Trust for the Certificate Holders of the Merrill Lynch Mortgage Investors, Inc. v. Love Funding Corp.

499 F. Supp. 2d 314, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13566

• Court: District Court, S.D. New York
• Decided: February 27, 2007
• Docket: No. 04 Civ. 9890(SAS)
• Status: Published

Opinion

OPINION AND ORDER

SCHEINDLIN, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

The Trust for the Certificate Holders of the Merrill Lynch Mortgage Investors, Inc. Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 1999 C-l (“Trust”) brings this action against Love Funding Corporation (“Love Funding”) for breach of contract. The Trust’s claim arises from Love Funding’s breach of representations and warranties set forth in a Mortgage Loan and Purchase Agreement (“Love MLPA”) between Love Funding and Paine Webber Real Estate Securities, Inc. (“PWRES”), whose successor, UBS Paine Webber (“UBS”),¹ subsequently assigned its rights under the Love MLPA to the Trust.² Because this Court has already determined, as a matter of law, that Love Funding breached one of its warranties under the Love MLPA,³ the issues remaining for trial included Love Funding’s affirmative defense of champerty and the amount of damages, if any, the Trust may recover from Love Funding. A bench trial was held from January 17, 2007 to January 23, 2007. The following constitutes the Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.

II. CHAMPERTY

New York statutory law provides that: no corporation or association, directly or indirectly, itself or by or through its officers, agents or employees, shall solicit, buy or take an assignment of, or be in any manner interested in buying or taking an assignment of a bond, promissory note, bill of exchange, book debt, or other thing in action, or any claim or demand, ivith the intent and for the purpose of bringing an action or proceeding thereon.⁴

Interpreting the champerty statute’s “intent and purpose” requirement, the New York Court of Appeals has held that:

[I]n order to constitute champertous conduct in the acquisition of rights ... the foundational intent to sue on that claim must at least have been the primary purpose, if not the sole motivation behind, entering into the transaction .... The bottom line is that Judiciary Law § 489 requires that the acquisition be made with the intent and for the purpose (as contrasted to a purpose) of bringing an action or proceeding.⁵

Importantly, “ ‘the question of the intent and purpose of the purchaser or assignee of a claim is usually a factual one to be decided by the trier of facts.’ ”⁶

The policy behind the champerty doctrine is to “prevent the resulting strife, discord and harassment which could result from permitting attorneys and corporations to purchase claims for the purpose of bringing actions thereon....”⁷ Champerty “does not embrace a case where some other purpose induced the purchase [or assignment],” and the intent to sue “was merely incidental and contingent.”⁸

III. FINDINGS OF FACT

A. The Parties⁹

The Trust is a New York trust created pursuant to an agreement dated November 1, 1999, between Merrill Lynch Mortgage Investors, Inc. (“MLMI”), as Depositor, Orix Capital Markets, LLC (“Orix”), as Master and Special Servicer, and Nor-west Bank Minnesota, N.A., as Trustee. Love Funding is a Virginia corporation with its principal place of business in Washington, D.C. It is “a full-service, commercial mortgage-banking firm” that “offers loan placement services for borrowers, and origination, consulting and servicing of loans for investors.” ¹⁰

B. The Arlington Loan¹¹

On or about July 6, 1999, Love Funding made a $6.4 million mortgage loan (“Arlington Loan”) to Cyrus II Partnership (“Cyrus”). The loan is evidenced by a Promissory Note (“Note”) in the original principal amount. The Note was secured by, among other things, a Mortgage Security Agreement and Assignment of Leases and Rents (“Mortgage”), which was a lien on Cyrus’s property known as the Arlington Apartments located in Harvey, Louisiana. The Note was further secured by a Guaranty of Borrower’s Recourse Obligations, executed by Mondona Rafizadeh, a principal of the Borrower. Before entering into the Arlington Loan, Love Funding conducted certain due diligence, which included collecting information, performing limited lease audits, and making site visits to the Arlington property.

Love Funding made the Arlington Loan pursuant to a conduit lending arrangement it had entered into with UBS in early 1999. Under this arrangement, Love Funding would find prospective loans for UBS to underwrite. Love Funding was the lender in these transactions, but UBS actually funded the loans, which were assigned to UBS. Love Funding and UBS memorialized the terms of this relationship in the Love MLPA, which is dated April 23,1999, and was drafted by UBS. In the Love MLPA, Love Funding made certain representations and warranties concerning the individual mortgage loans. Section 5.02 of the Love MLPA reads, in pertinent part:

... [A]s to each Mortgage Loan, the Seller hereby makes the following representations and warranties to the Purchaser as of each related Closing Date:

[paragraphs omitted]

(cc) There is no default, breach, violation or event of acceleration existing under the related Mortgage or the related Mortgage Note.¹²

Section 5.03 of the Love MLPA defines the Purchaser’s (UBS’s) remedies in the event of a breach of the Seller’s (Love Funding’s) representations and warranties. It states, in pertinent part:

(a) ... [U]pon discovery by either the Seller or the Purchaser of a breach of any of the foregoing representations and warranties which materially and adversely affects the value of any or all of the Mortgage Loans ... the party discovering such Breach shall give prompt written notice to the other.

