WHITINIG, J.
The only question before us upon this appeal is the sufficiency of’ the facts — both those admitted by the pleadings and those found 'by the trial court — to sustain the judgment of such, court. Such facts are as follows: On Augixst 4, 1908, a purported deed to certain land was executed and acknowledged by the owner and his wife. The grantee therein was the son of the makers of such writing. The writing was left with [304] .the party who took the acknowledgment, under instructions to such party that he deliver the same to the grantee; and he did deliver it to such grantee prior to the death' of either of the makers. Both makers died before this action was brought. The writing was in form a full warranty deed, purporting to- be given for a large money consideration; its granting clause reading, “do hereby grant, bargain, sell and convey unto' the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever”; its habendum cláuse being' an usual words, among its covenants being one that the makers “have good right to sell and convey the same in manner and form aforesaid”, its closing words being those usually found in a deed. But it recited that if was subject to two conditions: “This deed is to go -into effect, only after the death of both * * * grantors, the survivor to have full possession of the land during his or her natural life only”; and, “the grantee herein agrees to pay” certain sums of money to the other children of the grantors “within six months after the death of the survivor.” The covenant against incumbrances was:
“That the same are free from all incumbrances except that the payment of the above sums as stated shall be a legal lien against said real estate until paid.”
The trial court 'held the writing to be a deed.
[1] Cases almost without number have been before the courts of other jurisdictions wherein such courts have been called upon to' determine whether a writing, purporting' to convey real prop^erty, was a deed or a testamentary conveyance. There is no conflict of authority as to what distinguishes a deed from a testamentary conveyance. If it pass a present interest or right, even though the enjoyment thereof be .postponed until the death of the grantor, it is a deed; if it pass no present -interest or right, but is dependent upon the death of the maker to. consummate it, it is testamentary in its nature, notwithstanding it be denominated a deed and is a deed in form and' in- some essential characteristics. If testamentary in character, its validity will depend upon whether it was executed in the manner prescribed by the statute of wills; and, if not valid, it will not even create a trust in favor of the grantee. O’Gorman v. Jolley, 34 S. D. 26, 147 N. W. 78.
[2] In determining whether or not a writing is a deed, the controlling question and the ultimate object of inquiry should, in [305] every -case, 'be: What was the intent of the maker? If it was to postpone title and enjoyment until after his death, the writing is not a deed; if it was to confer title but to postpone the enjoyment thereof, it is a deed. Stroup v. Stroup, 140 Ind. 179, 39 N. E. 864, 27 L. R. A. 523. Recognizing the above as the settled law, we find respondent contending that the writing before us was “a present conveyance of a future estate in fee, * * * reserving to the grantors a life estate and right of possession”; while appellants contend that it was “a -testamentary instrument — ■ an attempt to arrange the affairs of the grantors, prior to their death, in such manner as would save to them both the title and right of possession -during their lives.”
An examination of the numerous cases wherein other courts hav-e been called upon- to -determine whether a writing was a deed or a testamentary conveyance shows that, while, i-n every case, the -court has sought to determine the intent of the makers and has held the writing to be either a deed or a testamentary conveyance according -as ¡the ascertained intent o-f the grantor was to convey a present interest with enjoyment thereof postponed, or was to postpone both the vesting -of the interest and the -enjoyment thereof, each case -stood upon its own peculiar facts — the wording of -the particular writing, the declarations of the maker at the time -of executing the writing, in fact -all surrounding circumstances tending to rev-eal -the intent of the maker. As different minds will naturally reach -different conclusions, though the evidence may be the same, it is not strange that we find, as we do, opinions from different tribunals which -cannot be harmonized; y-et a careful reading of -each opinion generally reveals -some fact that clearly justifies the conclusion reached by the court. After a careful review of the many -cases, we are convinced that there is in fact -but l-ittle -conflict among the authorities.
[3] Certain rules that should guide the -count in arriving at ■ the intention of the maker seem to be generally -accepted. The intention of the maker is -t-o be gathered, primarily, from the language o-f the writing -itself. Sharp v. Hall, 86 Ala. 110, 5 South. 497, 11 Am. St. Rep. 28. The above rule is declared by sections 928 and 1248, C. C. This rule does not preclude the court, in doubtful cases, from a consideration of the facts and circum[306] stances under which the writing was. made and which existed up to the death of the maker, and it is to be regretted that, in the case at bar, the facts and circumstances under which this writing was made were not disclosed. Among those things .which may appear in the writing itself, and which the .courts hold tend to show an intent to make a -deed, are -designation' of it as a deed, recitation of consideration, particular description of the land, covenants of title, the sealing and acknowledging of the writing. The delivering and recording of the writing are also matters to' be -considered. Saunders v. Saunders, 115 Iowa, 275, 88 N. W. 329.
