The parties dispute the significance of the Halloween directives. Defendants argue 5 that because these documents, signed by Tucker, included an acknowledgment that Tucker 6 had to comply with the Halloween Directives and all Conditions of Supervision, including 7 all special conditions, means Tucker was subject to all Conditions of Supervision, including 8 all special conditions. However, this necessarily requires the signing parties to agree on what 9 those Conditions of Supervision, including all special conditions, are in effect. In other 10 words, Defendants are assuming the conclusion. Moreover, the Halloween Directives do not 11 limit the conditions to those for which Tucker has acknowledged. The Court is aware there 12 are special conditions 12 and 13. This leads to an inference that there are special conditions 13 1-11, for which there is no indication Tucker acknowledged. Accepting Defendants' 14 argument would mean that Tucker was subject to special conditions 1-11, which he never 15 acknowledged. In light of this, the Court cannot find this is a reasonable interpretation of the 16 Halloween Directive. However, while this is a disputed fact as to whether Tucker had 17 sufficient notice of his applicable conditions through the Halloween Directives, the Court 18 determines this is just one factor, and does not address whether the parole officers had a 19 reasonable belief that a parolee had violated the terms of his parole in order to effectuate an 20 arrest or whether there was any authority requiring re-notice of conditions following Tucker's 21 placement on parole. 22 Tucker also argues the actions of Defendants were not reasonable because they did 23 not adequately investigate whether the HBO Go programs contained content that violated the 24 Conditions of Supervision, whether Tucker had viewed the HBO Go programs. In other 25 words, Tucker asserts Defendants did not have a reasonable belief Tucker had lapsed or was 26 about to laps into criminal ways or company. Defendants argue that Tucker attempt to 27 include a claim under A.R.S. § 31-415, as to whether the warrant was "facially invalid" or 28 1 failed to allege Tucker had lapsed or was about to lapse into criminal ways is, in effect, an 2 improper amendment of the TAC and should not be considered. The Court finds it 3 appropriate to consider whether Defendants sufficiently investigated whether Tucker 4 possessed pornography prior to his arrest in determining if Defendants' actions were 5 reasonable. Indeed, Defendants needed only a reasonable belief their conduct was lawful. 6 They did not need probable cause. A viewing of the title pages of the videos would lead a 7 reasonable parole officer to believe a parolee was in possession of pornography. (DSOF, Ex. 8 B, Att. 3 at Tucker 0137.) 9 Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity even if he/she was mistaken in his/her 10 belief the conduct was lawful, so long as that belief was reasonable. Wilkins, 350 F.3d at 955. 11 Here, it is undisputed that Tucker repeatedly signed Special Condition 13 while he was on 12 home arrest, but that he did not sign or acknowledge this form after he was placed on parole. 13 Further, the specific conditions included in the Proclamation did not include conditions 14 covered by Special Condition 13. However, Tucker continued to comply with conditions not 15 included in the Proclamation after he was placed on parole, i.e., he did not contest the 16 validity of these conditions until he was arrested. Indeed, March continued to monitor 17 Tucker's GPS device, conduct compliance checks, check Tucker's employment status and 18 review Tucker's requests to go out of town or extend curfew. Additionally, for purposes of 19 determining whether Defendants are entitled to summary judgment, the Court considers that 20 the Chrono Notes included references to the waiver of COS, which do not appear to be 21 referring to the waiver of COS fees. 22 When considering the undisputed facts and resolving factual disputes in favor of 23 Tucker, Sinaloa Lake Owners Ass'n, 70 F.3d at 1099; Scott v. Henrich, 39 F.3d at 915, (9th 24 Cir. 1994), the Court finds Defendants acted reasonably. March and other parole officers 25 continued to act as if they believed Tucker had signed and acknowledged Special Condition 26 13 after he was placed on parole and/or the signed and acknowledged conditions continued 27 until Tucker, the person subject to the conditions, was fully released from supervision. 28 1 Additionally, the title pages of the videos appeared to include pornographic material. 2 Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity because, even if they were mistaken in their 3 belief the conduct was lawful, that belief was reasonable. Wilkins, 350 F.3d at 955. 4 5 B. Clearly Established Right 6 As previously stated, a right is clearly established "in light of the specific context of 7 the case, not as a broad general proposition." Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201. Further, a "plaintiff 8 bears the burden of proof that the right allegedly violated was clearly established at the time 9 of the alleged misconduct." Shooter v. Arizona, 4 F.4th at 961. 