CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Pacts as Above). This action is founded upon the identical facts upon which the case óf Truax et al. v. Bisbee Local No. 380, Cooks’ and Waiters’ Union (decided March 5, 1918), 19 Ariz. 379, 171 Pac. 121, was founded, and, while the parties defendant are slightly different, the cases are not otherwise materially different. The questions presented in this record were necessarily decided by this court in the former hearing of the matter. In this appeal, the appellants have confined their [9] contentions of error to constitutional questions, solely relying upon the alleged conflict of paragraph 1464, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, with the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, in the particulars that said statute deprives the plaintiffs of property without due process of law, and denies to the plaintiff the equal protection of the law.
The appellants in their brief frankly state that “the sole question here presented is as to the constitutionality of paragraph 1464 of the Civil Code of Arizona of 1913.” The importance of the question excuses a further discussion of the matters at this time, although a further discussion, in the light of the former decision, seems wholly unnecessary.
The purpose of the action, the relief demanded, is a restraining order or injunction prohibiting the defendants from attending at or near the plaintiffs’ place of business for the purpose of peaceably communicating the existence of a strike pending, and of peaceably persuading any person from patronizing the plaintiffs, or from recommending, advising, or persuading others so to do. The said statute, if valid, clearly prohibits the courts from issuing such orders in such cases, “unless necessary to prevent irreparable injury to property or to a property right of the party making the application, for which injury there is no adequate remedy at law, and such property or property right must be described with particularity in the application. ...”
The complaint is quite clear that the course pursued by the defendants in advertising the existence of the strike, and appealing to the public in general to help the defendants win the strike, has had the effect of reducing the volume of plaintiffs’ business by causing many persons favorably inclined to deal with plaintiffs to refrain from doing so. The so-called boycott was instituted for that very purpose, without any doubt, and has proven effective. The goodwill of the public toward plaintiffs was successfully attacked by the defendants, and temporarily limited to those of the publie who were'not persuaded by the recommendations, advice and appeals made by the defendants. Without any doubt, goodwill in any business is a valuable factor to business success, but no man carrying on any business has a vested property right in the esteem of the public. If the business man conducts his business in such- manner as to displease his former patrons, [10] and thereby loses their patronage, such loss is not in any way a loss of property to which the loser has a right. , If the cause of the loss of patronage to business is attributable to the peaceable persuasion of another person, can it be said that the business lost thereby was something of value in which the business proprietor had a vested right, and thereby was wrongfully deprived? Clearly, the loss to plaintiffs’ business occurred primarily from the fact that plaintiffs refused the offer of the defendants as to the terms and conditions of employment of union members. The plaintiffs had the unquestioned right to adopt any terms and conditions of employment of servants in their business as they might choose. No one has a right to interfere with the private management of a man’s business. If he refuses to employ union members, or refuses to pay union wages, and refuses to recognize union conditions of employment, that is his affair .altogether, and his rights cannot be interfered with. If any person conducting a business elects to disregard the demands of his employees, and such employees strike for that reason, no right of the employer is violated if the striking employees advertise the cause of the strike. If the publicity given the facts cause a loss, such loss is attributable to the employer and his business methods as the proximate cause of the loss to him. If the employer has a clear legal right to refuse to pay a rate of wages demanded by a labor union for its members, and refuses'to allow such members of such union the conditions of employment — hours of work — demanded by the union, which every employer has and must have the right to refuse, then it follows, naturally and logically, such employer may freely and without question by anyone make known to his patrons, customers and the public at large his attitude in the matter, if he desires. Those refused employment because of such attitude of the employer cannot justly complain of the publicity given the dispute by the employer, a party thereto. Why should the employer be heard to question the right of the other party to the dispute to advertise the fact of the unsettled condition of the dispute? If either party to a labor dispute has a right to call upon the courts to restrain the other party to such dispute from advertising the existence of such dispute, then both parties have that right, and the right must necessarily exist, for the reason that either party, employer or employee, owes the duty to the other.to keep [11] secret the fact 'that a labor dispute is pending. The statute in question clearly does not deprive the employer plaintiffs of any right to require the employees defendants to keep secret the fact that plaintiffs have refused to meet the union’s demand of wages and hours of , employment. Plaintiffs never had the right to require such secrecy, and the defendants never owed to plaintiffs a duty to keep secret such fact.
