Filed 9/30/13 Tri-City Healtcare Dist. v. Sterling CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
TRI-CITY HEALTHCARE DISTRICT, Consolidated Cases D059810, D059812, D059813, Plaintiff and Appellant, D059814, D059815, D059816, D060490 v. (Super. Ct. Nos. KATHLEEN STERLING, 37-2011-00052101-CU-PT-NC, 37-2011-00052069-CU-PT-NC, Defendant and Appellant. 37-2011-00052102-CU-PT-NC, 37-2011-00052103-CU-PT-NC, 37-2011-00052104-CU-PT-NC, 37-2011-00052114-CU-PT-NC, 37-2011-00052112-CU-PT-NC)
APPEALS from orders of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Richard E.
Mills, Judge. Affirmed.
Daley & Heft, Mitchell D. Dean, Scott Noya and Lee H. Roistacher; Horvitz &
Levy, David S. Ettinger, Mitchell C. Tilner and Jeremy B. Rosen; Procopio, Cory
Hargreaves & Savitch, Evelyn F. Heidelberg and Gregory V. Moser, for Plaintiff and
Appellant Tri-City Healthcare District. Spiegel Liao & Kagay and Charles M. Kagay; The McMillan Law Firm, Scott A.
McMillan and Evan Kalooky for Defendant and Appellant Kathleen Sterling.
Tri-City Healthcare District (Tri-City) petitioned for protective orders against
Kathleen Sterling, an elected Tri-City board member, alleging the protective orders were
necessary to prevent Sterling from committing workplace violence against specified
individuals. (Code Civ. Proc.,1 § 527.8.) After a four-day evidentiary hearing, the court
denied the petitions, finding Tri-City did not meet its burden to satisfy the required
statutory elements for the protective orders. The court later denied Sterling's attorney
fees motion brought under the private attorney general statute. (§ 1021.5.)
Both parties appeal. Challenging the denial of its section 527.8 petitions, Tri-City
contends the court applied incorrect legal standards and erred in sustaining Sterling's
hearsay objection to a security officer's written report. We find no prejudicial error and
affirm the court's orders. In her cross-appeal, Sterling contends the court erred in
denying her attorney fees motion because her successful defense of the petitions
vindicated an important right affecting the public interest and conferred a substantial
benefit on the general public. We determine the court properly applied applicable law
and did not abuse its discretion in rejecting these arguments.
1 Statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure, unless otherwise specified.
2 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
Background
Tri-City is a subdivision of the state and operates a hospital in Oceanside. The
hospital is governed by a publicly elected board of directors (the Board). At all relevant
times, Sterling was an elected member of the Board.
In March 2011, Tri-City filed section 527.8 petitions seeking to enjoin Sterling
from having any further contact with eight specified individuals, alleging Sterling had a
history of disruptive behavior and her conduct had recently escalated to include physical
assaults on Tri-City security personnel at a Board meeting. The eight individuals were:
(1) Tri-City's independent security officer Richard Crooks; (2) Tri-City's chief executive
officer Larry Anderson; (3) Tri-City's in-house counsel Matthew Soskins; and (4) five
Board members: RoseMarie Reno, Charlene Anderson, George Coulter, Dan Stein, and
Alexander Yu. Tri-City later withdrew the petitions for Board members Stein and Yu.
We shall refer to the six remaining individuals as petitioners.
Shortly after granting temporary restraining orders, the court held an evidentiary
hearing on Tri-City's request for permanent (three-year) restraining orders. During the
hearing, Tri-City presented the testimony of the six petitioners and one other percipient
witness. Although Tri-City's director of security (Craig Lawyer) claimed to have been
injured by Sterling's conduct, Tri-City did not call him to testify. In her defense, Sterling
testified at length and also called various character witnesses and a private investigator
who witnessed some of the relevant events.
3 The following summarizes the evidence presented at the section 527.8 hearing.
Except where the trial court indicated otherwise, we view the relevant evidence in the
light most favorable to the prevailing party (Sterling) and assume all credibility disputes
were resolved in Sterling's favor. (USS-Posco Industries v. Edwards (2003) 111
Cal.App.4th 436, 444 (USS-Posco).) When relevant to the prejudice analysis, we will
include a discussion of the evidence presented by Tri-City.2
Events Before February 24, 2011 Board Meeting
During 2009 and 2010, Sterling had numerous disagreements with other Board
members on a variety of topics related to hospital governance issues and would often
express herself in a loud, obnoxious, and disagreeable fashion. To prevent this behavior
from continuing, the Board imposed a series of censures and sanctions on Sterling that
ultimately required her to participate in Board meetings through telephonic means while
located in a separate room in a different part of the hospital. Although the issue of the
propriety of these sanctions was not before the court in the section 527.8 hearing, we
2 In its appellate briefs, Tri-City summarizes the evidence in the light most favorable to its own factual presentation, despite that the court found much of this evidence to be unreliable or "trivial and inconsequential." Tri-City argues this factual summary is appropriate because it is not challenging the sufficiency of the evidence and instead is seeking to establish prejudicial or legal error. Although we agree that prejudicial error analysis requires a review of the entire record, we find Tri-City's approach of highlighting only its own evidence to be unhelpful and arguably misleading.
