The opinion of the court was delivered by
Me. Chief Justice Simpson.
By an act of the legislature approved December 24th, 1880, (17 Stat. 497,) the county commissioners for Spartanburg county were authorized to subscribe to the capital stock of the Greenwood, Laurens and Spartanburg Railroad Company, such sum as the qualified electors of said county should determine by an election to be held under said act, and to that end the act further provided machinery for the election, among other things enacting, in section 8, “ That it should be the duty of the managers to make returns, and meet at their court house and count the votes and declare the result, as in other elections, which result should be certified in writing-by the chairman of each board of managers to the chairman” of the board of county commissioners. On July 9th, 1881, an election was held under this act, and out of a vote of 4,435 in the whole, the vote for subscription was 2,873, a majority of over 1,300 in favor thereof. The amount toybe subscribed according to this vote-was $75,000, which subscription was immediately thereafter made, and bonds to the amount of $10,500 issued and turned over to the company.
In 1881, a convention of the tax payers of the county was held for the purpose of electing commissioners to represent the [359]*359stock in a meeting of the stockholders of this railroad company,, at which the plaintiff Trimmier was elected as one of three of said commissioners. Trimmier, Yarborough and Pool were members of this convention. The plaintiff "Walker was elected one of the directors of the road, and it was upon his motion that a committee was appointed to receive the county bonds and t'o sell them; and Tolleson participated in the election. The subscription of the county was received by the company. A contract for grading was made, which was commenced, and $10,500 of the bonds issued before the action below was instituted, which was in February, 1883.
The purpose of the action was to obtain a permanent injunction, restraining the commissioners from issuing the bonds of the county, in payment of the said subscription, and that another election should be ordered, if necessary. The grounds upon which this relief was asked, were — first, that the plaintiffs were the owners of over $100,000 worth of property" located in said county liable to be taxed for the payment of said bonds; second, that the subscription was illegal and void, because the act authorizing the election had not been complied with in the following particulars, to wit: (1) That the managers had not been sworn; (2) that their oaths had not been filed with the clerk; (3) that the managers had not assembled at the court house after the election, as required by section 8, supra, and, (4) that the chairman of each of said boards had not certified the result in writing to the board of county commissioners, as also required. The result of the election as above stated was not denied, nor was there any allegation of unfairness, fraud or irregularity in said election, either as to its inauguration or to its conduct, except in the particulars above stated.
The complaint having been filed, the case was presented to Judge Witherspoon at chambers, for a temporary injunction until the hearing of the cause, whereupon Judge Witherspoon issued an order requiring the defendants to show cause before him at Spartanburg on March 21 st, thereafter, why the prayer of the plaintiffs should not be granted with leave on their part to appear at any prior day, upon ten days’ notice, at the same time granting a restraining order against the defendants upon certain con[360]*360ditions. The defendants answered, and on March 6th, 1883, after due notice, a motion was made and heard before Judge Witherspoon to dissolve this injunction, who, after full investigation with voluminous affidavits on both sides, granted the motion, holding as a matter of fact, that the allegation in reference to the failure of the managers to take the oath alleged to be necessary, had not only not been sustained by the testimony, but was contradicted by positive affidavits on the part of the defendants, except as to two small precincts, which, if thrown out, would still leave a majority of votes for the subscription of over 1,000; and as to the two other alleged irregularities, to wit, of the managers not meeting at the court house, and not certifying in writing the result of the election, by the chairmen of the different boards, he held, that while not satisfactorily established, yet, if having occurred, they were nothing more than mere technical irregularities which ought not and could not affect the result, in the face of the overwhelming fact, not denied, that a large majority of the vote had sustained the subscription. He also held the plaintiffs estopped from bringing the action.
The appeal seeks to reverse the rulings of the Circuit judge, first, “ Because his Honor held that it did not appear from the pleadings and evidence that there were such fatal defects and irregularities, in the conduct of the election and making the return, as to prevent the issue of the bonds of the county.” This ground involves two questions : first, the existence of the alleged irregularities, which is a question of fact; and, secondly, if any, their effect, which is a question of law. This being a case in chancery, both of these questions are within our jurisdiction. The Circuit judge held as to the alleged irregularities, in reference to the oaths of the managers, that they were not sustained by the testimony, and therefore could not be considered as to their legal effect. Under the law governing the findings of fact by a Circuit judge when brought before this court for review, we see no cause for disturbing the finding here. Upon a careful examination of the affidavits, it will be seen that this finding is neither not without any testimony to support it nor opposed to the preponderance of the testimony. It must, therefore, be sustained, and this exception dismissed without further [361]*361■consideration, except, it may be remarked, that it is not at all ■certain that the managers under the act were required to take ■any oath.