(b) Within sixty (60) days of the earlier of either discovery by or notice to the Seller of any Breach of a representation or warranty, the Seller . shall cure such Breach in all material respects and, if such breach cannot be cured, the Seller shall, at the Purchaser’s option, repurchase such Mortgage Loan at the Repurchase Price.... ¹³

The Love MLPA also includes an indemnification clause providing that in addition to curing or repurchasing a defaulted loan, Love Funding shall indemnify the Purchaser “from and against all demands claims or asserted claims ... costs and expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees incurred ... in any way arising from or related to any breach of any representation [or] warranty ... of the Seller hereunder.” ¹⁴

The Aldington Loan was assigned to UBS pursuant to the Love MLPA on July 6, 1999. As consideration for originating the Arlington Loan, Love Funding received a fee of $64,000. UBS then sold the Arlington Loan to MLMI who, in turn, transferred the Aldington Loan to the Trust in November 1999 as part of a larger commercial mortgage-backed securities transaction involving numerous loans. As part of this transaction, MLMI and UBS entered into an MLPA (“MLMI MLPA”) dated November 1, 1999.¹⁵ Under the MLMI MLPA, UBS made several representations and warranties concerning these loans, including ones substantively similar to those made by Love Funding in section 5.02(cc) of the Love MLPA. The MLMI MLPA also contained a provision similar to section 5.03 of the Love MLPA, requiring UBS to either cure any breach of a representation or warranty or, if such breach could not be cured, to repurchase the problem loan.

C. The Borrower’s Fraud

It is undisputed that Cyrus committed fraud in obtaining the Arlington Loan.¹⁶ It is also undisputed that Love Funding was unaware of this fraud at the time it assigned the loan to UBS pursuant to the Love MLPA.¹⁷ The Trust and Love Funding stipulate that by March 2002 and sometime in the fall of 2002, respectively, they each had knowledge of Cyrus’s underlying fraud.¹⁸ Under the terms of the Mortgage, this fraud constituted an event of default resulting in an acceleration of the loan.¹⁹ The parties’ knowledge of the fraud also triggered section 5.03(a) of the Love MLPA, which obligates each of the Seller and Purchaser to promptly notify the other upon discovering any breach of a representation or warranty that materially and adversely effects the value of a mortgage loan. Despite this mutual obligation, neither party, upon learning that the Arlington Loan had been induced by lies and forged documents, notified the other. In Trust I, this Court found that UBS’s failure to promptly notify Love Funding of Cyrus’s fraud constituted a breach of the Love MLPA.²⁰

D. The MLMI Litigation

Between April and August 2002, the Trust demanded that UBS repurchase the Arlington Loan pursuant to the MLMI MLPA.²¹ UBS rejected this demand, and in September and October 2002, the Trust instituted various lawsuits against UBS (collectively known as the “MLMI Litigation”) related to, inter alia, the sale of over thirty loans by UBS to the Trust, including the Arlington Loan.²² For the next two years, the Trust and UBS engaged in what is referred to colloquially as scorched earth litigation; it proceeded in one federal court, two Texas state courts and New York state court, involved approximately seventy attorneys at ten separate law firms, and spent tens of millions of dollars in legal fees.²³

UBS fiercely defended the claims brought by the Trust. Although the Arlington Loan was not the only loan at issue, the Trust acknowledged that it was one of the “poster child” loans that sparked and drove the MLMI Litigation.²⁴ Surprisingly, however, neither the Trust nor UBS saw fit to involve Love Funding in their dispute over the Arlington Loan. And although Love Funding was in communication with both UBS and the Trust before and during the MLMI Litigation,²⁵ neither party notified Love Funding that it believed Love Funding was liable for damages stemming from the Arlington Loan. As UBS and the Trust engaged in a war of attrition, Love Funding watched from the sidelines; Love Funding was never named as a party to their litigation.²⁶

In March 2002, the Trust had declared the Arlington Loan to be in default and accelerated the full amount of the loan, even though Cyrus was then current on all principal and interest payments.²⁷ The Trust also commenced a mortgage foreclosure action in Louisiana, and on March 14, 2002, the Jefferson Parish Sheriff seized the Arlington Apartments and placed a receiver, referred to as a “keeper,” in control of the property.²⁸

