In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
__________________
NO. 09-18-00420-CV __________________
TRACEY DENBY, Appellant
V.
JOSEPH HERMAN AND BEAUMONT INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT, Appellees __________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 172nd District Court Jefferson County, Texas Trial Cause No. E-201,324 __________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Tracey Denby appeals from the trial court’s order granting the plea
to the jurisdiction filed by appellees, Joseph Herman and Beaumont Independent
School District (“BISD”). We affirm the trial court’s order granting the plea to the
jurisdiction.
1 BACKGROUND
Herman filed suit against Denby, seeking damages for injuries Herman
allegedly sustained when the vehicle Herman was driving collided with Denby’s
vehicle on March 16, 2016. Denby filed a counterclaim and cross-claim, in which
he added BISD as a party and asserted that at the time of the collision, Herman was
acting in the course and scope of his employment with BISD. Denby pleaded that
BISD “is a governmental entity of the State of Texas,” and that Herman and BISD
“had actual notice of the potential for litigation” because Herman “a participant” in
the collision and BISD “knew or should have known of the collision and potential
liability[.]” Denby alleged that BISD was the owner or lessor of the vehicle Herman
was driving, and that as BISD’s employee, Herman was “mandated by [BISD] to
operate under the rules, instructions[,] and guidance of [BISD], the municipal
ordinances of the City of Beaumont, Texas[,] and the laws of the State of Texas.”
Denby pleaded that Herman negligently operated the vehicle, and that BISD was
vicariously liable for Denby’s negligence and for its alleged failure to properly
instruct, supervise, and train Herman. According to Denby, Herman and BISD “had
actual notice of the potential for litigation” under the provisions of the Texas Tort
Claims Act (“TTCA”).
2 BISD and Herman jointly filed a plea to the jurisdiction, in which they
asserted that (1) Herman should be dismissed from the lawsuit under the doctrine of
official immunity because BISD had been joined as a party, and (2) all claims should
be dismissed because Denby had failed to give notice of his claim within six months
of the incident giving rise to the claim. Attached to the plea as an exhibit was a copy
of the notice provided by Denby, which was dated March 9, 2017. The notice, which
was authored by Denby’s counsel, was addressed to BISD’s superintendent, and
stated that it was placing BISD on notice that counsel represented Denby regarding
a collision that occurred between Denby and Herman on March 16, 2016, which
allegedly caused property damages and personal injuries to Denby.
The trial court signed an order granting the plea to the jurisdiction. In its order,
the trial court found that Denby could not sustain claims against both Herman and
BISD regarding the same subject matter, and that Denby failed to provide the
required notice of his claim to BISD and failed to establish that BISD had actual
notice of his claims. Denby filed this appeal.
DENBY’S ISSUES
In three issues, Denby argues that the trial court erred by granting the plea to
the jurisdiction because (1) Herman was the original plaintiff who invoked the
District Court’s jurisdiction, and Herman “filed his lawsuit prior to the date of
3 limitations[]” and Denby was therefore not required to provide notice, (2) BISD had
actual notice, and (3) the trial court granted the plea to the jurisdiction “as a sanction
for failing to provide written notice” and should have instead ameliorated the
“harshness of dismissal” by allowing the lawsuit to proceed but ordering Denby’s
counsel to take no fee. Citing Oscar Renda Contracting, Inc. v. H & S Supply
Company, Inc., 195 S.W.3d 772 (Tex. App.—Waco 2006, pet. denied) and In re
Happy State Bank, No. 02-17-00453-CV, 2018 WL 1918217 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth Apr. 23, 2018, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.), Denby maintains that an
employee “should not be allowed to escape a lawsuit that he started.”
A plea to the jurisdiction challenges the trial court’s authority to decide a case.
Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 553-54 (Tex. 2000). We review the
trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction de novo. See Tex. Dep’t of Parks &
Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004). The TTCA provides that a
governmental unit is liable for property damage and personal injury caused by the
wrongful act, omission, or negligence of an employee acting within the scope of his
employment if the alleged damages or injuries arise from the operation or use of a
motor-driven vehicle and the employee would be personally liable to the claimant
under Texas law. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.021(1).
4 The TTCA requires a plaintiff to give the governmental unit formal notice that
“reasonably describe[s]: (1) the damage or injury claimed; (2) the time and place of
the incident; and (3) the incident” no later than six months after the day the incident
giving rise to the claim occurred. Id. § 101.101(a). The notice provisions are
jurisdictional. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.034. The notice provisions do not apply
if the City has actual notice of the claimant’s injury or property damage. Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.101(c). The existence of actual notice may be
determined as a matter of law when the pertinent facts are undisputed, but it is a
question of fact when the evidence is disputed. Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. at Dallas
v. Estate of Arancibia, 324 S.W.3d 544, 549 (Tex. 2010); Tex. Dept. of Crim. Justice
v. Simons, 140 S.W.3d 338, 348 (Tex. 2004). For a governmental unit to have actual
notice, the governmental unit must have (1) knowledge of an injury or property
damage, (2) knowledge of the governmental unit’s alleged fault producing or
contributing to the injury or damage, and (3) the identity of the parties involved.
Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995). The required knowledge
includes the governmental unit’s “subjective awareness of its fault, as ultimately
alleged by the claimant, in producing or contributing to the claimed injury.” Simons,
140 S.W.3d at 347; see also City of San Antonio v. Tenorio, 543 S.W.3d 772, 776
(Tex. 2018). “A suit against a governmental employee in an official capacity is
5 effectively a suit against the employing governmental unit[.]” Garza v. Harrison,
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In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
__________________
NO. 09-18-00420-CV __________________
TRACEY DENBY, Appellant
V.