10 Tucker argues the right of a parolee to be free from seizure absent a reasonable belief 11 the parolee was in violation of his parole conditions was clearly established on May 3, 2015. 12 Defendants do not dispute this. However, the parties dispute whether there was a reasonable 13 belief Tucker was in violation of his parole conditions on May 3, 2015. Tucker cites to 14 Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843, 852 (2006) and points out that the Supreme Court found 15 a signed, clear and unambiguously expressed condition of parole to be significant in their 16 decision the parolee petitioner "did not have an expectation of privacy that society would 17 recognize as legitimate." Samson, 547 U.S. at 852. While the Court found it significant, it 18 did not find it mandatory. In other words, Samson does not clearly establish a requirement 19 that a an individual transitioning from home arrest to parole must be re-advised of the 20 conditions of release. 21 In other words, neither party has presented any controlling authority or cited to any 22 similar cases which establish whether conditions of release cease or remain in effect when 23 an individual's status changes from home arrest to parole.4 Moreover, the Court is unaware 24 25 4The Court does not agree with Tucker's reliance on a single decision by a parole 26 board, without citation to a controlling authority, to establish that conditions of release cease when an individual's status changes to parole. Indeed, Tucker has not shown that the 27 decision was the result of a reliance on a federal right as opposed to a state right. Further, 28 Tucker cites to testimony in what appears to be an unofficial transcript of the July 6, 2015, 1 of any such authority. As no court has found a constitutional violation in a case similar to 2 this one, the Court finds Tucker has failed to meet his burden that clearly established law 3 requires a parolee to sign and acknowledge new conditions as opposed to re-application of 4 existing conditions when a release type changes. 5 6 C. Conclusion as to Qualified Immunity 7 The Court finds Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. The collective 8 knowledge of the parole officers affords that immunity to each of Defendants. See United 9 States v. Villasenor, 608 F.3d 467, 475 (9th Cir. 2010) (the collective knowledge doctrine 10 "allows courts to impute police officers' collective knowledge to the officer conducting a 11 stop, search or arrest" if (1) "law enforcement agents are working together in an 12 investigation but have not explicitly communicated the facts each has independently learned," 13 or (2) "an officer ... with direct personal knowledge of all the facts necessary to give rise to 14 reasonable suspicion ... directs or requests that another officer ... conduct a stop, search or 15 arrest."); see also United States v. Ramirez, 473 F.3d 1026, 1036 (9th Cir. 2007) ("[W]here 16 one officer directs another to take some action, there is necessarily a 'communication' 17 between those officers, and there are necessarily functioning as a team."). 18 The Court finds it appropriate to grant Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment 19 and to deny Tucker's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. 20 21 V. Zormeier and Jensen – Affirmative Link 22 Defendants argue no evidence establishes that either Zormeier or Jensen were 23 personally involved in arresting and returning Tucker to prison on May 3, 2015. Indeed, a 24 civil rights claim requires a plaintiff to have suffered a specific injury as a result of the 25 conduct of a particular defendant and he must allege an affirmative link between the injury 26 ABOEC Parole Hearing, which occurred after the May 3, 2015, arrest. Tucker has not 27 presented, for example, a declaration regarding the applicable testimony nor a certified copy 28 of the transcript. 1 and the conduct of that defendant. Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 371-72, 377 (1976). 2 Although Zormeier did not participate in the decision to detain and arrest Tucker, he 3 participated in the detention leading up to the arrest of Tucker. Indeed, it is disputed whether 4 Zormeier told Tucker he was under arrest per Verrett's order. The Court finds a sufficient 5 link between Zormeier conduct and the injury such summary judgment on this basis is not 6 appropriate. 7 As to Jensen, she did not participate in the arrest of Tucker on May 3, 2015, and did 8 not take any action in this case until May 7, 2015, when she signed and back-dated the arrest 9 warrant. However, Tucker claims his ongoing incarceration after his arrest violated his 10 Fourth Amendment rights. The Court finds a sufficient link between Jensen's conduct and 11 the injury such that summary judgment on this basis is not appropriate. 