4 briefly describe the sanctions here because they are relevant to understand the events
leading to Tri-City's filing of the petitions.3
In December 2010, the Board censured Sterling for her conduct at a prior Board
meeting based on the Board's claims that she: (1) "engaged in a tug of war over the
closing of the door with [another Board member]"; (2) called other directors a " 'bunch of
F***ers' " and " 'Nazis' "; and (3) refused to leave the closed session after the Board
determined she had a conflict of interest and could not participate. Although Sterling
denied these allegations, the Board found the allegations true and that Sterling was
"unprofessional, disruptive and violated the Board's standards and policies."
The next month, on January 27, 2011, the Board again voted to publicly censure
Sterling for conduct at a prior Board meeting. This alleged conduct included Sterling
interrupting colleagues without being properly recognized, falsely accusing her
colleagues of Brown Act violations, and again referring to her colleagues as " 'Nazis.' "
As a sanction for this claimed conduct, the Board adopted a rule barring Sterling from the
Board room for three Board meetings, but provided that she could participate in Board
meetings by using teleconference equipment in a different part of the building.
3 During the section 527.8 hearing, the trial court made clear that in resolving the section 527.8 issues, it would assume the sanctions were proper and would not decide the validity of the sanctions. We likewise assume for purpose of this opinion only that the sanctions were proper. Nothing in this opinion should be interpreted to suggest that we agree the sanctions were legally valid. 5 February 24, 2011 Board Meeting
At the next Board meeting (February 24, 2011) two incidents occurred that formed
the primary basis for Tri-City's section 527.8 petitions. Petitioners' testimony regarding
these incidents was inconsistent and contradictory, and Sterling's testimony also
conflicted with much of Tri-City's evidence. The court stated it found the testimony of
petitioner Crooks (a private independent security officer retained by Tri-City to provide
security at Board meetings) to be the most reliable, but it also credited various portions of
Sterling's testimony. We summarize the relevant events based on the evidence found
reliable by the court.
The February 24 Board meeting was scheduled to begin at 3:30 p.m. At about
3:25 p.m., Sterling attempted to enter the Board meeting room, believing the existing
sanctions orders applied only during the meetings and not before the meetings. Security
officer Crooks, however, believed the censure order barred Sterling from entering the
room before and during the Board meetings. Based on that belief, Crooks and about
three or four other security staff members (including Tri-City security director Craig
Lawyer) blocked Sterling's entrance "in an attempt to impede her forward movement,"
forming a "kind of a curtain to prevent [Sterling] from entering." Sterling, who was loud
and agitated and carrying a tape recorder, attempted to enter the room by walking around
or pushing through these individuals. However, each time she tried to enter the room, the
officers would move to block Sterling. Sterling denied that she hit anyone or bumped
anyone with her body. After she was unable to enter the room, Sterling went back to the
room with the telephonic equipment.
6 At the section 527.8 hearing, Crooks testified he did not believe Sterling was
attempting to attack the security officers, and agreed that Sterling "was just trying to get
to the other side" of the officers and into the room. When asked at the hearing whether
anyone was injured, Crooks responded: "[Security director Lawyer] had blood on his . . .
left sleeve of his dress shirt. . . . I don't know what specifically caused it, but he alleged
the injury in my presence." Many other witnesses also testified about the blood on
Lawyer's arm, but there was no other direct testimony as to what caused the blood.4
Sterling denied that she had ever touched Lawyer's arm, but acknowledged that Lawyer
claimed she was the cause of the blood.
After Sterling left the meeting hall, Soskins and Lawyer were laughing, saying
they were going to have "fun" that night and calling Sterling a "crazy" woman. The
Board meeting was then held, during which the Board adopted another censure resolution
against Sterling.
About four hours after the first incident, a second incident occurred. At that time,
the Board was about to meet in a closed session in a smaller room and Crooks was
locking the door to the room. Sterling approached the door because she wanted to notify
a Board administrative employee that her audiovisual equipment was no longer working
and Sterling wanted to ensure she could view any visual presentations made at the closed
session. Sterling testified that because she was unable to get the attention of the
responsible individuals, she began yelling the names of the administrative employee and
4 The court sustained several hearsay objections to questions as to how this injury occurred. 7 the Board chair to ensure the equipment problem would be corrected before the closed
session began.
According to Crooks's testimony, the meeting had not yet started when he was
locking the door to the meeting room. Suddenly, Sterling's right arm came over his right
shoulder. Sterling had a cell phone camera in her hand and was attempting to photograph
the occupants in the closed meeting session. When Sterling's upper arm leaned against
his back, Crooks twisted around and felt pain. Crooks later received treatment for a mild
back strain.
At the section 527.8 hearing, Crooks testified that other than the two incidents on
February 24, he had never observed Sterling to be physically aggressive and he had never
seen anyone who was frightened of Sterling. Crooks had never heard Sterling make a
threat to anyone. Crooks testified that he was not personally fearful of Sterling, but was
concerned about the safety of other individuals at Tri-City and believed Sterling
constitutes a threat of violence. Each of the other petitioners testified that based on
Sterling's prior erratic and verbally abusive behavior, he or she was fearful of Sterling,
and believed Sterling could or would physically harm them.
