There was also a brief by IT. A. Hayes, as amicus curice.
Siebeceeb, J.
The plaintiff asserts that the defendant is liable for the damages she suffered by the death of Felix Tro-janowski under the provisions of sec. 1810, Stats. 1911, providing for the erection and maintenance of fences and cattle-guards on railroads. Sub. 2 of this statute provides:
“Until such fences and cattle-guards shall be duly made [79]*79every railroad corporation owning or operating any snob road shall be liable for all damages done to cattle, horses or other domestic animals, or persons thereon, occasioned in any manner, in whole or in part, by the want of such fences or cattle-guards; . . .”
As appears by the foregoing statement, the jury found by special verdict that the death of Trojanowski was occasioned in whole or in part by the want of a wing fence at the west line of Fifteenth avenue where it crosses defendant’s road. The trial court set aside this finding on the ground that the evidence does not permit of the inference “that there was some causal connection between absence of the fences and the death of plaintiff’s intestate.” The object and purpose of such fences and guards has been adverted to in the decisions of this court. Blair v. M. & P. du C. R. Co. 20 Wis. 254; Schwind v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 140 Wis. 1, 121 N. W. 639; Ulicke v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 152 Wis. 236, 139 N. W. 189; Atkinson v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 119 Wis. 176, 96 N. W. 529. In the Atkinson Case, where claim was made for the loss of a horse, in speaking of this statute the court states:
“It is said by RyaN, C. J., in Curry v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 43 Wis. 616, that of course the open gate does not cause the injury to the horse; but the statute does not require1 this as a condition of the liability; merely that the result shall be occasioned by the absence of or defect in the fence, and that the injury from a train suffered by an animal which enters by means of such opening is occasioned thereby;” and further states that “The railway company is subjected to the duty of fencing not alone for the benefit of the adjoining owner but of the public at large.”
In the Bchwind Case it is said:
“The purpose of this statute was to cast upon the railroads absolute liability for injuries to cattle whpse entry upon the tracks was made possible by absence of the prescribed fences, and when it was amended in the revision of 1878 by the addition ‘persons,’ the extension of the same purpose to human beings toas obvious
[80]*80Tbis case also shows that proximate causal relation and contributory negligence are not involved in a case within this statute.
“An injury may well be occasioned in whole or in part by the absence of a fence, although it may not be proximately caused thereby. It is enough if such omission gives occasion for entry on the place of injury.” Randall v. M., St. P. & S. S. M. R. Co. 162 Wis. 507, 156 N. W. 629.
In speaking of the object of the legislature in enacting this statute Mr. Justice Baeses in the TJlicke Case states:
“It has also recognized the shortcomings and propensities of the ordinary run of human beings and has provided an additional safeguard against their dangerous habit of walking along railroad tracks, by requiring that such tracks be fenced. . . . This statutory requirement is in the interest of preserving human life and limb and should not receive any interpretation that would tend to weaken it, unless it is apparent that such interpretation was clearly within the legislative contemplation.”
The foregoing cases do not pass upon the claim of an adult person for injuries which were occasioned while traveling on a railroad where the entry was made over a place requiring a 'fence or a cattle-guard. The plaintiff in the case of Alexander v. M., St. P. & S. S. M. R. Co. 156 Wis. 477, 146 N. W. 510, drove onto the track under circumstances which showed that the team of horses he was driving entered the railway right of way either because he lost control of them or because of plaintiff’s intoxicated condition, and hence he was held not to be guilty of such a deliberate and intentional entry on the railroad which in law constitutes such a wanton and reckless action that any injuries occasioned thereby are considered to be the result of a wilful exposure to a known danger for which the law affords no remedy. The question is, Does the conduct of the decedent in going onto the railroad and walking thereon, in the light of the facts and circum[81]*81stances, show that he was guilty of such deliberate, wanton, and reckless action that the plaintiff is in law not entitled to recover the damages she suffered by decedent’s death ? The jury found that the death of the deceased was occasioned in some manner, in whole or in part, by the want of a wing fence at the west line of Fifteenth avenue where it crosses defendant’s railroad. The trial court set this finding aside as not supported by the evidence, relying on Bejma v. C. & M. E. R. Co. 160 Wis. 527, 149 N. W. 588, 152 N. W. 180, and Smith v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 161 Wis. 560, 154 N. W. 623. In the Bejma Gase the original entry by the plaintiff on the railroad at a place where the required fence was omitted was held not to have occasioned the second entry thereon at a different place where no fence was required, because it was obvious that he would have made the second entry regardless of the first and that Bejma’s injuries were therefore wholly occasioned by the second entry on the railroad. The Smith Gase turned on the point that the want of the required headlight on the approaching engine, which struck plaintiff while he was walking on the depot platform, had no causal connection with the collision, because the vicinity of the accident was so brilliantly lighted by electric lights that the required headlight would not have appreciably added to the illumination nor would it have aided plaintiff in observing the approaching engine.