We think that the Circuit judge might well have found, as a -matter of fact, that the other alleged irregularities had not been .sustained, because it is pretty clear from testimony that all of the requirements of section 8, as to making the returns, the meeting of the managers, counting the votes, declaring the result and making the certificate, were substantially complied with; .sufficiently so, at least, to have warranted him, in our opinion, in •dissolving the injunction upon that ground. He assumed, however, that there may have been some irregularity; he held that yet this was merely technical, and was mot of a character to invalidate the election. In this we concur. In elections the great matter is the result. When this is clearly ascertained it sweeps away all technicalities. The machinery provided should be observed, but in so far as it is not necessary to determine the result, it is directory and not mandatory. Certainly manner and form should not be allowed to defeat the undoubted will of the people •clearly expressed. This would be indeed subordinating and ■sacrificing the substance to the shadow.
There is no allegation or pretense that, had section 8 been literally and exactly complied with in its entire particularity, the majority declared would have been diminished or the ■result altered in the least.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Me. Chief Justice Simpson.
By an act of the legislature approved December 24th, 1880, (17 Stat. 497,) the county commissioners for Spartanburg county were authorized to subscribe to the capital stock of the Greenwood, Laurens and Spartanburg Railroad Company, such sum as the qualified electors of said county should determine by an election to be held under said act, and to that end the act further provided machinery for the election, among other things enacting, in section 8, “ That it should be the duty of the managers to make returns, and meet at their court house and count the votes and declare the result, as in other elections, which result should be certified in writing-by the chairman of each board of managers to the chairman” of the board of county commissioners. On July 9th, 1881, an election was held under this act, and out of a vote of 4,435 in the whole, the vote for subscription was 2,873, a majority of over 1,300 in favor thereof. The amount toybe subscribed according to this vote-was $75,000, which subscription was immediately thereafter made, and bonds to the amount of $10,500 issued and turned over to the company.
In 1881, a convention of the tax payers of the county was held for the purpose of electing commissioners to represent the [359]*359stock in a meeting of the stockholders of this railroad company,, at which the plaintiff Trimmier was elected as one of three of said commissioners. Trimmier, Yarborough and Pool were members of this convention. The plaintiff "Walker was elected one of the directors of the road, and it was upon his motion that a committee was appointed to receive the county bonds and t'o sell them; and Tolleson participated in the election. The subscription of the county was received by the company. A contract for grading was made, which was commenced, and $10,500 of the bonds issued before the action below was instituted, which was in February, 1883.
The purpose of the action was to obtain a permanent injunction, restraining the commissioners from issuing the bonds of the county, in payment of the said subscription, and that another election should be ordered, if necessary. The grounds upon which this relief was asked, were — first, that the plaintiffs were the owners of over $100,000 worth of property" located in said county liable to be taxed for the payment of said bonds; second, that the subscription was illegal and void, because the act authorizing the election had not been complied with in the following particulars, to wit: (1) That the managers had not been sworn; (2) that their oaths had not been filed with the clerk; (3) that the managers had not assembled at the court house after the election, as required by section 8, supra, and, (4) that the chairman of each of said boards had not certified the result in writing to the board of county commissioners, as also required. The result of the election as above stated was not denied, nor was there any allegation of unfairness, fraud or irregularity in said election, either as to its inauguration or to its conduct, except in the particulars above stated.
The complaint having been filed, the case was presented to Judge Witherspoon at chambers, for a temporary injunction until the hearing of the cause, whereupon Judge Witherspoon issued an order requiring the defendants to show cause before him at Spartanburg on March 21 st, thereafter, why the prayer of the plaintiffs should not be granted with leave on their part to appear at any prior day, upon ten days’ notice, at the same time granting a restraining order against the defendants upon certain con[360]*360ditions. The defendants answered, and on March 6th, 1883, after due notice, a motion was made and heard before Judge Witherspoon to dissolve this injunction, who, after full investigation with voluminous affidavits on both sides, granted the motion, holding as a matter of fact, that the allegation in reference to the failure of the managers to take the oath alleged to be necessary, had not only not been sustained by the testimony, but was contradicted by positive affidavits on the part of the defendants, except as to two small precincts, which, if thrown out, would still leave a majority of votes for the subscription of over 1,000; and as to the two other alleged irregularities, to wit, of the managers not meeting at the court house, and not certifying in writing the result of the election, by the chairmen of the different boards, he held, that while not satisfactorily established, yet, if having occurred, they were nothing more than mere technical irregularities which ought not and could not affect the result, in the face of the overwhelming fact, not denied, that a large majority of the vote had sustained the subscription. He also held the plaintiffs estopped from bringing the action.