Board Actions Responding to Sterling's February 24 Conduct
Based on the two February 24 incidents, the Board imposed numerous additional
sanctions on Sterling, including barring her "from the main Board room for the remainder
of her term as Director" (through November 2012) and precluding her from receiving
health care and other benefits generally made available to Board members. The Board
also authorized its counsel to seek a restraining order "prohibiting . . . Sterling from
8 further retaliation against District employees." Less than two weeks later, on March 4,
Tri-City filed the section 527.8 petitions at issue here.
Court's Findings
After the parties completed the presentation of the evidence (as summarized
above), the court provided comments to guide counsel in their oral arguments. Of
particular relevance here, the court stated that the only incident that came close to the
"unlawful violence" necessary for the issuance of a section 527.8 protective order was the
second February 24 incident, but that the court was having a hard time finding petitioners
were fearful of Sterling or had an objective reason to be fearful and/or that Sterling posed
a risk of continuing violence against petitioners.
Thereafter, counsel gave their closing arguments. Tri-City's counsel focused on
Sterling's highly disruptive speech and conduct, asserting that "[Tri-City officials] have
asked nicely [for her to refrain from disruptive activities] for years and not been heard.
They stepped up to the point where they're implementing censures now because she won't
listen any other way. The censures aren't working. She won't stop until she hurts
someone. [¶] She has already proven that. She hurt Rick Crooks. He had two weeks of
back pain and treatment to recover from that. Was that a serious injury? Probably not in
the scheme of things. Was it a battery? Absolutely." Tri-City's counsel also argued:
"This was, first we're going to censure you on this and we're going to say we're going to
take away your dinner privileges. And then we're going to take away your parking
privileges. And then it's going to be your education privileges. And to the point where
they just said we have to ban you from the meeting because we can't control you."
9 During his closing arguments, Sterling's counsel asserted that the complaints
against Sterling were largely political. He also argued that Tri-City had not met its
statutory burden to prove that Sterling engaged in unlawful violence or a credible threat
of violence, and/or that Sterling would likely engage in any such acts in the future.
Counsel also urged the court to consider Sterling's testimony and conduct during the trial,
during which she followed the court's rules, demonstrated self-control, and manifested no
anger management problems.
After taking the matter under submission, the court ruled that Tri-City did not
satisfy its burden to prove by clear and convincing evidence the necessity for the
requested protective orders. Although neither party requested a statement of decision, the
court provided oral comments to explain its reasoning. First, the court made clear that it
understood it was required to follow the applicable law and summarized the law as
follows:
"[Tri-City] must show that Mrs. Sterling engaged in 'unlawful violence' or a 'credible threat of violence' towards [petitioners]. [¶] Unlawful violence is defined as assault or battery in violation of Penal Code sections 240 or 242. To be guilty of an assault, the defendant must willfully, which means on purpose, do an act that she was aware would result in touching another person in a harmful or offensive manner. To be guilty of a battery, the defendant, or respondent, technically, must willfully or on purpose touch another person in a harmful or offensive manner. The possible defenses to both crimes include accidental or inadvertent contact and contact as a result of self-defense.
"The term 'credible threat of violence' is defined as a knowing and willful statement or course of conduct that could place a reasonable person in fear of his safety and that serves no legitimate purpose. 'Course of conduct' is defined as a pattern of conduct over or during any period of time or any amount of time.'
10 "Therefore, the question before the court is whether or not Sterling violated Penal Code section 240 or 242 and/or whether she made statements or engaged in a course of conduct that would cause a reasonable person to be in fear for his safety. . . . A broad definition of [fear] is that a person must fear something meaningful or significant as opposed to something trivial or unimportant."
Applying these principles to the evidence, the court found that Sterling did not
engage in any conduct before the February 24 meeting that by itself would support the
issuance of a section 527.8 protective order, and Tri-City presented no credible evidence
that Sterling made any verbal threats "to anyone" at any time. The court explained that
although "[s]ome of the language she used was perhaps undesirable or offensive, . . .
there were no verbal threats either direct or indirect." The court also rejected Tri-City's
arguments that Sterling had engaged in "escalating aggressive conduct" or that she had
become " 'completely unhinged' " such that she no longer had control over her actions.
The court stated there was "virtually no evidence" supporting any such claims.
The court then focused on the two February 24 incidents, and specifically whether
Sterling's physical contact with Crooks during these incidents showed she had engaged in
unlawful violence and would continue to do so without a protective order. In analyzing
the first incident, the court found Sterling's conduct essentially constituted her attempt to
walk around the security officers to enter the meeting room, and although there may have
been some bumping by all parties, there was "absolutely no injury" from these contacts.
The court also stated that it believed it important that Sterling arguably had a legal right
to be in the room because the censure order referred to a prohibition during meetings.
The court concluded: "At the very worst for Sterling she committed a battery on
11 petitioner Crooks. At the very best for Sterling, Crooks committed a battery on her.
Neither person would be charged or convicted by any prosecuting agency in a criminal
case. This court cannot find by a preponderance of the evidence that Sterling committed
either an assault or a battery. Her intention was clearly to get around the guards again
before the meeting, not to come into contact with them." (Italics added.) The court also
noted that "Lawyer did not testify. Various petitioners inferred that Sterling somehow
caused his arm to bleed. There is absolutely no evidence in this trial to support that
claim."
