Mr. Justice Morris
delivered the opinion of the Court:
At the trial in the court below there were four exceptions reserved; and on these there have been four assignments of error in this court. We cannot regard any one of them as well founded in law.
1. In the first place, the exception taken to the refusal of the trial court to direct a verdict for the defendant at the end of the testimony for the prosecution cannot be assigned as the basis of error here, inasmuch as, in accordance with well-established rules of practice, it was waived by the fact that the defendant went into testimony on his own behalf. But, as we have remarked, this is practically of no consequence, as the same question was subsequently raised when the same motion was renewed at the conclusion of the whole testimony. Whatever of substance there was in it, therefore, we may consider when we come to the consideration of the assignment of error based upon the third exception reserved on behalf of the defendant.
2. In the second place, it is contended that it was error on the part of the trial court to exclude the question propounded to the [247]*247defendant’s wife when she was on the witness stand, as a witness, wherein she was asked what instruction or prohibition she had from her husband as to selling on Sunday, and whether she had any authority to sell on Sunday or at any other time. But, even if this question was not intended to elicit testimony as to confidential communications between husband and wife, as to which both husband and wife are incompetent under § 1069 of the Code to testify,— a point in regard to which we express no opinion whatever,— it is very evident that the defendant was not prejudiced by the exclusion of the question. The witness had already testified in the most sweeping manner that the sale here in question had been made without the knowledge, connivance, consent, or procurement of her husband, and it is not apparent that this testimony could have been strengthened by the further statement that she had no authority from her husband to make the sale. Such want of authority was necessarily implied in the previous statement, and it was unnecessary to duplicate the assertion. Moreover, when the defendant was himself called as a witness on his own behalf, he testified fully, and without objection from the prosecution, that the instruction which he gave her was to let no one into his barroom on Sunday: that she was not permitted to sell or interfere with the conduct of his business, and that the sale in question was made without his knowledge, authority, connivance, privity, or consent, and was wholly unauthorized by him. The testimony sought to be elicited by the question was in its nature cumulative; and it is well-settled law that the extent to which cumulative testimony shall be admitted is in the sound discretion of the trial judge. Calvert v. Carter, 18 Md. 73. See 8 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 2d ed. p. 467, where, under the head of cumulative evidence, the cases on the subject are cited and analyzed. Certainly there was no reversible error here for which a new trial should be ordered.
3. Under the third assignment of error, which is based upon the refusal of the trial judge to direct a verdict in favor of the defendant on the whole testimony, the proposition sought to be established is that the defendant is not liable in a criminal action [248]*248for the act of his wife, done without his knowledge, consent, authority, or procurement. But this proposition in the present case assumes that as proved which has not been proved, and which remains a matter of controversy,— namely, the authority of the wife to act for her husband in the matter of the sale of the liquor. Substantially the same question was considered by this court in the case of Lehman v. District of Columbia, 19 App. D. C. 233, and determined adversely to the contention of the appellant, and it is unnecessary to repeat the argument of that case here.
In the case of Com. v. Hyland, 155 Mass. 7, 28 N. E. 1055, the rule was laid down by the supreme court of judicature of Massachusetts, through Mr. Justice Holmes, now of the Supreme Court of the United States, that, in a prosecution for maintaining a liquor nuisance, where the evidence showed that all sales of liquor had been made by the defendant’s wife at his house or tenement, and the defendant testified that if any sales of liquor were made by his wife it was without his knowledge or consent, while he was out of the State, the fact that he and his wife lived together in such tenement was competent evidence that she acted as his agent, and might overcome his own positive testimony to the contrary, if the jury disbelieved that testimony.
Now, in the present case it is perfectly plain that the jury in the court below, or the police justice acting in the place of a jury, upon the situation as it was disclosed by the testimony of the two policemen, was fully warranted, if he believed that testimony, in inferring an agency in the wife from the husband to do precisely what she did do. A presumption of agency arose from the circumstances and conduct of the parties, as it may arise in all other cases where the sale of the liquor is not made directly by the proprietor of the place who is sought to be held for it. Lehman v. District of Columbia, 19 App. D. C. 233. In the absence of contravening testimony such presumption takes the place of direct and positive proof. Here there was such contravening testimony; and the question of agency became a vital and essential element of controversy in the case. But the police [249]*249justice sitting in the place of a jury — for it would seem that the case was tried by the court without the intervention of a jury — evidently did not believe the testimony of the defendant and his wife on that point, and based his verdict upon the facts testified to on behalf of the prosecution and the presumptions arising therefrom. Consequently, there is no such case here before us as would justify the application of the proposition advanced on behalf of the plaintiff, even if the correctness of that proposition were established beyond question, or had in support of it the great preponderance of authority, which it undoubtedly has not.