The appeal seeks to reverse the rulings of the Circuit judge, first, “ Because his Honor held that it did not appear from the pleadings and evidence that there were such fatal defects and irregularities, in the conduct of the election and making the return, as to prevent the issue of the bonds of the county.” This ground involves two questions : first, the existence of the alleged irregularities, which is a question of fact; and, secondly, if any, their effect, which is a question of law. This being a case in chancery, both of these questions are within our jurisdiction. The Circuit judge held as to the alleged irregularities, in reference to the oaths of the managers, that they were not sustained by the testimony, and therefore could not be considered as to their legal effect. Under the law governing the findings of fact by a Circuit judge when brought before this court for review, we see no cause for disturbing the finding here. Upon a careful examination of the affidavits, it will be seen that this finding is neither not without any testimony to support it nor opposed to the preponderance of the testimony. It must, therefore, be sustained, and this exception dismissed without further [361]*361■consideration, except, it may be remarked, that it is not at all ■certain that the managers under the act were required to take ■any oath.
We think that the Circuit judge might well have found, as a -matter of fact, that the other alleged irregularities had not been .sustained, because it is pretty clear from testimony that all of the requirements of section 8, as to making the returns, the meeting of the managers, counting the votes, declaring the result and making the certificate, were substantially complied with; .sufficiently so, at least, to have warranted him, in our opinion, in •dissolving the injunction upon that ground. He assumed, however, that there may have been some irregularity; he held that yet this was merely technical, and was mot of a character to invalidate the election. In this we concur. In elections the great matter is the result. When this is clearly ascertained it sweeps away all technicalities. The machinery provided should be observed, but in so far as it is not necessary to determine the result, it is directory and not mandatory. Certainly manner and form should not be allowed to defeat the undoubted will of the people •clearly expressed. This would be indeed subordinating and ■sacrificing the substance to the shadow.
There is no allegation or pretense that, had section 8 been literally and exactly complied with in its entire particularity, the majority declared would have been diminished or the ■result altered in the least. What ground then is there for complaint? There seems to be no doubt that the managers desired •and attempted to discharge the duty imposed upon them faithfully and fully as far as they understood it. It appears from 'the testimony of Mr. Kirby, the chairman of the county commissioners, that the managers met at the court house; that returns from all the precincts were received, with a tabulated .statement of the same; that at said meeting the returns were recanvassed and verified; that to the best of his recollection the returns from the different precincts were duly signed by the managers thereof, and that no question as to the correctness of ■said returns or the general result had ever been made, suggested ■or heard of until this action. Under such circumstances it is needless to refer to authorities by which to sustain the result. [362]*362Such authorities may be found, however, abundantly, in McCra.. Cont. El. §§ 123-131, 145, 175, 304, 305 and 554.
The appellants’ counsel seems to admit this, but contends that, this doctrine, while applying to political elections, yet that it does-not apply to the exercise of a taxing power. This may be true where such power is conferred to be exercised in a certain way, and according to certain prescribed forms or conditions. Where: the power is vested to be thus exercised, it is a nullity when-attempted through any other channel than that prescribed, and the authorities relied on by appellants are full to this point. Burroughs Pub. Sec. 262; Pill. Mum,. Corp., § 108; People v. Schermerhorn, 19 Barb. 558 ; Pot. Pwar. 225, note; Clark v. Crane, 5 Mich. 154; Marsh v. Chesnut, 14 Ill. 223; Heady. Insurance Company, 2 Cranch 127 and others cited in the argument of' counsel.
But that is not the character of this case. Here there is no-contention that the county commissioners exercised the power of' issuing the bonds already issued irregularly, or that they are-likely to do so as to the bonds yet to be issued. The question is, Has any power to the end of issuing the bonds at all been conferred upon them ? It is not a question of the proper exercise of a power, but it is whether a power has been created. The-legislature has declared by act that the power might be created by election by the qualified voters of the county, and the question is, Has such election been held and the result ascertained according to law? This question is a very different one from that raised by the appellant, and must be decided upon different-principles. It is a question as to the will of the people, to be heard through the ballot-box, and we think the authorities to be-found in McCrary, supra, apply.
This disposes of the case, and it is not necessary to discuss the-question of estoppel.
It is the judgment of this court that the judgment of the Circuit Court be affirmed.