[4-5] There is one question that should always be borne in mind when interpreting a doubtful writing: How must it be interpreted to make of it a valid- instrument? Section 1252, C. C., provides:
“A contract must receive such an interpretation as will make it lawful, operative, definite, reasonable and capable of being carried .into effect, if it -can be done without violating the intention of the parties.”
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WHITINIG, J.
The only question before us upon this appeal is the sufficiency of’ the facts — both those admitted by the pleadings and those found 'by the trial court — to sustain the judgment of such, court. Such facts are as follows: On Augixst 4, 1908, a purported deed to certain land was executed and acknowledged by the owner and his wife. The grantee therein was the son of the makers of such writing. The writing was left with [304] .the party who took the acknowledgment, under instructions to such party that he deliver the same to the grantee; and he did deliver it to such grantee prior to the death' of either of the makers. Both makers died before this action was brought. The writing was in form a full warranty deed, purporting to- be given for a large money consideration; its granting clause reading, “do hereby grant, bargain, sell and convey unto' the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever”; its habendum cláuse being' an usual words, among its covenants being one that the makers “have good right to sell and convey the same in manner and form aforesaid”, its closing words being those usually found in a deed. But it recited that if was subject to two conditions: “This deed is to go -into effect, only after the death of both * * * grantors, the survivor to have full possession of the land during his or her natural life only”; and, “the grantee herein agrees to pay” certain sums of money to the other children of the grantors “within six months after the death of the survivor.” The covenant against incumbrances was:
“That the same are free from all incumbrances except that the payment of the above sums as stated shall be a legal lien against said real estate until paid.”
The trial court 'held the writing to be a deed.
[1] Cases almost without number have been before the courts of other jurisdictions wherein such courts have been called upon to' determine whether a writing, purporting' to convey real prop^erty, was a deed or a testamentary conveyance. There is no conflict of authority as to what distinguishes a deed from a testamentary conveyance. If it pass a present interest or right, even though the enjoyment thereof be .postponed until the death of the grantor, it is a deed; if it pass no present -interest or right, but is dependent upon the death of the maker to. consummate it, it is testamentary in its nature, notwithstanding it be denominated a deed and is a deed in form and' in- some essential characteristics. If testamentary in character, its validity will depend upon whether it was executed in the manner prescribed by the statute of wills; and, if not valid, it will not even create a trust in favor of the grantee. O’Gorman v. Jolley, 34 S. D. 26, 147 N. W. 78.
[2] In determining whether or not a writing is a deed, the controlling question and the ultimate object of inquiry should, in [305] every -case, 'be: What was the intent of the maker? If it was to postpone title and enjoyment until after his death, the writing is not a deed; if it was to confer title but to postpone the enjoyment thereof, it is a deed. Stroup v. Stroup, 140 Ind. 179, 39 N. E. 864, 27 L. R. A. 523. Recognizing the above as the settled law, we find respondent contending that the writing before us was “a present conveyance of a future estate in fee, * * * reserving to the grantors a life estate and right of possession”; while appellants contend that it was “a -testamentary instrument — ■ an attempt to arrange the affairs of the grantors, prior to their death, in such manner as would save to them both the title and right of possession -during their lives.”
An examination of the numerous cases wherein other courts hav-e been called upon- to -determine whether a writing was a deed or a testamentary conveyance shows that, while, i-n every case, the -court has sought to determine the intent of the makers and has held the writing to be either a deed or a testamentary conveyance according -as ¡the ascertained intent o-f the grantor was to convey a present interest with enjoyment thereof postponed, or was to postpone both the vesting -of the interest and the -enjoyment thereof, each case -stood upon its own peculiar facts — the wording of -the particular writing, the declarations of the maker at the time -of executing the writing, in fact -all surrounding circumstances tending to rev-eal -the intent of the maker. As different minds will naturally reach -different conclusions, though the evidence may be the same, it is not strange that we find, as we do, opinions from different tribunals which -cannot be harmonized; y-et a careful reading of -each opinion generally reveals -some fact that clearly justifies the conclusion reached by the court. After a careful review of the many -cases, we are convinced that there is in fact -but l-ittle -conflict among the authorities.