With respect to the second incident, the court stated: "[A]ccording to petitioner
Crooks, who gave the most credible account of the event, Sterling stood behind him,
reached over his shoulder and took a photo. She touched him enough that he became
aware of her presence and instinctively pushed backwards and turned around. This
turning action caused Sterling's weight to be on his back while it was twisted. This
resulted in a minor muscle strain. [¶] The court does not believe there is proof by clear
and convincing amount that an assault or battery took place. Sterling's goal was not to
touch Crooks but to converse with Reno or with [her administrative assistant] about the
T.V. and to take a photo. More likely than not, the touching was not even intentional but
more likely careless."
TRI-CITY'S APPEAL
I. Generally Applicable Legal Principles
Section 527.8 "authoriz[es] any employer to pursue . . . an injunction on behalf of
its employees to prevent threats or acts of violence by either another employee or third
12 person." (Scripps Health v. Marin (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 324, 333 (Scripps Health).)
The Legislature enacted the statute "to address the growing phenomenon in California of
workplace violence by providing employers with injunctive relief so as to prevent such
acts of workplace violence." (Id. at p. 334; accord, Huntingdon Life Sciences, Inc. v. Stop
Huntingdon Animal Cruelty USA, Inc. (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1228, 1258.)
Specifically, section 527.8 states: "Any employer, whose employee has suffered
unlawful violence or a credible threat of violence from any individual, that can
reasonably be construed to be carried out or to have been carried out at the workplace,
may seek a temporary restraining order and an injunction on behalf of the employee and,
at the discretion of the court, any number of other employees at the workplace . . . ."
(§ 527.8, subd. (a).) At a section 527.8 hearing, the court shall "receive any testimony
that is relevant and may make an independent inquiry." (§ 527.8, subd. (j).) "If the judge
finds by clear and convincing evidence that the [defendant] engaged in unlawful violence
or made a credible threat of violence, an injunction shall issue prohibiting further
unlawful violence or threats of violence." (Ibid.) " 'Unlawful violence' is any assault or
battery, or stalking . . . , but shall not include lawful acts of self-defense or defense of
others." (§ 527.8, subd. (b)(7).) " 'Credible threat of violence' is a knowing and willful
statement or course of conduct that would place a reasonable person in fear for his or her
safety, or the safety of his or her immediate family, and that serves no legitimate
purpose." (§ 527.8, subd. (b)(2).) A section 527.8 protective order must be limited to a
three-year period and cannot be issued if it "prohibit[s] speech or other activities that are
constitutionally protected . . . ." (§ 527.8, subds. (c), (k)(1).)
13 A trial court's "decision to grant a permanent injunction rests within its sound
discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent a showing of a clear abuse of
discretion." (Shapiro v. San Diego City Council (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 904, 912.) When
the trial court resolves disputed factual issues and draws inferences from the presented
facts, an appellate court reviews the factual findings under a substantial evidence
standard. (Ibid.; USS-Posco, supra, 111 Cal.App.4th at p. 444.)
II. Court Applied Correct Legal Standards
Tri-City contends the court erred by applying incorrect legal standards.
Specifically, Tri-City contends the court improperly: (1) imposed a requirement that Tri-
City prove Sterling was likely to engage in unlawful violence in the future; (2) believed
Sterling's intent was relevant to a battery finding; and (3) believed the issue whether
criminal charges would be brought against Sterling was relevant to the battery analysis.
As explained below, these contentions are without merit.
A. Likelihood of Future Improper Conduct
More than 14 years ago, this court held a section 527.8 petitioning party "must
establish by clear and convincing evidence not only that a defendant engaged in unlawful
violence or made credible threats of violence, but also that . . . [there exists a] reasonable
probability unlawful violence will occur in the future." (Scripps Health, supra, 72
Cal.App.4th at p. 335.) We explained that although this specific requirement is not
expressly contained in the statutory language, "it is quite clear the Legislature intended to
provide employers with the remedy of injunctive relief to protect their employees by
preventing unlawful violence where it is reasonably likely such unlawful violence may
14 occur in the future." (Ibid., italics added.) We reasoned that because the statute requires
a showing of great or irreparable harm to obtain a temporary restraining order (§ 527.8,
subd. (e)), the Legislature must have intended the same showing to obtain a permanent
injunction. (Scripps Health, supra, at pp. 334-335.) We further found "no evidence of a
legislative intent to alter the traditional nature of prohibitory injunctive relief" which
generally requires a showing that the challenged conduct is reasonably likely to occur in
the future. (Id. at p. 335; see USS-Posco Industries, supra, 111 Cal.App.4th at pp. 442-
443.)
The court found Tri-City did not prove Sterling was likely to engage in future
violent activities. Tri-City does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support
this finding, but requests that this court "re-examine" our Scripps Health holding that the
likelihood of future violence is a required element for a section 527.8 protective order.
We decline to do so. Numerous California courts have applied and/or expressed
agreement with our statutory interpretation. (See Russell v. Douvan (2003) 112
Cal.App.4th 399, 401-404 [extending reasoning and conclusion to parallel section 527.6
protective orders]; City of Los Angeles v. Animal Defense League (2006) 135 Cal.App.4th
606, 615.) We continue to believe the analysis and reasoning of Scripps Health are
sound and find no reason to depart from our holding.
