NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 31 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
TRAVIS SCOTT KING, by and through his No. 22-15743 Guardian Ad Litem, Breanna Raymundo; BREANNA RAYMUNDO, D.C. No. 3:19-cv-07722-VC
Plaintiffs-Appellants, MEMORANDUM* v.
DEMICHAEL DEWS; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
RONALD DAVIS, Warden,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Vince Chhabria, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 10, 2023 San Francisco, California
Before: BEA, BENNETT, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.
While serving a sentence at San Quentin State Prison, Plaintiff-Appellant
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Travis Scott King was transferred to Marin General Hospital for care. King ran
from his room into the hospital hallway, and correctional officers subdued him by
pinning him to the ground until hospital staff injected him with Haldol
(Haloperidol), an antipsychotic medication. King is now permanently disabled.
On de novo review, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment for
correctional officer Defendants-Appellees. See Lemire v. California Dep’t of Corr.
& Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1074 (9th Cir. 2013). As the parties are familiar with
the facts of this case, we do not repeat them here.
First, no reasonable juror could find an Eighth Amendment violation. When
correctional officers act “to resolve a disturbance . . . that indisputably poses
significant risks to the safety of” surrounding personnel, the relevant inquiry is
“whether force was applied in a good faith effort to maintain or restore discipline
or maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm.” Whitley v.
Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 320–21 (1986) (cleaned up). In determining whether the use
of force was applied maliciously and sadistically, courts assess: “(1) the extent of
injury suffered by an inmate; (2) the need for application of force; (3) the
relationship between that need and the amount of force used; (4) the threat
reasonably perceived by the responsible officials; and (5) any efforts made to
temper the severity of a forceful response.” Martinez v. Stanford, 323 F.3d 1178,
1184 (9th Cir. 2003).
2 The first factor favors King; he was grievously injured. But the other factors
favor the correctional officers. When King ran into the hallway, he created a need
for some force, as it was the officers’ duty to prevent him from escaping custody.
See Hughes v. Rodriguez, 31 F.4th 1211, 1222 (9th Cir. 2022). In assessing how
much force to use, the officers had to balance “competing concerns” regarding
safety as they made “decisions in haste, under pressure, and . . . without the luxury
of a second chance.” Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 6 (1992) (cleaned up).
Even in the light most favorable to King, the testimony of observing witnesses
supports the officers’ use of force and their reasonable perception of a threat. One
nurse who saw King fight the officers in his hospital room testified it looked like a
“brawl” and it appeared King was trying to escape. Another hospital staff member
testified she had never seen anyone act as strangely as did King. A second nurse
who witnessed the struggle in the hospital room testified that even with the number
of people working to restrain King, he “was seemingly overpowering them.” And
when King and the officers moved to the hallway, nurses on the ward ran away to
hide in a locked room because they were afraid. One nurse testified that she felt it
was necessary to call the Marin County Sheriff’s Department because the situation
between King and the officers “had escalated” to “being an unsafe situation”
because there was an escaping inmate at the hospital.
Finally, also in the light most favorable to King, the officers tempered the
3 severity of their response. The extremely serious injuries King suffered were the
result of his being held prone on the ground during an ongoing struggle. During
the altercation (some of which is on video in the record), King was struggling and
thrashing his body in a way that caused a doctor to believe it was necessary to
prescribe the immediate intramuscular injection of Haldol. The doctor who
prescribed the Haldol did so because he felt it was an “emergency” and he was
worried that “both [King] and the staff were in an unsafe situation.” King did not
merely struggle at the beginning of his encounter with the officers; he was
struggling even as the Haldol was being administered. It was only after the
injection that King stopped thrashing, and at that point, the officers withdrew their
weight.1 Even in the light most favorable to King, the evidence shows that force
was applied in an effort to restore order in the hospital.2
1 As the district court accurately stated: “After the injection was administered, King stopped struggling, and everyone involved in the physical restraint released their hold on him.”
As the district court also accurately stated: “Prior to that time, there is no indication [the correctional officers] did anything beyond what was necessary to restore order and ensure the safety of staff and patients. No reasonable juror could infer, from the evidence presented at summary judgment, the kind of malicious intent necessary to find an Eighth Amendment violation in an emergency situation like this.” 2 For the same reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Plaintiffs-Appellants’ Fourteenth Amendment claims. See County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 (1998).
4 Second, we agree with the district court that even if summary judgment was
not proper on the issue of whether an Eighth Amendment violation occurred, the
correctional officers would be entitled to qualified immunity. Qualified immunity
applies in the Eighth Amendment excessive force context. See Hughes, 31 F.4th at
1220. Under the doctrine, “[g]overnment officials enjoy qualified immunity from
civil damages unless their conduct violates ‘clearly established statutory or
constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’” Jeffers v.
Gomez, 267 F.3d 895, 910 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S.
800, 818 (1982)). “The plaintiff bears the burden of pointing to prior case law that
articulates a constitutional rule specific enough to alert these officers in this case
that their particular conduct was unlawful.” Hughes, 31 F.4th at 1223 (cleaned
up). We may not define clearly established law at a high level of generality. See
City & Cnty. of San Francisco v. Sheehan, 575 U.S. 600, 613 (2015).
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 31 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
TRAVIS SCOTT KING, by and through his No. 22-15743 Guardian Ad Litem, Breanna Raymundo; BREANNA RAYMUNDO, D.C. No. 3:19-cv-07722-VC
Plaintiffs-Appellants, MEMORANDUM* v.
DEMICHAEL DEWS; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
RONALD DAVIS, Warden,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Vince Chhabria, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 10, 2023 San Francisco, California
Before: BEA, BENNETT, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.