12 13 VI. Absolute Immunity – Studer and Jensen 14 Defendants argue Studer and Jensen are entitled to absolute immunity for their quasi- 15 judicial actions. As summarized by another district court, absolute judicial immunity: 16 may be extended to other officials if their "judgments are 'functional[ly] comparab[le]' to those of judges-that is, because they, too, 'exercise a discretionary judgment' as part 17 of their function." [Swift v. Sate of California, 384 F.3d 1187, 1188 (9th Cir. 2004), citing Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 553-554 (1967)] (quoting Antoine v. Byers & 18 Anderson, Inc., 508 U.S. 429, 436, 113 S.Ct. 2167, 124 L.Ed.2d 391 (1993) (quotation omitted)). The Ninth Circuit has held that the preparation of presentence 19 reports by probation officers is covered by the judicial immunity doctrine because in preparing these reports, probation officers act as "an arm of the sentencing judge" and 20 therefore serve a function "integral to the independent judicial process." Demoran v. Witt, 781 F.2d 155, 157–158 (1986). 21 On the other hand, "parole officials are not 'entitled to absolute immunity for conduct 22 not requiring the exercise of quasi-judicial discretion.'" Swift, 384 F.3d at 1189 (quoting Anderson v. Boyd, 714 F.2d 906, 909 (9th Cir.1983)). Thus, in Swift, the 23 court held that the plaintiff stated a claim under § 1983 based on alleged violation of his Fourth Amendment rights by probation officers who had requested an order 24 revoking the plaintiff's probation, finding that those defendants were not entitled to quasi-judicial immunity based on the facts alleged in the complaint. Id. at 1193. In 25 particular, the court found that, construing the allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the probation officers were performing a non-judicial function, "more 26 akin to a police officer seeking an arrest warrant than to a prosecutor exercising quasi-judicial discretion to initiate criminal proceedings." Id. at 1193; see also Davis 27 v. Spier, 2008 WL 1746165 (D.Ariz. April 14, 2008) (holding that probation officer who allegedly submitted probation revocation petition on the basis of conduct that 28 1 probation officer should have known could not have been committed by the plaintiff and requested that court authorize plaintiff's arrest prior to probation revocation 2 hearing was not entitled to quasi-judicial immunity because his conduct was more akin to that of police officer than that of prosecutor deciding whether to initiate 3 proceedings, citing, inter alia, Swift); Puentes v. County of San Mateo, 2011 WL 4005383 (N.D.Cal. Sept.8, 2011) (holding that whether absolute immunity attached 4 to a probation officer's recommendation to county that plaintiff be cited for a probation violation presented a close question, citing Davis v. Spier, but declining to 5 reach) 6 Hernandez v. City of Oakley, No. C-11-02415 JCS, 2012 WL 5411781, **16-17 (N.D. Cal. 7 Nov. 6, 2012). 8 In other words, although March and Verrett, for example, are not entitled to absolute 9 immunity for their conduct in seeking the warrant, Studer and Jensen are entitled to absolute 10 immunity for their conduct in granting/issuing the warrant because that conduct was 11 exercised a discretionary function similar to that of a judicial officer. Summary judgment 12 in favor of Studer and Jensen is appropriate on the basis of absolute immunity. 13 14 VII. Punitive Damages 15 Defendants request summary judgment be entered in their favor on Tucker's claim for 16 punitive damages. Defendants assert punitive damages may only be awarded where the 17 defendant's conduct is shown to be motivated by evil motive or intent, or when it involves 18 reckless or callous indifference to the federally protected rights of others, Smith v. Wade, 19 461 U.S. 30 (1983); Ward v. San Jose, 967 F.2d 280, 286 (9th Cir. 1991). Tucker asserts 20 that, considering the totality of circumstances, he has shown Defendants' conduct was 21 reckless and showed a callous indifference to Tucker's federally protected rights, that 22 Defendants'' behavior was outrageous and amounted to a 'witch hunt' and that Defendants' 23 behavior "calls for deterrence and punishment over and above that provided by compensatory 24 awards." Wade, 461 U.S. at 54. 25 Because the Court has found summary judgment is appropriate based on qualified and 26 absolute immunity grounds, this issue is moot. 1A C.J.S. Actions § 76 (Sept. 2022 update), 27 footnotes omitted (question is "moot" when it presents or involves no actual controversy, 28 1 || interests, or rights, or where the issues involved have ceased to exist) 1A C.J.S. Actions § 2 || 76, footnotes omitted. 3 Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED: 4 1. Tucker's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment ("PMPSJ") (Doc. 123) is 5 || DENIED. 6 2. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment ("DMSJ") (Doc. 129) is 7 | GRANTED. 8 3. Summary judgment is awarded in favor of Defendants and against Tucker on 9 || the basis of qualified immunity. 10 4. Summary judgment is awarded in favor of Defendants Studer and Jensen and 11 || against Tucker on the basis of absolute immunity. 12 5. The Clerk of Court shall enter judgment and shall then close its file in this 13 || matter. 14 DATED this 14th day of September, 2022. 15 EZ. ving HO Qo gore 17 Cindy K. Jorgénso 8 United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 -25-