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Pacts as Above). This action is founded upon the identical facts upon which the case óf Truax et al. v. Bisbee Local No. 380, Cooks’ and Waiters’ Union (decided March 5, 1918), 19 Ariz. 379, 171 Pac. 121, was founded, and, while the parties defendant are slightly different, the cases are not otherwise materially different. The questions presented in this record were necessarily decided by this court in the former hearing of the matter. In this appeal, the appellants have confined their [9] contentions of error to constitutional questions, solely relying upon the alleged conflict of paragraph 1464, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, with the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, in the particulars that said statute deprives the plaintiffs of property without due process of law, and denies to the plaintiff the equal protection of the law.
The appellants in their brief frankly state that “the sole question here presented is as to the constitutionality of paragraph 1464 of the Civil Code of Arizona of 1913.” The importance of the question excuses a further discussion of the matters at this time, although a further discussion, in the light of the former decision, seems wholly unnecessary.
The purpose of the action, the relief demanded, is a restraining order or injunction prohibiting the defendants from attending at or near the plaintiffs’ place of business for the purpose of peaceably communicating the existence of a strike pending, and of peaceably persuading any person from patronizing the plaintiffs, or from recommending, advising, or persuading others so to do. The said statute, if valid, clearly prohibits the courts from issuing such orders in such cases, “unless necessary to prevent irreparable injury to property or to a property right of the party making the application, for which injury there is no adequate remedy at law, and such property or property right must be described with particularity in the application. ...”
The complaint is quite clear that the course pursued by the defendants in advertising the existence of the strike, and appealing to the public in general to help the defendants win the strike, has had the effect of reducing the volume of plaintiffs’ business by causing many persons favorably inclined to deal with plaintiffs to refrain from doing so. The so-called boycott was instituted for that very purpose, without any doubt, and has proven effective. The goodwill of the public toward plaintiffs was successfully attacked by the defendants, and temporarily limited to those of the publie who were'not persuaded by the recommendations, advice and appeals made by the defendants. Without any doubt, goodwill in any business is a valuable factor to business success, but no man carrying on any business has a vested property right in the esteem of the public. If the business man conducts his business in such- manner as to displease his former patrons, [10] and thereby loses their patronage, such loss is not in any way a loss of property to which the loser has a right. , If the cause of the loss of patronage to business is attributable to the peaceable persuasion of another person, can it be said that the business lost thereby was something of value in which the business proprietor had a vested right, and thereby was wrongfully deprived? Clearly, the loss to plaintiffs’ business occurred primarily from the fact that plaintiffs refused the offer of the defendants as to the terms and conditions of employment of union members. The plaintiffs had the unquestioned right to adopt any terms and conditions of employment of servants in their business as they might choose. No one has a right to interfere with the private management of a man’s business. If he refuses to employ union members, or refuses to pay union wages, and refuses to recognize union conditions of employment, that is his affair .altogether, and his rights cannot be interfered with. If any person conducting a business elects to disregard the demands of his employees, and such employees strike for that reason, no right of the employer is violated if the striking employees advertise the cause of the strike. If the publicity given the facts cause a loss, such loss is attributable to the employer and his business methods as the proximate cause of the loss to him. If the employer has a clear legal right to refuse to pay a rate of wages demanded by a labor union for its members, and refuses'to allow such members of such union the conditions of employment — hours of work — demanded by the union, which every employer has and must have the right to refuse, then it follows, naturally and logically, such employer may freely and without question by anyone make known to his patrons, customers and the public at large his attitude in the matter, if he desires. Those refused employment because of such attitude of the employer cannot justly complain of the publicity given the dispute by the employer, a party thereto. Why should the employer be heard to question the right of the other party to the dispute to advertise the fact of the unsettled condition of the dispute? If either party to a labor dispute has a right to call upon the courts to restrain the other party to such dispute from advertising the existence of such dispute, then both parties have that right, and the right must necessarily exist, for the reason that either party, employer or employee, owes the duty to the other.to keep [11] secret the fact 'that a labor dispute is pending. The statute in question clearly does not deprive the employer plaintiffs of any right to require the employees defendants to keep secret the fact that plaintiffs have refused to meet the union’s demand of wages and hours of , employment. Plaintiffs never had the right to require such secrecy, and the defendants never owed to plaintiffs a duty to keep secret such fact.