E. Assignment of the Love MLPA

The Trust and UBS settled the MLMI Litigation on September 13, 2004. At the time they settled, there were thirty-three loans outstanding that had been originated by UBS and deposited into the Trust. Pursuant to the terms of a settlement agreement (“Settlement”), UBS and the Trust exchanged mutual releases as to any future claims relating to all of the loans, including the Arlington Loan. As consideration for its releases, UBS paid the Trust $19,375 million.²⁹ As John Dinan, Director of Distressed and Proprietary Assets at Orix, explained it, the purpose of this payment was to compensate the Trust for its losses on all of the loans from which it was releasing UBS, except the Arlington Loan.³⁰ Instead, as the Trust’s sole consideration for releasing UBS from its obligations under the Arlington Loan, UBS assigned to the Trust all of UBS’s rights under the Love MLPA.³¹

Dinan, who was in charge of handling the Arlington Loan for the Trust and whose testimony I credit with respect to this issue, described how the Arlington Loan came to be “carved out” from the rest of the Settlement.³² During settlement negotiations, UBS and the Trust discussed various ways of settling the Arlington Loan dispute.³³ One option was that UBS would repay the Trust for its overpayment to UBS for this now-defaulted loan. At one point, the Trust had requested that UBS pay it an additional “$4 or $5 million” as compensation for Arlington.³⁴

An alternative option, the one ultimately chosen, was the Assignment. Initially, however, the Trust was reluctant to accept the Assignment. Dinan testified that:

I recall there being a discussion about, you know — if we take the assignment— if we take the assignment, then we’re basically — which we did not want to do, you know, then we’re just — we’re continuing a microcosm of the litigation that has already been going on for the last three years with UBS.³⁵

James Thompson, President and CEO of Orix USA,³⁶ characterized the Assignment similarly in an email he sent to Brian Harris of UBS a week before the Settlement was finalized. Thompson wrote: “... our [the Trust’s] guys ... do like the Love Funding claim, but that’s a whole new lawsuit, which doesn’t turn a lot of folks on.”³⁷

In sum, UBS and the Trust treated the Arlington Loan separately from all of the other MLMI Litigation loans. Not a cent of UBS’s $19,375 million Settlement payment to the Trust was allocated to the Arlington Loan. The Trust took, as its sole consideration from UBS for losses related to Arlington, all of UBS’s rights and claims against Love Funding under the Love MLPA.

F. The Trust Sues Love Funding

Although the Trust had been in contact with Love Funding since April 2002,³⁸ the Trust did not assert Love Funding’s liability for Arlington-related losses until after acquiring the Assignment, in September, 2004.³⁹ At trial, the Trust argued that upon becoming assignee, its representative, Michael Wurst, immediately called Love Funding with the intent of opening a dialogue between the parties that would obviate the need for litigation.⁴⁰ Over the course of several telephone conversations with Karen Ford, Senior Vice President of Love Funding and/or Harry Cheatham, President and CEO of Love Funding, the Trust demanded that Love Funding either cure its breach or repurchase the Arlington Loan.⁴¹ According to the Trust, even though Wurst never specified the cost of repurchase, Love Funding refused to cure or repurchase and instead requested “more information” as to why it was liable.⁴² In opposition to the Trust’s contention, Love Funding asserted at trial that Wurst had specified a repurchase price.⁴³ Ford testified on behalf of Love Funding with respect to this issue, and I credit her testimony because she appeared to testify truthfully, there is some corroboration, and because no evidence was offered to rebut her testimony.⁴⁴ Ford testified that during one of their telephone conversations, Wurst informed her that Love Funding was liable to the Trust for slightly upwards of $10 million.⁴⁵ Ford further testified that she and others at Love Funding found this amount “shocking,” as it far exceeded the original amount of the loan and was approximately twice the total net value of Love Funding.⁴⁶ It bears noting that this amount also far exceeded the Trust’s own previous calculation of its losses with respect to Arlington (approximately $3 million),⁴⁷ as well as the $4 or $5 million the Trust had once been prepared to accept from UBS as compensation for releasing UBS from the Arlington Loan.⁴⁸

In addition to Ford’s testimony, Love Funding’s contention that the Trust quoted a price approximating $10 million is corroborated by the Trust’s own damages calculations. In its pre-trial submissions to the Court, the Trust asserts over $9 million in contract claims against Love Funding.⁴⁹ Lastly, Dinan testified that although he was not a party to all of the conversations between Wurst and Ford, he recalled Wurst asking him, at that time, to put a dollar amount on the Trust’s potential exposure to certificate holders with respect to the Arlington Loan, to which Dinan answered it was “something in the nature of about $10 million.”⁵⁰