In urging us to adopt a different rule, Tri-City relies on Gdowski v. Gdowski
(2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 128. In Gdowski, the court held a protective order may issue
under the Elder Abuse Act without evidence showing a threat of future abuse. (Id. at pp.
135-137; see Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15657.03.) In reaching this conclusion, the Gdowski
15 court recognized the Scripps Health court had adopted a different rule, but found the
Elder Abuse Act permits "issuance of protective orders on a different, broader basis than
permitted under . . . sections 527.6 and 527.8." (Gdowski, supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at p.
137.) Based on differences in the language and purpose of the statutes, the court found it
appropriate to reach a different conclusion with respect to the Elder Abuse Act than was
reached in Scripps Health. (Gdowski, supra, at pp. 136-137.) Because Gdowski
interpreted a different statute, it does not support that we should abandon or alter our
prior holding.
B. Court Properly Applied Battery Law in its Unlawful Violence Analysis
Tri-City next contends the court misapplied or misunderstood the legal definition
of battery.5
Under section 527.8, a protective order shall issue if a defendant engaged in
"unlawful violence." (§ 527.8, subd. (a).) " 'Unlawful violence' is any assault or
battery . . . but shall not include lawful acts of self-defense or defense of others."
(§ 527.8, subd. (b)(7).) A battery is defined as a "willful and unlawful use of force or
violence upon the person of another." (Pen. Code, § 242.) An intent to harm is not an
element of battery; all that is required is knowledge of the relevant facts and intent to do
the act that is likely to, or does, result in the application of the wrongful force. (See
5 Sterling argues Tri-City waived this argument because it relies solely on the court's oral statements and never asked for a statement of decision. We exercise our discretion to address the argument on its merits. However, we necessarily examine the court's comments in the context in which they were made, as an informal explanation of the court's reasoning. 16 People v. Colantuono (1994) 7 Cal.4th 206, 218; People v. Lara (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th
102, 107-108.)
Relying on various statements made by the court when orally explaining its
reasoning, Tri-City contends the court erroneously believed Sterling did not commit a
battery because Sterling had a legal right to be in the Board meeting room during the first
incident and/or because she did not specifically intend to harm Crooks.
This argument is not factually supported. In its oral comments, the court set forth
the correct legal definition of battery and did not suggest it believed Sterling's right to be
in the Board room or her subjective intentions legally precluded a finding that Sterling
committed a battery. Reading the court's oral remarks as a whole and in context of its
entire explanation, the court found these facts relevant primarily in evaluating whether
the physical contact between Sterling and the Tri-City security guards was accidental or
intentional. This analysis was appropriate. A touching by accident or as a result of
reckless conduct is not a battery. (See People v. Lara, supra, 44 Cal.App.4th at pp. 107-
108; see also People v. Johnson (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 67, 72 & fn. 3.) The court's
findings that Sterling reasonably believed she had a right to be in the Board room before
the meeting and did not intend to harm anyone was relevant to the issue whether any
touching or grabbing on her part was accidental or reckless, and thus was not a battery.
In any event, even assuming the court misapplied the law of battery and thus erred
in concluding that Sterling's actions did not constitute "unlawful violence" under section
527.8, subdivisions (a)(1) and (b)(7), this error did not affect the court's additional
conclusion that Tri-City did not establish by clear and convincing evidence the second
17 element necessary to obtain a section 527.8 protective order: that Sterling was likely to
engage in similar conduct in the future. (See Scripps Health, supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 330-335.) Based on the court's implied findings that Sterling's physical contact with
the officers was inadvertent and situational and a specific response to a particular set of
circumstances unlikely to be repeated in the future, the court did not err in finding that
even if the touching technically constituted a battery, it did not support the issuance of the
requested protective orders under section 527.8.
C. Issue Whether Sterling Would Be Criminally Charged for Her Acts
Tri-City also contends the court erred by stating it was unlikely a prosecutor
would have brought charges against Sterling for criminal battery under the circumstances.
Viewed in context, this (likely accurate) observation reflects the court's conclusion that
any touching was trivial and minor and was not significant in terms of showing violence
or a threat of violence for purposes of justifying a protective order. The court's statement
about whether criminal charges would be brought against Sterling does not show the
court misapplied section 527.8 legal standards.
III. Hearsay Evidence
Tri-City additionally contends the court erred in sustaining a hearsay objection to a
written report prepared by one of its security officers, Matthew Hernandez. We find no
prejudicial error.
A. Background
During trial, Tri-City's counsel asked the court for permission to call one of its
security employees, Hernandez, for the sole purpose of authenticating his written report
18 of the first February 24 incident. In the report, Hernandez discussed in great detail his
first-hand observations of the incident, and also included statements made to him by the
other security officers. Sterling's counsel objected to the report, stating that "I'm against
hearsay statements being [admitted] . . . without the opportunity to cross-examine. If
they want to go ahead and have [Hernandez] describe what he saw or experienced, that's
fine. But as far as entering a police report, I mean, that's fundamental." In response, Tri-
City's counsel acknowledged the report was hearsay, but argued it was admissible under
the "official record" hearsay exception. The court found the exception inapplicable and
sustained Sterling's hearsay objection.