The purpose of the statute in question is to recognize the right of workmen on strike to use peaceable means to accomplish the lawful ends for which the strike is called. The statute adopts the view of a number of courts which have held “picketing,” if peaceably carried on for a lawful purpose, to be no violation of any legal right of the party whose place of business is “picketed,” and whether as a fact the picketing is carried on by peaceful means, as against the other view, taken by the federal courts and many of the state courts, that picketing is per se unlawful. The last view is that contended for by the appellant. The contention is that the statute, having attempted to legalize picketing when peaceably carried on for any purpose, deprives plaintiffs of its property without due process of law, and denies to plaintiffs the equal protection of the Jaw. Conceding that prior to the enactment of paragraph 1464, supra, the state of the law in this jurisdiction was as contended — that is, that picketing carried on in any manner, in a concededly peaceable manner, was an unlawful act, — as held by a great number of courts— in other words, that picketing naturally induces breaches of the peace, and is therefore unlawful — yet plaintiffs have no vested right to have the law continue in that state. A change in the law, so that, when it is made to appear that peaceable, picketing is in fact carried on, and all picketing is no longer conclusively presumed to be unlawful, as recognized by the said statute, that change in the law places the burden upon the plaintiff to show as a fact that defendant violates the law, while the other view presumed that the law was violated, if any manner of picketing was carried on. The statute simply deals with a rule of evidence requiring the courts to substitute evidence of the nature of the act for a presumption of' the nature of the act, based upon an inference from the bare act. Hence it is quite clear that the statute recognizes the right of striking employees to carry on a campaign of picketing in furtherance of a strike for a lawful [12] purpose, provided the means used and the manner in which such means are used are peaceable and otherwise violate no legal rights of the party whose premises are subjected to the picketing, and are not in violation of any duty owing by the striking employees to such party or to the public. In no sense can the statute be considered as one either depriving the plaintiffs of property without due process of law, or denying plaintiffs the equal protection of the law.
The plaintiffs’ property rights are not invaded by picketing, unless the picketing interferes with the free conduct of the business by the plaintiffs; and plaintiffs do not claim that defendants have, by using violent means with picketing, invaded their rights i'n this respect, by "causing a loss in business. If such nature of picketing should be charged and established by proof, plaintiffs would be entitled to relief to the extent of prohibiting the use of violence in any form. By the statute the plaintiffs are deprived of an order restraining peaceful, not violent, unlawful acts, and to entitle a plaintiff to an order restraining violent unlawful acts, he is required to set forth facts sufficient to constitute such acts as amount to unlawful acts, and sustain such complaint by substantial evidence. The statute conflicts with neither constitutional provision invoked. The facts stated in the complaint are insufficient to constitute a cause of action or justify the relief demanded. For that reason the court properly sustained the demurrer.
The judgment should be affirmed.
JOHN WILSON ROSS, J., concurs.
HENRY D. ROSS, J., being absent on account of sickness, took no part in the decision of this ease.
For authorities discussing the question as to law of picketing generally, see notes in 4 L. R. A. (MV S.) 302; 50 L. R. A. (N. S.) 412.