On November 1, 2004 — approximately six weeks after the Trust and UBS executed their Settlement — the Trust filed a complaint against Love Funding alleging breach of contract.⁵¹ Two days later, on November 3, the Trust wrote a letter to Love Funding formally invoking section 5.03(b) of the Love MLPA.⁵² The letter states, in pertinent part: “The Trust demands that Love Funding cure [its] Breaches or, if (but only if) cure is not possible, repurchase the Arlington Loan at the Repurchase Price as required by Section 5.03 of the MLPA.”⁵³ The letter also states that Love Funding may cure “through, without limitation, the substitution of another qualifying mortgage loan ... [,] defeasing the [loan], or replacing the income lost to the Trust that was attributable to the Arlington Loan net of principal and interest payments actually made to date by the Borrower.”⁵⁴

The Trust argues that this letter proves that it intended, upon becoming assignee, to engage Love Funding in an effort to resolve its claims without litigation. However, this argument is contradicted by Wurst’s own deposition testimony. When asked to describe how Cheatham and Ford responded to being told, in October 2004, that the Trust believed Love Funding was liable for its Arlington-related losses, Wurst stated:

My recollection was that they professed disagreement that representations and warranties had been breached ... they wanted more information, and more, what do I say, description, facts articulation of the circumstances, some of which, as I recall, I gave them on the telephone, some of which followed either — I don’t think there were any other communications. So the detailed description was contained, I think, in the demand letter of November 3rd.... ⁵⁵

But by the time the letter was written, the Trust had already initiated a lawsuit against Love Funding. Thus, the Trust’s portrayal of the letter as part of its attempted “dialogue” with Love Funding is simply inaccurate, and its claim that it offered Love Funding an opportunity to avoid litigation is disingenuous. These conclusions are further supported by Love’s testimony, which I credit, that by the time the Trust made its demands on Love Funding, a cure was impossible (as the fraud ■ could not be undone), and a repurchase was not economically feasible given the Trust’s inflated demand and the impossibility of recouping funds from a bankrupt borrower.⁵⁶

Moreover, the letter did not clearly distinguish between the alternatives of cure or repurchase, for under either scenario Love Funding would have to pay the Trust millions of dollars in exchange for its release from any liability attendant to the now-extinguished loan. Nor did the letter specify a repurchase price or any other damages. At trial, Dinan testified that when the demand letter was written, “it was not the Trust’s position that cure was impossible,” but rather that “[the Trust] very much felt that there was a way” for Love Funding to effect a cure of its underlying breach.⁵⁷ Dinan also stated that upon taking the Assignment, the Trust “actually thought there would be a consensual settlement” with Love Funding.⁵⁸

This testimony is simply not credible. No reasonable person, with knowledge of the posture of the loan in November 2004, would have expected Love Funding to pay millions of dollars in interest that had been accruing on the loan for years, or to pay for expenses UBS incurred as a result of the MLMI Litigation, in which Love Funding was never involved.

G. The Trust’s Primary Purpose

At trial, Love Funding proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the Trust’s primary purpose in accepting the Assignment was to buy a lawsuit against Love Funding. Critical to the Court’s finding is the fact that after two years of angry and expensive litigation, the only compensation the Trust took in exchange for releasing UBS from the Arlington Loan — a “poster child”⁵⁹ of the MLMI Litigation — was the Assignment. The record is devoid of evidence suggesting why the Trust would consider the Assignment adequate consideration if its primary purpose was not to sue Love Funding thereunder. Quite literally, the Trust had negotiated for itself “a whole new lawsuit,”⁶⁰ with the intent to “basically ... continu[e] a microcosm of the litigation that ha[d] already been going on for the last three years with UBS.”⁶¹

From the Trust’s perspective, a lawsuit against Love Funding could potentially reap millions of dollars more than the Trust had been prepared to accept from UBS on the Arlington Loan.⁶² Under the Love MLPA, the Trust could sue (and is suing) Love Funding for the principal balance on the loan, as well as for millions of dollars in simple and default interest that have been accruing on the loan for years.⁶³ Because simple interest began accruing shortly after the Trust notified Cyrus that the loan was in default, in January 2002, it now totals over $2.5 million.⁶⁴ And given a Louisiana court’s finding that default interest began accruing on the loan as of July 7, 1999, the Trust is now claiming additional damages of approximately $2.4 million.⁶⁵

In accepting the Assignment, the Trust believed it could also potentially recover indemnification damages from Love Funding under section 9.14 of the Love MLPA. The Trust’s particular attraction to this provision is clear from the fact that section 9.14 is the only provision of the Love MLPA specifically identified in the language of the Assignment.⁶⁶ Under section 9.14, Love Funding could be required to indemnify the Trust not only for attorneys’ fees and costs expended pursuing Love Funding,⁶⁷ but also for all attorneys’ fees and costs expended foreclosing on the property and pursuing Cyrus and Rafiza-deh.⁶⁸ Moreover, the Trust urges this Court to find that section 9.14 also obligates Love Funding to indemnify the Trust for a portion of the legal fees UBS incurred during the MLMI Litigation.⁶⁹ Thus, the Trust had a strong incentive to sue Love Funding from the time it accepted the Assignment.⁷⁰

IV. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

In response to the Trust’s claim, Love Funding asserts the affirmative defense of champerty.⁷¹ Although the champerty defense is rarely successful, I conclude that the Trust’s acceptance of UBS’s rights under the Love MLPA is one of those rare cases that requires voiding the assignment due to champerty.