Tri-City's counsel responded that she was not going to call Hernandez as a
witness, stating: "If you're not going to admit the report then there's no reason to call
him." At that point, the court noted "Let me just say: you can have as much time as you
want. You can pursue whatever you want. But I have a pretty good idea what happened
in Incident 1 and Incident 2. The record for any appeal that either of you might have is
all there."
Several months after the trial court denied Tri-City's petitions, this court held that
a trial court properly considered hearsay evidence in ruling on a section 527.8 petition.
(Kaiser Foundation Hospitals v. Wilson (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 550, 555-558 (Kaiser
Foundation).) We reasoned that the statute's clear statement that the court shall consider
"any testimony that is relevant" (§ 527.8, subd. (j)) shows that "the Legislature intended
to permit a trial court to consider all relevant evidence, including hearsay evidence, when
deciding whether to issue an injunction to prevent workplace violence pursuant to section
19 527.8."6 (Kaiser Foundation, supra, at p. 557.) We also noted that section 527.8
hearings are "truncated" and "expedited" and a ruling may be "based on affidavits or
declarations, which are themselves a form of hearsay evidence." (Kaiser Foundation,
supra, at p. 557.) We additionally observed that a trial court, and not a jury, rules on a
section 527.8 request under a clear and convincing proof standard, and "[t]rial judges are
particularly aware of the potential unreliability of hearsay evidence, and are likely to keep
this in mind when weighing all of the evidence presented." (Kaiser Foundation, supra, at
p. 557.)
B. Legal Analysis
Both parties recognize that under Kaiser Foundation, the trial court should not
have excluded Hernandez's written report based solely on a hearsay objection. (Kaiser
Foundation, supra, 201 Cal.App.4th at p. 558.) However, Sterling argues the error was
waived and was not prejudicial. We agree.
First, Tri-City forfeited this appellate challenge because it did not seek to admit
the report on the ground that hearsay evidence is permitted in section 527.8 hearings. To
preserve an evidentiary contention for appeal, a party must have asserted the same
specific ground in the trial court. (See Evid. Code, § 353; People v. Alvarez (1996) 14
Cal.4th 155, 186; see also People v. Valdez (2012) 55 Cal.4th 82, 130.) "The purpose of
this rule is to give the trial court a concrete legal proposition to pass on, to give the
6 At the time the Kaiser Foundation decision was issued, this language was contained in section 527.8, subdivision (f). 20 opponent an opportunity to cure the defect, and to prevent abuse." (People v. Holmes
(2012) 212 Cal.App.4th 431, 436; accord, People v. Partida (2005) 37 Cal.4th 428, 434.)
Although Kaiser Foundation was not filed until after the section 527.8 hearing in
this case, the grounds for the decision were not new. As we stated in Kaiser Foundation,
the plain language of section 527.8 together with the other statutory procedural rules
permitting the introduction of declarations and affidavits plainly supported the admission
of hearsay evidence. (Kaiser Foundation, supra, 201 Cal.App.4th at pp. 556-558.) Tri-
City's failure to raise this argument with the trial court deprived the court of the
opportunity to rule on the issue.
In any event, on our review of the entire record, Tri-City did not meet its burden to
show prejudicial evidentiary error. "[E]ven where a trial court improperly excludes
evidence, the error does not require reversal of the judgment unless such error resulted in
a miscarriage of justice." (Poniktera v. Seiler (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 121, 142.) " '[A]
"miscarriage of justice" should be declared only when the court, "after an examination of
the entire cause, including the evidence," is of the "opinion" that it is reasonably probable
that a result more favorable to the appealing party would have been reached in the
absence of the error.' " (Cassim v. Allstate Ins. Co. (2004) 33 Cal.4th 780, 800.) The
appellant has the burden of demonstrating prejudice. (In re Marriage of McLaughlin
(2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 327, 337.)
Tri-City contends the court's ruling was prejudicial because Hernandez's report
contained information establishing that Sterling "had caused Lawyer's arm to bleed" and
thus that "Sterling was the 'aggressor' who attacked the security guards." On this issue,
21 the report stated that "When asked, Lawyer stated that during the situation, Sterling
grabbed his (Lawyer's) arm causing a scab to break. Lawyer explained that the scab was
from a previous injury."
However, the evidence that Lawyer claimed Sterling caused the bleeding by
grabbing his arm during the first February 24 incident was cumulative. As Tri-City
acknowledges, the court was fully aware that Lawyer had blood on his arm after the
incident. Numerous witnesses testified to this fact without objection. Further, although
the court sustained many objections regarding the cause of this injury, Sterling admitted
in her testimony that Lawyer told her that she was the cause of the blood. Tri-City's in-
house counsel (Soskins) additionally testified (without objection) that he saw Sterling
"grab" Lawyer's arm. In light of Sterling's admissions and Soskins's testimony, the court
was fully aware that Lawyer claimed that Sterling caused his injury by grabbing his arm,
which caused a scab to break and bleed. Thus, the fact that Lawyer made this same claim
to Tri-City's security officer and that the officer included this information in his report
would not have materially added to the evidence.