[3] Certain rules that should guide the -count in arriving at ■ the intention of the maker seem to be generally -accepted. The intention of the maker is -t-o be gathered, primarily, from the language o-f the writing -itself. Sharp v. Hall, 86 Ala. 110, 5 South. 497, 11 Am. St. Rep. 28. The above rule is declared by sections 928 and 1248, C. C. This rule does not preclude the court, in doubtful cases, from a consideration of the facts and circum[306] stances under which the writing was. made and which existed up to the death of the maker, and it is to be regretted that, in the case at bar, the facts and circumstances under which this writing was made were not disclosed. Among those things .which may appear in the writing itself, and which the .courts hold tend to show an intent to make a -deed, are -designation' of it as a deed, recitation of consideration, particular description of the land, covenants of title, the sealing and acknowledging of the writing. The delivering and recording of the writing are also matters to' be -considered. Saunders v. Saunders, 115 Iowa, 275, 88 N. W. 329.
[4-5] There is one question that should always be borne in mind when interpreting a doubtful writing: How must it be interpreted to make of it a valid- instrument? Section 1252, C. C., provides:
“A contract must receive such an interpretation as will make it lawful, operative, definite, reasonable and capable of being carried .into effect, if it -can be done without violating the intention of the parties.”
It stands conceded that, if the writing before us is not a -deed, it has no validity whatever, as it was not executed and attested in accordance with the -statutes relating to wills. There are -peculiar reasons why the above .rule should be most liberally applied under facts such as those before us. Actions, wherein the courts, are called up:on to interpret writings such as the one now before os, are almost always brought after th-e -death of the makers thereof. Whatever may have been the full intent of the maker a-t the time he -executed the writing — -whether t-o vest a -present interest with -enjoyment thereof postponed, or to postpone both the vesting of title as well as the enjoyment of the interest sought to be -conveyed — one thing is beyond dispute: the maker intended that, at least after his -death, title should vest in the grantee named. And another fact beyond -dispute is that the maker died without undoing whatever he attempted to- accomplish, thus leaving unequivocal evidence that he died intending -and expecting hi-s grantee to have full title to the property. To declare such a writing to be invalid prevents the carrying out of such clear intent and vests' the property otherwise than as intended by the maker thereof — a thing no -court should do unless driven thereto by some [307] express provisión of law. To avoid such result, the intent of the maker to do that which the law does not sanction should be clearly and satisfactorily established. As said in Jones, Law of Real Property, § 527, quoting from Spencer v. Robbins, 106 Ind. 580, 5 N. E. 726:
“Unless an instrument which has been fully executed, from every -point of view, seems to be a nullity, it will not be intended - that the parties meant that it should be invalid, and -some effect will, if possible, be given it.”
[6] Unless the -clear intent of the maker is to the contrary, a writing, not so executed as to be good as a will, should be given effect as a deed if good as a deed, -and a writing not so executed as to be good as -a deed should be given effect as a will if good as a will. Saunders v. Saunders, supra; West v. Wright, 115 Ga. 277, 41 S. E. 602; Abney v. Moore, 106 Ala. 131, 18 South. 60; Hunt v. Hunt, 119 Ky. 39, 82 S. W. 998, 68 L. R. A. 180, 7 Ann. Gas. 788.
[7] Is it clear that the makers of the writing -before us -did not intend to convey a present interest in -the property? We think not. They made use of that form- of instrument by means of which a present interest is usually conveyed; they used words of present conveyance; .they described the land with particularity; the habendum clause i-s in. -ordinary f-o-rm; the makers covenanted that they were seised in fee and that they had good right to sell and convey; they executed and acknowledged the writing in accordance with the law governing the -execution and acknowledgment' of deeds, and not in accordance with the law prescribing the man-, ner of executing and attesting wills; in the very clause which appellants contend renders this writing not a deed, the makers designate it as a deed. If, as contended by appellants, the makers were -attempting to arrange their affairs “in such a manner as would save to them, both the title and right of possession during their lives,” why did they not use the method prescribed by law for so -doing? Why did they not execute an -instrument in the form of a will and attest the same as the law requires ? It is' worthy of note -that it does' not appear that the makers' had no other property; a person making a testamentary disposition of property generally -includes all his .property and makes -disposition' of it all. There was no provision for payment -of the debts of -the [308] makers; a provision found in many instruments, in form of deeds, which have been construed by the courts to be testamentary in nature. We are convinced that the clear intent of the makers was to transfer fee title to the grantee subject to a life estate reserved tc themselves; that upon the delivery and acceptance of the deed by the grantee both he and appellants became possessed of rights thereunder which could not be changed by any future acts of the makers. Our conclusion seems to be in harmony with the great weight of authority, In the following cases the writing before the courts were all in the usual form of, contained the usual provisions of, and were executed, acknowledged, and delivered as, deeds. Bach contained a provision similar to the one in the writing before us. In Shackelton v. Sebree, 86 Ill. 616:
“This deed not to take effect until after my decease.”