The Trust argues, correctly, that cham-perty will not lie where the assignee’s primary purpose is to obtain payment of a valid debt rather than to pursue a lawsuit, and the assignee makes a demand on the obligor before bringing suit.⁷² The Trust points to its Demand Letter and Wurst’s October 2004 phone calls as evidence that the Trust viewed litigation as a mere possibility upon becoming an assignee.⁷³ But as discussed above, the evidence at trial refutes this argument. Both the oral and written demands were a sham. As Thompson wrote in an email to Harris, the Trust’s only purpose was “to chase Love Funding and the borrowers” even though doing so would “probably be long and difficult.” ⁷⁴

The Trust relies on several decisions that support the proposition that champerty should be narrowly construed and that the filing of a lawsuit does not equate to champerty.⁷⁵ The Trust also cites cases where the champerty defense failed.⁷⁶ But these cases are easily distinguished.⁷⁷ For example, none of the cases involved a carve out of a single loan from a group of loans that were settled for significant payments, nor do these cases cite any evidence that the party rebutting the cham-perty defense had acknowledged that the claims they were about to acquire amounted to “a whole new lawsuit.”⁷⁸

In calculating the damages it seeks from Love Funding, the Trust contends that not a penny of its Settlement with UBS should be allocated to the Arlington Loan. This is simply not credible and reveals that the true purpose of the Assignment was to provide the Trust with the opportunity to obtain additional funds if it could extract money from Love Funding by way of a lawsuit. It bears repeating that neither the Trust nor UBS impleaded Love Funding throughout the entire MLMI litigation leading up to the Assignment, and that the Trust, upon becoming assignee, immediately demanded that Love Funding pay $10 million to avoid litigation.

I conclude that Love Funding has proved its defense of champerty. Accordingly, the assignment of the Love MLPA is void and the Trust is not entitled to any damages arising from Love Funding’s breach of the Love MLPA.⁷⁹

IV. CONCLUSION

Love Funding has proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the Trust accepted the assignment of the Love MLPA with the primary purpose of bringing a lawsuit against Love Funding. Because the assignment is void for champerty, the Trust is not entitled to any award of damages. The Clerk of Court is directed to close this case.

SO ORDERED.

1 . PWRES is hereafter referred to as UBS.

2 . New York law governs the interpretation of the Love MLPA and determines the parties' rights and obligations thereunder. See Love MLPA § 9.05, Joint Exhibit ("JX”) 1.

3 . See Trust for the Certificate Holders of the Merrill Lynch Mortgage Investors, Inc. Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 1999 C-1 v. Love Funding Corp. ("Trust I”), No. 04 Civ. 9890, 2005 WL 2582177, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Oct.11, 2005).

4 . N.Y. Jud. L. § 489(1) (McKinney 2007) (emphasis added).

5 . Bluebird Partners, L.P. v. First Fidelity Bank, N.A., 94 N.Y.2d 726, 736, 709 N.Y.S.2d 865, 731 N.E.2d 581 (2000). Accord Elliott Assocs., L.P. v. Banco de la Nacion, 194 F.3d 363, 381 (2d Cir.1999) (holding that New York’s champerty statute was not violated where the "accused party’s primary goal [was] found to be the satisfaction of a valid debt and its intent is only to sue absent full performance” (quotations and citation omitted)); Semi-Tech Litig., L.L.C. v. Bankers Trust Co., 272 F.Supp.2d 319, 331 (S.D.N.Y.2003).

6 . Bluebird, 94 N.Y.2d at 738, 709 N.Y.S.2d 865, 731 N.E.2d 581 (quoting Fairchild Hiller Corp. v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 28 N.Y.2d 325, 330, 321 N.Y.S.2d 857, 270 N.E.2d 691 (1971)). See also id. at 735, 709 N.Y.S.2d 865, 731 N.E.2d 581 (observing that the limited scope of the doctrine should leave courts “hesitant” to find champerty at the summary judgment stage).

7 . Fairchild, 28 N.Y.2d at 330, 321 N.Y.S.2d 857, 270 N.E.2d 691.

8 . Sprung v. Jaffe, 3 N.Y.2d 539, 544, 169 N.Y.S.2d 456, 147 N.E.2d 6 (1957) (finding a triable issue of fact raised by defendant’s affirmative defense of champerty).

9 . All facts set forth in Part III.A are taken from the Joint Statement of Undisputed Facts ("Joint Stmt.”).

10 . Love Funding, Company Profile, at http:// www.lovefunding.com/abou1/profile.shtmL

11 . Unless otherwise noted, all facts in Part III.B are taken from the Joint Stmt.