Additionally, Hernandez's report contained multiple levels of hearsay and thus had
obvious reliability problems. Tri-City never explained why it was necessary to rely on
this hearsay report when Hernandez was present at the hearing to testify. Despite
Hernandez's presence at the courthouse, Tri-City's counsel said she did not want to call
him to testify about the relevant events other than to authenticate the report. Further,
although Tri-City's counsel informed the court that she did not call Lawyer as a witness
because he was visiting "ill family" in North Carolina, Tri-City produced no evidence to
22 support this claim and never presented evidence that it had made reasonable efforts to
obtain his testimony. Nor did Tri-City's counsel explain why it was not also seeking a
protective order on Lawyer's behalf as he was the only person who claimed to have been
injured ("bloodied") by Sterling during the incident.
It was Tri-City's burden to show through clear and convincing evidence the factual
basis for a protective order. It is not reasonably probable the court would have reached a
different conclusion based on the hearsay-within-hearsay statements contained in
Hernandez's written report. The court found that Sterling was attempting to make her
way around the officers when she may have inadvertently bumped into, or touched, one
or more of the officers. The information contained in Hernandez's written report is
consistent with this factual scenario. Given the undisputed evidence that there was a
physical clash between Sterling and the Tri-City security officers and the court's findings
regarding Sterling's determination to walk into the room before the meeting began, the
fact that there was sufficient contact between Sterling and Lawyer to cause a scab on
Lawyer's arm to break does not necessarily show Sterling committed a violent act under
the statute or that she was likely to be violent in the future.
Tri-City repeatedly argues that if the court had considered the report, it "might
have reached a different decision because this was a close case." The argument is
unsupported by the record. The court's comment characterizing the case as "close" was
made when Tri-City rested its case, not after the court had heard all of the evidence and
argument. And even if the case was "close," Hernandez's report was unlikely to have
altered the court's conclusions.
23 STERLING'S CROSS-APPEAL
In her cross-appeal, Sterling contends the court erred in denying her motion for
attorney fees under the private attorney general statute. (§ 1021.5.)
I. Background
After prevailing on the section 527.8 petitions, Sterling sought $556,355 in
attorney fees (including a multiplier of 4) under section 1021.5. Sterling argued her
successful defense of Tri-City's petitions "resulted in the enforcement of an important
right affecting the public interest" and provided a "significant benefit" to the general
public. (Boldface omitted.) In support, she presented evidence that 33,860 individuals
had voted for her in the last Board election; she was currently in her third term and had
been a Board member for more than 10 years; and her term was scheduled to expire in
November 2012.
Sterling argued that if Tri-City had been successful in obtaining the protective
orders she would have been required "to remain at least one hundred feet away from the
public meeting room," and this restriction "would have directly prevented [her] from
exercising her freedom to speak and assemble, interacting with her constituents, and
deliberating on issues of public importance with her fellow Board members." She further
argued that "a stigma would have attached to [her], inhibiting her ability to advocate on
behalf of her constituents." She additionally claimed that her successful defense of Tri-
City's action protected her "constituents' right to be served by the representative they
selected in a democratic election." She also claimed the petitions were filed in bad faith
24 as they were frivolous and merely a vehicle to provide the Board a means to continue
excluding her from the Board meetings.
Tri-City countered that Sterling was not entitled to section 1021.5 attorney fees
because her successful defense did not change the status quo and therefore had no
practical effect. Tri-City pointed out that the Board has imposed numerous sanctions
barring Sterling from personally attending Board meetings, including requiring her to
"participate . . . only by teleconference from another room . . . more than 100 yards away,
from the main Board room." In each protective order petition, Tri-City had specifically
noted that any injunction should expressly permit Sterling "to attend Board of Directors
meetings in the facilities building conf[erence] room." Tri-City thus argued that the
"denial of the Petitions has had no impact whatsoever on the terms and conditions under
which Sterling participates in Board meetings, 'exercise[s] her freedom to speak and
assemble, interact[s] with her constituents, and deliberat[es] on issues of public
importance with her fellow Board members. . . . She remains subject to the [Board's]
sanctions, which permit her to participate in Board meetings only by teleconference from
a location more than 100 yards distant from the main Board room." Tri-City also argued
that Sterling protected only "a personal right," rather than a public benefit.
After a hearing, the court denied Sterling's motion. The court found Sterling did
not meet her burden to establish each of section 1021.5's statutory elements, including
that her successful defense "conferred a significant benefit on the general public" and that
it vindicated "an important right affecting the public interest." In reaching these
conclusions, the court agreed with Tri-City's argument that even if Tri-City had been
25 successful in obtaining the protective orders, the orders would not have had a significant
effect on Sterling's ability to represent her constituents because she was subject to the
same or similar limitations under the Board's sanctions/censure orders.
II. Applicable Legal Principles
Under section 1021.5, " 'the court may award attorney fees to a "successful party"
in any action that "has resulted in the enforcement of an important right affecting the
public interest if: (a) a significant benefit, whether pecuniary or nonpecuniary, has been
conferred on the general public or a large class of persons, (b) the necessity and financial
burden of private enforcement are such as to make the award appropriate, and (c) such
fees should not in the interest of justice be paid out of the recovery, if any.". . .' "
(Graham v. DaimlerChrysler Corp. (2004) 34 Cal.4th 553, 565.) Both prevailing
plaintiffs and prevailing defendants are entitled to attorney fees upon a proper showing.