In all the cases cited in support of this proposition there was either an exclusion of competent testimony tending to show that the wife was without lawful authority to act as agent for the husband, or it was admitted upon the record, and not controverted, that she had been forbidden to act as such agent, or there was instruction to the jury adverse to the right of the defendant to be free from liability under any such circumstances. In all such cases the actual absence of all complicity on the part of the husband is taken for granted. But such is not the case before us. Here there was no exclusion of competent testimony to the detriment of the defendant; there was no admission by the prosecution that the defendant’s wife was without authority from him; and there was no rejection of any proposition of law which entitled the defendant to make such defense. The defendant, in fact, gave all the testimony on the point which he had and to which he could in any way be entitled under any of the authorities, and the trial justice simply disbelieved that testimony.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Mr. Justice Morris
delivered the opinion of the Court:
At the trial in the court below there were four exceptions reserved; and on these there have been four assignments of error in this court. We cannot regard any one of them as well founded in law.
1. In the first place, the exception taken to the refusal of the trial court to direct a verdict for the defendant at the end of the testimony for the prosecution cannot be assigned as the basis of error here, inasmuch as, in accordance with well-established rules of practice, it was waived by the fact that the defendant went into testimony on his own behalf. But, as we have remarked, this is practically of no consequence, as the same question was subsequently raised when the same motion was renewed at the conclusion of the whole testimony. Whatever of substance there was in it, therefore, we may consider when we come to the consideration of the assignment of error based upon the third exception reserved on behalf of the defendant.
2. In the second place, it is contended that it was error on the part of the trial court to exclude the question propounded to the [247]*247defendant’s wife when she was on the witness stand, as a witness, wherein she was asked what instruction or prohibition she had from her husband as to selling on Sunday, and whether she had any authority to sell on Sunday or at any other time. But, even if this question was not intended to elicit testimony as to confidential communications between husband and wife, as to which both husband and wife are incompetent under § 1069 of the Code to testify,— a point in regard to which we express no opinion whatever,— it is very evident that the defendant was not prejudiced by the exclusion of the question. The witness had already testified in the most sweeping manner that the sale here in question had been made without the knowledge, connivance, consent, or procurement of her husband, and it is not apparent that this testimony could have been strengthened by the further statement that she had no authority from her husband to make the sale. Such want of authority was necessarily implied in the previous statement, and it was unnecessary to duplicate the assertion. Moreover, when the defendant was himself called as a witness on his own behalf, he testified fully, and without objection from the prosecution, that the instruction which he gave her was to let no one into his barroom on Sunday: that she was not permitted to sell or interfere with the conduct of his business, and that the sale in question was made without his knowledge, authority, connivance, privity, or consent, and was wholly unauthorized by him. The testimony sought to be elicited by the question was in its nature cumulative; and it is well-settled law that the extent to which cumulative testimony shall be admitted is in the sound discretion of the trial judge. Calvert v. Carter, 18 Md. 73. See 8 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 2d ed. p. 467, where, under the head of cumulative evidence, the cases on the subject are cited and analyzed. Certainly there was no reversible error here for which a new trial should be ordered.
3. Under the third assignment of error, which is based upon the refusal of the trial judge to direct a verdict in favor of the defendant on the whole testimony, the proposition sought to be established is that the defendant is not liable in a criminal action [248]*248for the act of his wife, done without his knowledge, consent, authority, or procurement. But this proposition in the present case assumes that as proved which has not been proved, and which remains a matter of controversy,— namely, the authority of the wife to act for her husband in the matter of the sale of the liquor. Substantially the same question was considered by this court in the case of Lehman v. District of Columbia, 19 App. D. C. 233, and determined adversely to the contention of the appellant, and it is unnecessary to repeat the argument of that case here.