12 .Love MLPA § 5.02.

13 . Id. § 5.03 (emphasis added). This Court previously held that the term "Repurchase Price,” as used in the Love MLPA, consists of the stated principal balance, simple interest and default interest accrued on the Arlington Loan. See Trust I, 2005 WL 2582177, at *5.

14 . Love MLPA § 9.14(a).

15 . Love Funding was not a party to the MLMI MLPA.

16 . A Louisiana court found the evidence of Cyrus's fraud overwhelming. That conduct included the submission of fake leases and a false rent roll, borrower certificate, loan application and financial statement to Love Funding. See Cyrus II P’ship v. Orix Capital Mkts., LLC, Docket No. 578-417, slip op. at 13 (Jefferson Parish Ct. Dec. 23, 2004), IX 72.

17 . In Trust I, familiarity with which is presumed, this Court found Love Funding strictly liable for breaching representations and warranties under section 5.02(cc) of the Love MLPA. See 2005 WL 2582177, at *7.

18 . See Joint Stmt. ¶ 51 (the Trust discovered facts suggesting Cyrus's fraud by March 13, 2002). Andrew S. Love, a Love Funding board member, testified that by the fall of 2002, Love Funding knew "the borrower had done plenty wrong.” Trial Transcript ("Tr.”) at 393-96.

19 . See Mortgage § 20 (stating that the debt shall become immediately due upon an event of default, and that the submission of any false or misleading document by Cyrus constituted an event of default), JX 3.

20 . See Trust I, 2005 WL 2582177, at *7 n. 64. At trial, Love Funding argued that its failure to provide notice to UBS was reasonable, given that by the time it learned of Cyrus’s default, it was aware that UBS already knew of the fraud. See Tr. at 393-96 (Love). It also argued that it did not perceive that it had breached the Love MLPA by virtue of Cyrus’s fraud. See id. My previous ruling did not address whether Love Funding’s failure to provide notice constituted a breach of section 5.03(a). As set forth below, whether or not Love Funding breached its duty to give notice to UBS under the Love MLPA is irrelevant.

21 . See Joint Stmt. ¶¶ 72, 74.

22 . See id. ¶¶ 78-84.

23 . The Trust purportedly spent $7 million in legal fees; UBS purportedly spent over $30 million. See Tr. at 199-201 (Dinan). To the extent the Trust seeks indemnification from Love Funding for UBS's MLMI Litigation costs, the Trust limits this claim to attorneys’ fees paid to a single law firm, Cahill, Gordon & Reindel LLP, which represented UBS with respect to the Arlington Loan. See Plaintiff’s Trial Memorandum of Law ("Pl.Mem.”) at 17.

24 . Tr. at 198 (Dinan), 583-85 (Wurst).

25 . The Trust first contacted Love Funding in April 2002 for the purpose of obtaining third-party discovery that was ultimately used in the MLMI Litigation. See Tr. at 279 (Simon). This discovery included Arlington Loan origination documents and the deposition of several witnesses from Love Funding. See id.; Joint Stmt. ¶¶ 80-81.

26 . UBS did implead another loan originator, Wexford Bancgroup LLC, as a third-party defendant in the MLMI Litigation. See Joint Stmt. ¶ 83. Wexford had originated a loan secured by several properties referred to as the "Lee Hall Loan,” and UBS sought indemnity from Wexford based on the terms and conditions of a MLPA between Wexford and PaineWebber. See id.

27 . See Joint Stmt. ¶¶ 48-49.

28 . See id. ¶¶ 52-55. The Trust also filed an action in Texas state court related to the Arlington Loan. See id. ¶ 55.

29 . See Settlement, JX 62 ¶ 2.

30 . See Tr. at 88 (Dinan).

31 . See id. at 77 (Dinan). The actual assignment agreement was not negotiated and signed by the parties until November 18, 2004, but by its terms it had become effective September 13, 2004. See id. at 77-82 (Di-nan); Assignment of Claims and Causes of Action ("Assignment”), JX 69.

32 . See Tr. at 174-75 (Dinan).

33 . See id. at 89-93 (Dinan).

34 . Id. at 90 (Dinan).

35 . Defendant’s Trial Memorandum of Law ("Def.Mem.”) at 7 (citing Deposition of John Dinan, May 31, 2006 ("Dinan Dep.”), at 139:05 — 140:10, Defendant’s Exhibit (“DX”) EE).

36 . Orix is hereafter referred to as the Trust.

37 . 9/07/04 Email from Thompson to Harris (“9/07/04 Thompson Email”), JX 58 (emphasis added).

38 . See Tr. at 279 (Simon).

39 . See id. at 422-23 (Love), 489-90 (Ford), 336-40 (Wurst).

40 . See id. at 23-24 (Trust opening statement), 339 (Wurst).