(Environmental Protection Information Center v. Department of Forestry and Fire
Protection (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 217, 231-232; DiPirro v. Bondo Corp. (2007) 153
Cal.App.4th 150, 199 (DiPirro).)
"Whether the applicant for attorney fees has proved [each of] section 1021.5's
elements is a matter primarily vested in the trial court." (Wal-Mart Real Estate Business
Trust v. City Council of San Marcos (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 614, 620.) " ' " 'The trial
court is to assess the litigation realistically and determine from a practical perspective
whether [the statutory] criteria have been met.' [Citation.]" [Citation.]' " (DiPirro,
supra, 153 Cal.App.4th at p. 197; Lyons v. Chinese Hospital Assn. (2006) 136
Cal.App.4th 1331, 1344.) "The trial judge is considered to be in the best position to
26 determine whether the criteria have been met, and its determinations will not be disturbed
' "unless the appellate court is convinced that it is clearly wrong." '. . . ." (County of
Orange v. Barratt American, Inc. (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 420, 441.) To demonstrate a
prejudicial abuse of discretion, " ' " 'it must clearly appear that the injury resulting from
such a wrong is sufficiently grave to amount to a manifest miscarriage of justice
. . . .' " ' " (Maria P. v. Riles (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1281, 1291.) We apply a de novo review
standard to questions of law, such as the proper interpretation of the statute to undisputed
facts. (See Connerly v. State Personnel Bd. (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1169, 1175-1176.)
III. Analysis
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Sterling did not meet
her burden to show an essential statutory predicate for obtaining section 1021.5 attorney
fees: that her successful defense conferred a significant benefit on the general public or a
large class of persons. In the proceedings below, Sterling identified the significant public
benefit as preserving her ability to adequately represent the 33,860 individuals who voted
for her in the past election. However, the court found that the lawsuit would not have had
a practical effect on her ability to represent her constituents because the protective order
would have resulted in essentially the same restrictions that were already in place based
on the current sanctions and censure orders.
This factual conclusion is fully supported by the record. Regardless of the
outcome of the lawsuit, before and after the lawsuit the sanctions orders prohibited
Sterling from attending Board meetings except through a telephonic procedure where she
27 was in a separate room from the other Board members.7 If the court found that Tri-City
proved the necessity for the protective orders, the court would be required to narrowly
tailor the order to provide Sterling with the similar opportunity to participate in Board
meetings. (See § 527.8, subd. (c) [section 527.8 "does not permit a court to issue . . . [an]
injunction prohibiting speech or other activities that are constitutionally protected"].)
On appeal, Sterling argues that the section 527.8 orders would have created
additional burdens, including that if Tri-City had been successful in obtaining the
protective orders, her political career would have been destroyed because "[it] is difficult
to see how [she] could ever meet with her constituents—let alone get re-elected—once
the public had it on the word of the court that she committed or threatened to commit
violence on others."
Assuming Sterling properly raised these issues below, they do not show the court
abused its discretion. With respect to Sterling's ability to continue to meet with her
constituents (in person or by phone or e-mail), the court had reasonable grounds to reject
this claim as speculative. With respect to the reelection issue, the court had a reasonable
basis to conclude that the record did not support that Sterling's reelection would provide
the public with a significant public benefit. Sterling's own desire to be reelected was a
personal matter. Although the public certainly has a significant interest in a free and fair
election to select its next representative, there is no showing that Sterling is the person
7 As noted earlier, in this appeal we are not addressing the propriety of the sanctions orders. (See fn. 3, ante.) With respect to attorney fees, we refer to the sanction orders only to analyze the effect of Sterling's successful defense on the existing circumstances. 28 whom the public would choose or that a protective order would have precluded a fair and
free election.
Sterling contends that when a defendant is the prevailing party, the status quo will
generally be preserved, and therefore that fact cannot be used to deny section 1021.5
attorney fees. While this may be true as a general principle, in this case it was Sterling
who identified the substantial public benefit as preventing Tri-City from ostracizing her
from Board meetings and barring her full participation as a Board member. It was in
response to this argument that the court found the lawsuit did not in fact result in these
benefits. The court's analysis was appropriate. Following applicable legal standards, the
court took a broad pragmatic approach and realistically assessed "from a practical
perspective" whether Sterling's victory made any real difference, i.e., conferred a
substantial benefit on the general public. The court decided that it did not. The court's
conclusion is reasonable and supported by substantial evidence, and therefore it is
binding on this court.8
8 We disagree with Sterling's claims that the issue is a legal question to be reviewed de novo. In determining whether a prevailing party conferred a significant benefit on the public, a court must engage in factual assessment of the results achieved and the practical effect of those results. We review the court's conclusion on this issue under an abuse of discretion standard. (See Flannery v. California Highway Patrol (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 629, 634.) 29 DISPOSITION
Orders affirmed. The parties to bear their own costs on appeal.
HALLER, J.
WE CONCUR:
HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
O'ROURKE, J.