While serving a sentence at San Quentin State Prison, Plaintiff-Appellant
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Travis Scott King was transferred to Marin General Hospital for care. King ran
from his room into the hospital hallway, and correctional officers subdued him by
pinning him to the ground until hospital staff injected him with Haldol
(Haloperidol), an antipsychotic medication. King is now permanently disabled.
On de novo review, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment for
correctional officer Defendants-Appellees. See Lemire v. California Dep’t of Corr.
& Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1074 (9th Cir. 2013). As the parties are familiar with
the facts of this case, we do not repeat them here.
First, no reasonable juror could find an Eighth Amendment violation. When
correctional officers act “to resolve a disturbance . . . that indisputably poses
significant risks to the safety of” surrounding personnel, the relevant inquiry is
“whether force was applied in a good faith effort to maintain or restore discipline
or maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm.” Whitley v.
Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 320–21 (1986) (cleaned up). In determining whether the use
of force was applied maliciously and sadistically, courts assess: “(1) the extent of
injury suffered by an inmate; (2) the need for application of force; (3) the
relationship between that need and the amount of force used; (4) the threat
reasonably perceived by the responsible officials; and (5) any efforts made to
temper the severity of a forceful response.” Martinez v. Stanford, 323 F.3d 1178,
1184 (9th Cir. 2003).
2 The first factor favors King; he was grievously injured. But the other factors
favor the correctional officers. When King ran into the hallway, he created a need
for some force, as it was the officers’ duty to prevent him from escaping custody.
See Hughes v. Rodriguez, 31 F.4th 1211, 1222 (9th Cir. 2022). In assessing how
much force to use, the officers had to balance “competing concerns” regarding
safety as they made “decisions in haste, under pressure, and . . . without the luxury
of a second chance.” Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 6 (1992) (cleaned up).
Even in the light most favorable to King, the testimony of observing witnesses
supports the officers’ use of force and their reasonable perception of a threat. One
nurse who saw King fight the officers in his hospital room testified it looked like a
“brawl” and it appeared King was trying to escape. Another hospital staff member
testified she had never seen anyone act as strangely as did King. A second nurse
who witnessed the struggle in the hospital room testified that even with the number
of people working to restrain King, he “was seemingly overpowering them.” And
when King and the officers moved to the hallway, nurses on the ward ran away to
hide in a locked room because they were afraid. One nurse testified that she felt it
was necessary to call the Marin County Sheriff’s Department because the situation
between King and the officers “had escalated” to “being an unsafe situation”
because there was an escaping inmate at the hospital.
Finally, also in the light most favorable to King, the officers tempered the
3 severity of their response. The extremely serious injuries King suffered were the
result of his being held prone on the ground during an ongoing struggle. During
the altercation (some of which is on video in the record), King was struggling and
thrashing his body in a way that caused a doctor to believe it was necessary to
prescribe the immediate intramuscular injection of Haldol. The doctor who
prescribed the Haldol did so because he felt it was an “emergency” and he was
worried that “both [King] and the staff were in an unsafe situation.” King did not
merely struggle at the beginning of his encounter with the officers; he was
struggling even as the Haldol was being administered. It was only after the
injection that King stopped thrashing, and at that point, the officers withdrew their
weight.1 Even in the light most favorable to King, the evidence shows that force
was applied in an effort to restore order in the hospital.2
1 As the district court accurately stated: “After the injection was administered, King stopped struggling, and everyone involved in the physical restraint released their hold on him.”
As the district court also accurately stated: “Prior to that time, there is no indication [the correctional officers] did anything beyond what was necessary to restore order and ensure the safety of staff and patients. No reasonable juror could infer, from the evidence presented at summary judgment, the kind of malicious intent necessary to find an Eighth Amendment violation in an emergency situation like this.” 2 For the same reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Plaintiffs-Appellants’ Fourteenth Amendment claims. See County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 (1998).
4 Second, we agree with the district court that even if summary judgment was
not proper on the issue of whether an Eighth Amendment violation occurred, the
correctional officers would be entitled to qualified immunity. Qualified immunity
applies in the Eighth Amendment excessive force context. See Hughes, 31 F.4th at
1220. Under the doctrine, “[g]overnment officials enjoy qualified immunity from
civil damages unless their conduct violates ‘clearly established statutory or
constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’” Jeffers v.
Gomez, 267 F.3d 895, 910 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S.
800, 818 (1982)). “The plaintiff bears the burden of pointing to prior case law that
articulates a constitutional rule specific enough to alert these officers in this case
that their particular conduct was unlawful.” Hughes, 31 F.4th at 1223 (cleaned
up). We may not define clearly established law at a high level of generality. See
City & Cnty. of San Francisco v. Sheehan, 575 U.S. 600, 613 (2015).
King has identified no Eighth Amendment case with comparable facts. And
although King need not identify a factually comparable case if the constitutional
violation was so obvious that any reasonable officer would have known they were
committing such a violation, see Taylor v. Riojas, 141 S. Ct. 52, 53 (2020), as the
district court stated, that is not the case here.3
3 “But here, it was not obvious that the officers needed to stop their bodyweight restraint of King earlier than they did. Until the injection was administered, King
5 In the light most favorable to King, there are no genuine issues of material
fact, and the district court correctly applied the relevant substantive law. See Lopez
v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1131 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc).
AFFIRMED.
continued to struggle. At that time, he was still located in the hallway of a public hospital, surrounded by medical personnel and, presumably, members of the public. And a reasonable officer in that situation could have interpreted his struggling as continued resistance, especially given that none of the observing doctors or nurses raised concerns about King’s medical condition until the officers released their bodyweight restraint.”