41 . See id. at 423 (Love), 489-500 (Ford), 337-39 (Wurst).

42 . Id. at 339 (Wurst). Accord id. 97-102 (Dinan).

43 . See id. at 70-72 (Love Funding opening argument).

44 . During the Trust's opening argument, the Court twice asked counsel for the Trust whether, prior to filing suit, the Trust ever quoted Love Funding a price for releasing it from liability under the Love MLPA. See id. at 23-24. The Trust expressly stated that no monetary figure was ever mentioned, either orally or in writing, but then failed to offer proof of this claim by, for example, calling Wurst as a witness to rebut Ford’s testimony. Nor did Wurst refute this testimony in his deposition that was received in evidence.

45 .See id. at 461-90 (Ford). It is unclear from Ford's testimony whether Wurst indicated what comprised this $10 million-plus figure — i.e., principal, interest, or indemnification. On cross-examination, Ford was confronted with the fact that she failed to mention this monetary demand during her pre-trial deposition, when she was asked to recall the content of her fall 2002 conversations with Wurst. See id. at 494-97. Ford explained that this omission had been a simple oversight on her part. At deposition, she had been asked only generalized questions about these conversations, and she only recalled the $10 million-plus demand upon reading the Trust's pre-trial brief. See id. at 494.

46 . Id. at 464-65 (Ford).

47 . See 10/22/04 Email from Thompson to Harris (“10/22/04 Thompson Email"), DX Q. In this email exchange, Harris asked Thompson whether, with respect to Arlington, the Trust "really los[t] all that money [Thompson] said [it] would lose,” and Thompson replied, "[r]ight now the loss on Arlington stands at a little over $3 million.” Id.

48 . See Tr. at 90 (Dinan).

49 . See PL Mem. at 13-17 (requesting $9,210,941.93 in total damages).

50 . Tr. at 101 (Dinan).

51 . See Complaint (the Trust initially filed this action in the Supreme Court of New York; the case was removed to federal court pursuant to sections 1332 and 1441 of the United States Code). By November 2004, Cyrus had sold the property pursuant to court order for $6.7 million, of which the Trust ultimately received $5,912,150.78. See Joint Stmt. ¶¶ 57-59, 67-68.

52 . See Joint Stmt. ¶ 86; Tr. at 98-99 (Dinan); 11/3/04 Letter from Wurst to Ford ("Demand Letter”), JX 67.

53 . Demand Letter at 2.

54 . Id. at 16.

55 . Tr. at 339.

56 . See id. at 383-89 (Love).

57 . Id. at 106 (Dinan). Accord id. at 343-44 (Wurst) ("The letter doesn't presuppose anything is curable, nor does it presuppose anything is incurable. It places that burden squarely on die shoulders of Love Funding.”).

58 . Id. at 112 (Dinan).

59 . Id. at 198 (Dinan), 583-85 (Wurst).

60 . 9/07/04 Thompson Email.

61 . Def. Mem. at 7 (quoting Dinan Dep. at 139:05 — 140:10).

62 . As noted above, during settlement negotiations the Trust requested $4 or $5 million from UBS (in addition to the $19,375 million) in exchange for releasing UBS from the Arlington loan, but UBS rejected the proposal. See infra Part III.D.; Tr. at 90 (Dinan).

63 . In its pre-trial submissions, the Trust argued that through January 17, 2007, the Repurchase Price totaled $11,227,403.87. See Plaintiffs Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (“Pl.Prop.Fact”) ¶ 77.

64 . See id. ¶ 75 (simple interest totaled $2,540,228.77 through January 17, 2007).

65 . See id. ¶ 76 (default interest totaled $2,400,503.94 through January 17, 2007).

66 . See Tr. 176-79 (Dinan). The Assignment states, in pertinent part: "Assignor hereby absolutely and unconditionally grants, sells, bargains, transfers, assigns, sets-over and conveys unto the Trust each and every of the representations and warranties, and related remedies for breach thereof, under the PW-LF MLPA, including but not limited to the remedies set out in section 9.14 of the PW-LF MLPA, in connection with each of the Trust's Love Funding Loans.” Assignment at 1 (emphasis added).

67 . The Trust initially estimated these expenses, through October 31, 2006, at $549,032.12, see Plaintiff's Exhibits ("PX”) 20-22, but has since stipulated to certain reductions in these claims. See Plaintiff's Annotated, Amended and Supplemental Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law ("Pl.Annot.”) at 14.

68 . The Trust initially put these costs and expenses, through December 22, 2006, at $2,549,655.92, see PX 17-19, but has since stipulated to certain reductions in these claims. See PL Annot. at 15.

69 . The Trust initially claimed it was entitled to collect $704,642.60 in indemnification for expenses incurred by UBS prior to the Assignment, see PL Mem. at 17, but has since stipulated to certain reductions in these claims. See PL Annot. at 16.