In Saunders v. Saunders, supra:
“The .intention being that this deed shall not be in force or take effect until after the death of the grantor herein.”
In Lauck v. Logan, 45 W. Va. 251, 31 S. E. 986:
“But it is 'hereby distinctly understood and stipulated that this deed shall take and be in full force and effect immediately after the said [grantor] shall depart this life, and not sooner.”
In West v. Wright, supra:
“This deed shall take effect at my death.”
In Abney v. Moore, supra:
“Provided always, and it is expressly understood, and agreed, that tills conveyance is not to take effect until after my death, and that at my death the title to the foregoing * * * lands is to vest immediately in my said children.”
In Wilson v. Carrico, 140 Ind. 533, 40 N. E. 50, 49 Am. St. Rep. 213:
The above obligation “to be of none effect until after the death of [grantors], then to be -in full force.”
In Wyman v. Brown, 50 Me. 139.
“This deed' * * * not to take effect during my lifetime, and to take effect and be in force from and after my decease.”
In Kelley v. Shimer, 152 Ind. 290, 53 N. E. 233:
“This deed is to take effect and be in full force on and after the death of this grantor.”
In Hunt v. Hunt, supra:
[309] “This deed is not to take effect until 'the death of the said [grantors].”
In Love v. Blauw, 61 Kan. 496, 59 Pac. 1059, 48 L. R. A. 257, 78 Am. St. Rep. 334:
“The estate in said lands and -tenaments not to vest in said named grantees and their heirs until the death of [grantors], she reserving in herself' a life estate therein. To’ have and to hold • unto the said * * * grantees and their heirs from and after the death of the said [grantor].”
Among all the cases cited -by appellants, we find but four that do not reveal facts clearly justifying the conclusion of the courts that the writing under consideration 'did not pass a present interest. These four reveal facts analogous to those before us, yet the courts held that the writings were not deeds. We refer to Donald v. Nesbit, 89 Ga. 290, 15 S. E. 367; Pinkham v. Pinkham, 55 Neb. 729, 76 N. W. 411; Murphy v. Gabbert, 166 Mo. 596, 66 S. W. 536, 89 Am. St. Rep. 736; Carlton v. Cameron, 54 Tex. 72, 38 Am. Rep. 620. We think, however, that the great weight of authority supports the following statement found in Wilson v. Carrico, supra:
“While it may be said, in regard -to- the point under consideration, that the authorities 'fight on both sides’ of the question; however, we find that in the later 'decisions the courts are inclined to uphold a deed of this character, if, upon a reasonable interpretation of all its parts, it can be said that the grantor -did not intend to create, or in other words execute, that which must be construed and 'held to be void. In construing written instruments, courts frequently do — and properly, too — give to an expression a meaning different from that which it ordinarily bears, in order to import sense' into it, and make it speak that which, upon an inspection of the whole; the parties really intended that it should.”
And we also believe the following from the same authority- is peculiarly applicable to the facts before us:
“In Broom’s Maxims, 540, in translating a fundamental maxim of the law, it is said: ‘A liberal construction should be placed upon! written instruments, so as to- uphold them, if possible, and carry into effect the intention of the parties.’ Applying the reason and the -principle, as laid down by the authorities cited, [310] and .guided by the rule of construction, that the clause in controversy must be construed most favorable to the grantee, we cannot hold that the grantors intended that this obligation was to be null and void; but we are constrained to decide that it conveyed a present interest in the real estate to. the grantee, the full enjoyment of which was, by the subsequent clause, intended to be postponed until after the death of both of the grantors. By so holding, we carry into effect the intention of the parties, and we fail to recognize wherein this construction works an injury or injustice to any one.”
The judgment appealed from is affirmed.