The facts of this case show that the place of entry on the defendant’s railroad at the crossing had been used by the public about twenty-nine years; that it was used daily by a large number of men, women, and children; that the number of such pedestrians was as high as two hundred and over on some days; that the defendant’s agents and servants had full knowledge thereof and acquiesced therein; that there was a well-beaten footpath along the west side of Fifteenth avenue for over a block from the railroad which was daily used by the [82]*82pedestrians; that it passed over tbe fence line onto the track, and that no fence, guard, or other physical structure was erected or maintained by the railroad company to intercept or divert this travel from the railroad or give notice to the public to keep off from it. Under such circumstances it has been held in this and other courts that the pedestrians using the footpath on the railroad are not trespassers. Townley v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 53 Wis. 626, 11 N. W. 55; Whalen v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 75 Wis. 654, 44 N. W. 849; Davis v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 58 Wis. 646, 17 N. W. 406; Delaney v. M. & St. P. R. Co. 33 Wis. 67; Johnson v. Lake Superior T. & T. Co. 86 Wis. 64, 56 N. W. 161; Anderson v. C., St.
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There was also a brief by IT. A. Hayes, as amicus curice.
Siebeceeb, J.
The plaintiff asserts that the defendant is liable for the damages she suffered by the death of Felix Tro-janowski under the provisions of sec. 1810, Stats. 1911, providing for the erection and maintenance of fences and cattle-guards on railroads. Sub. 2 of this statute provides:
“Until such fences and cattle-guards shall be duly made [79]*79every railroad corporation owning or operating any snob road shall be liable for all damages done to cattle, horses or other domestic animals, or persons thereon, occasioned in any manner, in whole or in part, by the want of such fences or cattle-guards; . . .”
As appears by the foregoing statement, the jury found by special verdict that the death of Trojanowski was occasioned in whole or in part by the want of a wing fence at the west line of Fifteenth avenue where it crosses defendant’s road. The trial court set aside this finding on the ground that the evidence does not permit of the inference “that there was some causal connection between absence of the fences and the death of plaintiff’s intestate.” The object and purpose of such fences and guards has been adverted to in the decisions of this court. Blair v. M. & P. du C. R. Co. 20 Wis. 254; Schwind v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 140 Wis. 1, 121 N. W. 639; Ulicke v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 152 Wis. 236, 139 N. W. 189; Atkinson v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 119 Wis. 176, 96 N. W. 529. In the Atkinson Case, where claim was made for the loss of a horse, in speaking of this statute the court states:
“It is said by RyaN, C. J., in Curry v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 43 Wis. 616, that of course the open gate does not cause the injury to the horse; but the statute does not require1 this as a condition of the liability; merely that the result shall be occasioned by the absence of or defect in the fence, and that the injury from a train suffered by an animal which enters by means of such opening is occasioned thereby;” and further states that “The railway company is subjected to the duty of fencing not alone for the benefit of the adjoining owner but of the public at large.”
In the Bchwind Case it is said:
“The purpose of this statute was to cast upon the railroads absolute liability for injuries to cattle whpse entry upon the tracks was made possible by absence of the prescribed fences, and when it was amended in the revision of 1878 by the addition ‘persons,’ the extension of the same purpose to human beings toas obvious
[80]*80Tbis case also shows that proximate causal relation and contributory negligence are not involved in a case within this statute.
“An injury may well be occasioned in whole or in part by the absence of a fence, although it may not be proximately caused thereby. It is enough if such omission gives occasion for entry on the place of injury.” Randall v. M., St. P. & S. S. M. R. Co. 162 Wis. 507, 156 N. W. 629.
In speaking of the object of the legislature in enacting this statute Mr. Justice Baeses in the TJlicke Case states:
“It has also recognized the shortcomings and propensities of the ordinary run of human beings and has provided an additional safeguard against their dangerous habit of walking along railroad tracks, by requiring that such tracks be fenced. . . . This statutory requirement is in the interest of preserving human life and limb and should not receive any interpretation that would tend to weaken it, unless it is apparent that such interpretation was clearly within the legislative contemplation.”