70 . The Trust's pre-trial memorandum claims damages due from Love Funding totaling $9,210,941.93. See Pl. Mem. at 12-17.

71 . See Def. Mem. at 5-8.

72 . See Plaintiff's Post-Trial Memorandum of Law (“PL Post Mem.'') at 2-3 (citing 1015 Gerard Realty Corp. v. A & S Improvements Corp., 91 A.D.2d 927, 457 N.Y.S.2d 821, 822 (1st Dep't 1983) (rejecting champerty because assignee filed suit only after obligor rejected genuine opportunity to cure)).

73 . See PL Mem. at 23.

74 . 10/22/04 Thompson Email.

75 . See PL Mem. at 22-24. For instance, the Trust relies heavily on Elliott, in which the Second Circuit held that merely intending to bring suit on a purchased claim does not constitute champerty; in order to be cham-pertous, “the purchase must be made for the very purpose of bringing such suit.” 194 F.3d at 374 (citing Moses v. McDivitt, 88 N.Y. 62, 65-67 (1882)). There was no champerty in Elliot because the record demonstrated that the plaintiff's "primary goal” in acquiring a debt instrument was "satisfaction of a valid debt,” and that the plaintiff intended to resort to litigation only to the extent necessary to accomplish this goal. Id. at 381. By contrast, as discussed above, the record here shows that the Trust could not have realistically expected Love Funding to comply with its demands for cure or repurchase, and that the Trust's primary goal was to sue Love Funding. The Trust also cites Banque de Ges-tión Privee-Sib v. La República de Paraguay, but that case is inapposite because it simply granted summary judgment for plaintiffs where defendants failed to “show specific facts warranting a trial with respect to their champerty defense.” 787 F.Supp. 53, 55-56 (S.D.N.Y.1992) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

76 . See Pl. Post Mem. at 1-3; see also Bellamo Int’l Ltd. v. Irving Trust Co., 165 A.D.2d 809, 560 N.Y.S.2d 287, 288 (1st Dep’t 1990) (not champerty where "plaintiff was not a stranger to the transaction”); Williams Paving Co. v. United States Fidelity & Guar. Co., 67 A.D.2d 827, 413 N.Y.S.2d 73, 74-75 (4th Dep’t 1979) (not champerty where assignee had pre-exist-ing relationship with assignor); American Express Co. v. Control Data Corp., 50 A.D.2d 749, 376 N.Y.S.2d 153, 154 (1st Dep’t 1975) (same).

77 . See Defendant's Supplemental Trial Memorandum of Law at 6-7 (distinguishing cases).

78 . 9/07/04 Thompson Email. Cf. Koro Co. v. Bristol-Myers Co., 568 F.Supp. 280, 287-88 (D.D.C.1983) (finding an assignment cham-pertous where it was "split off from the other assets” and made "solely so to enable [assign-ee] to prosecute [claims thereunder] on a speculative basis”).

79 . If I had not found the Assignment to be void, the Trust's damages would be limited to those incurred prior to September 30, 2002. In Trust I, I held that "to the extent that through its own delay [UBS] aggravated its injuries stemming from Love Funding’s breach [of warranty] ... the Trust's recovery should be reduced accordingly.” 2005 WL 2582177, at *7 n. 84 (citing Clark Oil v. Trading Co., 256 A.D.2d 196, 683 N.Y.S.2d 12, 14 (1st Dep’t 1998)). Additionally, I held that UBS "could not accumulate default interest by remaining silent” upon learning of Love Funding's default. Id. at n. 64. It is undisputed that UBS was on notice of Cyrus’s fraud by August 2002 and that the MLMI Litigation commenced in September 2002. See Joint Stmt. 1178. At that time, UBS could have mitigated its damages by either repurchasing the loan from the Trust and then demanding that Love Funding repurchase it, or implead-ing Love Funding as a third party defendant, as it did with Wexford Bancgroup LLC. In deciding to forego any of these remedies and instead to engage in protracted litigation over Arlington, UBS failed to mitigate the damages it now seeks. See Air et Chaleur, S.A. v. Janeway, 757 F.2d 489, 494 (2d Cir.1985); U.S. West Fin. Servs. v. Marine Midland Realty Credit Corp., 810 F.Supp. 1393, 1402 (S.D.N.Y.1993) ("[A]ny award of damages should ‘ be reduced by any unnecessary increase in damages due to the failure of the plaintiff to avoid them.” (quotations and citation omitted)). Thus, any recovery to the Trust would be limited to those incurred through September 30, 2002, which total approximately $1,736,668.35. This is the repurchase price as of September 30, 2002, offset by the Trust's recovery from the borrower and proceeds from the sale of the Arlington property. It excludes indemnification to the Trust for costs incurred pursuing the borrower, as these expenses are disputed. See Def. Supp. Mem. at 9-10.