In the case of Com. v. Hyland, 155 Mass. 7, 28 N. E. 1055, the rule was laid down by the supreme court of judicature of Massachusetts, through Mr. Justice Holmes, now of the Supreme Court of the United States, that, in a prosecution for maintaining a liquor nuisance, where the evidence showed that all sales of liquor had been made by the defendant’s wife at his house or tenement, and the defendant testified that if any sales of liquor were made by his wife it was without his knowledge or consent, while he was out of the State, the fact that he and his wife lived together in such tenement was competent evidence that she acted as his agent, and might overcome his own positive testimony to the contrary, if the jury disbelieved that testimony.
Now, in the present case it is perfectly plain that the jury in the court below, or the police justice acting in the place of a jury, upon the situation as it was disclosed by the testimony of the two policemen, was fully warranted, if he believed that testimony, in inferring an agency in the wife from the husband to do precisely what she did do. A presumption of agency arose from the circumstances and conduct of the parties, as it may arise in all other cases where the sale of the liquor is not made directly by the proprietor of the place who is sought to be held for it. Lehman v. District of Columbia, 19 App. D. C. 233. In the absence of contravening testimony such presumption takes the place of direct and positive proof. Here there was such contravening testimony; and the question of agency became a vital and essential element of controversy in the case. But the police [249]*249justice sitting in the place of a jury — for it would seem that the case was tried by the court without the intervention of a jury — evidently did not believe the testimony of the defendant and his wife on that point, and based his verdict upon the facts testified to on behalf of the prosecution and the presumptions arising therefrom. Consequently, there is no such case here before us as would justify the application of the proposition advanced on behalf of the plaintiff, even if the correctness of that proposition were established beyond question, or had in support of it the great preponderance of authority, which it undoubtedly has not.
In all the cases cited in support of this proposition there was either an exclusion of competent testimony tending to show that the wife was without lawful authority to act as agent for the husband, or it was admitted upon the record, and not controverted, that she had been forbidden to act as such agent, or there was instruction to the jury adverse to the right of the defendant to be free from liability under any such circumstances. In all such cases the actual absence of all complicity on the part of the husband is taken for granted. But such is not the case before us. Here there was no exclusion of competent testimony to the detriment of the defendant; there was no admission by the prosecution that the defendant’s wife was without authority from him; and there was no rejection of any proposition of law which entitled the defendant to make such defense. The defendant, in fact, gave all the testimony on the point which he had and to which he could in any way be entitled under any of the authorities, and the trial justice simply disbelieved that testimony. The question, therefore, is not whether the plaintiff in ■error should not have been acquitted on the ground that his wife, in what she did, had no authority to act for him and to render him liable for violation of the law, but whether, upon testimony which the trial court believed to be false, it should have given him the benefit of it as though it were true. To state this question is to suggest the only possible answer that should be given to it.
[250]*250It follows that we must regard the third assignment of error as without any substantial foundation in law.
4. The fourth assignment of error is based upon the overruling of the motion in arrest of judgment; and the only question raised under it is whether the information against the plaintiff in error was legally sufficient without any statement of the names of the persons to whom the sales were made. It would appear that the authorities on this point are so equally divided that there cannot be said to be any great preponderance on either side. The practice and the precedents in this District have been generally, if not uniformly, against the contention on behalf of the appellant. Of course, there are cases where the identification of the person to whom intoxicating liquor is alleged to have been sold may be essential to the defendant for his proper defense, as, for example, when he is charged with having sold such liquor to a minor in violation of law; and in such cases the reasonable certainty required in pleading demands that the name of the minor be stated. But in such a case the designation of the person is of the essence of the offense. So in the case of the sale of intoxicating liquor on Sunday, the allegation of the time of the offense is a necessity, as is the proof of it, because it is only the sale at such a time that is made an offense under the statute. But apart from such cases as these, it is believed that in this District it has never been the practice to allege in the information or indictment the name of the person to whom the liquor has been sold; and that, whenever the defendant has deemed it either expedient or necessary for his defense that he should be advised of the name of the person to whom he is charged to have sold the liquor, he should apply to the court for a direction to the prosecution to furnish him with a bill of particulars. See Lauer v. District of Columbia, 11 App. D. C. 453.
It would seem to be too late in any event to raise this’question by motion in arrest of judgment, even in cases where the objection might have been sustained upon demurrer, for the defect, if defect it be, must be held to have been cured by the verdict, inasmuch as the identity of the persons to whom the sale was [251]*251made must necessarily have appeared in the testimony. Stephen, Pl. chap. 2, § 1.
On the whole, we find no error in the record for which the judgment should be reversed. Accordingly the judgment will be affirmed with costs. And it is so ordered. Affirmed.