The foregoing cases do not pass upon the claim of an adult person for injuries which were occasioned while traveling on a railroad where the entry was made over a place requiring a 'fence or a cattle-guard. The plaintiff in the case of Alexander v. M., St. P. & S. S. M. R. Co. 156 Wis. 477, 146 N. W. 510, drove onto the track under circumstances which showed that the team of horses he was driving entered the railway right of way either because he lost control of them or because of plaintiff’s intoxicated condition, and hence he was held not to be guilty of such a deliberate and intentional entry on the railroad which in law constitutes such a wanton and reckless action that any injuries occasioned thereby are considered to be the result of a wilful exposure to a known danger for which the law affords no remedy. The question is, Does the conduct of the decedent in going onto the railroad and walking thereon, in the light of the facts and circum[81]*81stances, show that he was guilty of such deliberate, wanton, and reckless action that the plaintiff is in law not entitled to recover the damages she suffered by decedent’s death ? The jury found that the death of the deceased was occasioned in some manner, in whole or in part, by the want of a wing fence at the west line of Fifteenth avenue where it crosses defendant’s railroad. The trial court set this finding aside as not supported by the evidence, relying on Bejma v. C. & M. E. R. Co. 160 Wis. 527, 149 N. W. 588, 152 N. W. 180, and Smith v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 161 Wis. 560, 154 N. W. 623. In the Bejma Gase the original entry by the plaintiff on the railroad at a place where the required fence was omitted was held not to have occasioned the second entry thereon at a different place where no fence was required, because it was obvious that he would have made the second entry regardless of the first and that Bejma’s injuries were therefore wholly occasioned by the second entry on the railroad. The Smith Gase turned on the point that the want of the required headlight on the approaching engine, which struck plaintiff while he was walking on the depot platform, had no causal connection with the collision, because the vicinity of the accident was so brilliantly lighted by electric lights that the required headlight would not have appreciably added to the illumination nor would it have aided plaintiff in observing the approaching engine.
The facts of this case show that the place of entry on the defendant’s railroad at the crossing had been used by the public about twenty-nine years; that it was used daily by a large number of men, women, and children; that the number of such pedestrians was as high as two hundred and over on some days; that the defendant’s agents and servants had full knowledge thereof and acquiesced therein; that there was a well-beaten footpath along the west side of Fifteenth avenue for over a block from the railroad which was daily used by the [82]*82pedestrians; that it passed over tbe fence line onto the track, and that no fence, guard, or other physical structure was erected or maintained by the railroad company to intercept or divert this travel from the railroad or give notice to the public to keep off from it. Under such circumstances it has been held in this and other courts that the pedestrians using the footpath on the railroad are not trespassers. Townley v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 53 Wis. 626, 11 N. W. 55; Whalen v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 75 Wis. 654, 44 N. W. 849; Davis v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 58 Wis. 646, 17 N. W. 406; Delaney v. M. & St. P. R. Co. 33 Wis. 67; Johnson v. Lake Superior T. & T. Co. 86 Wis. 64, 56 N. W. 161; Anderson v. C., St. P., M. & O. R. Co. 87 Wis. 195, 58 N. W. 79.
Considering the condition presented to the deceased at the time he approached the railroad in connection with the open way and the well-beaten traveled path and the constant use of it by the public generally, can it be said that his entry onto the railroad was not in part occasioned thereby ? The maintenance of the required fence and cattle-guard at the place in question would naturally have operated to divert the travel from the track. As heretofore stated, “It is enough if such omission gives occasion for entry on the place of injury.” Schwind v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 140 Wis. 1, 121 N. W. 639. Under these conditions the inference of the jury that decedent’s entry on the railroad was in some manner in whole or in part occasioned by the want of the fence is warranted, and the court erred in setting aside their finding in the special verdict on this issue. It appears that the travel on the track customarily proceeded from the place of entry thereon to the place of collision with the deceased and that he took the course pedestrians usually followed in traveling thereon. This shows that the relationship between decedent and defendant had not changed from the time he entered on the railroad to the time of collision.
[83]*83It is urged that the deceased violated tte provisions of sec. 1811, Stats. 1911, and hence the plaintiff could not be permitted to recover for his death. This court, speaking on this subject in Ulicke v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 152 Wis. 236, 139 N. W. 189, recently declared:
“The requirement to fence would serve very little purpose in so far as it pertained to persons if it were held that the plaintiff in this case could not recover because of the legislative inhibition against walking on railway tracks.”
We are of the opinion that the legislature did not intend to defeat the right of recovery by an injured person conferred by sec. 1810, Stats. 1911, by subjecting him to the penalties of sec. 1811. The right to collect damages in cases within sec. 1810 is independent of the penal provision of sec. 1811.
It is considered that the court erred in changing the jury’s answer to the first question in the special verdict and that the plaintiff is entitled to have the jury’s answer thereto restored, and upon the verdict as rendered the plaintiff is entitled to judgment against the defendant for the amount of the damages assessed therein.
By the Court. — The judgment appealed from is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings and for judgment as indicated in this opinion.