JOSEPH HERMAN AND BEAUMONT INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT, Appellees __________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 172nd District Court Jefferson County, Texas Trial Cause No. E-201,324 __________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Tracey Denby appeals from the trial court’s order granting the plea
to the jurisdiction filed by appellees, Joseph Herman and Beaumont Independent
School District (“BISD”). We affirm the trial court’s order granting the plea to the
jurisdiction.
1 BACKGROUND
Herman filed suit against Denby, seeking damages for injuries Herman
allegedly sustained when the vehicle Herman was driving collided with Denby’s
vehicle on March 16, 2016. Denby filed a counterclaim and cross-claim, in which
he added BISD as a party and asserted that at the time of the collision, Herman was
acting in the course and scope of his employment with BISD. Denby pleaded that
BISD “is a governmental entity of the State of Texas,” and that Herman and BISD
“had actual notice of the potential for litigation” because Herman “a participant” in
the collision and BISD “knew or should have known of the collision and potential
liability[.]” Denby alleged that BISD was the owner or lessor of the vehicle Herman
was driving, and that as BISD’s employee, Herman was “mandated by [BISD] to
operate under the rules, instructions[,] and guidance of [BISD], the municipal
ordinances of the City of Beaumont, Texas[,] and the laws of the State of Texas.”
Denby pleaded that Herman negligently operated the vehicle, and that BISD was
vicariously liable for Denby’s negligence and for its alleged failure to properly
instruct, supervise, and train Herman. According to Denby, Herman and BISD “had
actual notice of the potential for litigation” under the provisions of the Texas Tort
Claims Act (“TTCA”).
2 BISD and Herman jointly filed a plea to the jurisdiction, in which they
asserted that (1) Herman should be dismissed from the lawsuit under the doctrine of
official immunity because BISD had been joined as a party, and (2) all claims should
be dismissed because Denby had failed to give notice of his claim within six months
of the incident giving rise to the claim. Attached to the plea as an exhibit was a copy
of the notice provided by Denby, which was dated March 9, 2017. The notice, which
was authored by Denby’s counsel, was addressed to BISD’s superintendent, and
stated that it was placing BISD on notice that counsel represented Denby regarding
a collision that occurred between Denby and Herman on March 16, 2016, which
allegedly caused property damages and personal injuries to Denby.
The trial court signed an order granting the plea to the jurisdiction. In its order,
the trial court found that Denby could not sustain claims against both Herman and
BISD regarding the same subject matter, and that Denby failed to provide the
required notice of his claim to BISD and failed to establish that BISD had actual
notice of his claims. Denby filed this appeal.
DENBY’S ISSUES
In three issues, Denby argues that the trial court erred by granting the plea to
the jurisdiction because (1) Herman was the original plaintiff who invoked the
District Court’s jurisdiction, and Herman “filed his lawsuit prior to the date of
3 limitations[]” and Denby was therefore not required to provide notice, (2) BISD had
actual notice, and (3) the trial court granted the plea to the jurisdiction “as a sanction
for failing to provide written notice” and should have instead ameliorated the
“harshness of dismissal” by allowing the lawsuit to proceed but ordering Denby’s
counsel to take no fee. Citing Oscar Renda Contracting, Inc. v. H & S Supply
Company, Inc., 195 S.W.3d 772 (Tex. App.—Waco 2006, pet. denied) and In re
Happy State Bank, No. 02-17-00453-CV, 2018 WL 1918217 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth Apr. 23, 2018, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.), Denby maintains that an
employee “should not be allowed to escape a lawsuit that he started.”
A plea to the jurisdiction challenges the trial court’s authority to decide a case.
Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 553-54 (Tex. 2000). We review the
trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction de novo. See Tex. Dep’t of Parks &
Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004). The TTCA provides that a
governmental unit is liable for property damage and personal injury caused by the
wrongful act, omission, or negligence of an employee acting within the scope of his
employment if the alleged damages or injuries arise from the operation or use of a
motor-driven vehicle and the employee would be personally liable to the claimant
under Texas law. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.021(1).
4 The TTCA requires a plaintiff to give the governmental unit formal notice that
“reasonably describe[s]: (1) the damage or injury claimed; (2) the time and place of
the incident; and (3) the incident” no later than six months after the day the incident
giving rise to the claim occurred. Id. § 101.101(a). The notice provisions are
jurisdictional. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.034. The notice provisions do not apply
if the City has actual notice of the claimant’s injury or property damage. Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.101(c). The existence of actual notice may be
determined as a matter of law when the pertinent facts are undisputed, but it is a
question of fact when the evidence is disputed. Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. at Dallas
v. Estate of Arancibia, 324 S.W.3d 544, 549 (Tex. 2010); Tex. Dept. of Crim. Justice
v. Simons, 140 S.W.3d 338, 348 (Tex. 2004). For a governmental unit to have actual
notice, the governmental unit must have (1) knowledge of an injury or property
damage, (2) knowledge of the governmental unit’s alleged fault producing or
contributing to the injury or damage, and (3) the identity of the parties involved.
Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995). The required knowledge
includes the governmental unit’s “subjective awareness of its fault, as ultimately
alleged by the claimant, in producing or contributing to the claimed injury.” Simons,
140 S.W.3d at 347; see also City of San Antonio v. Tenorio, 543 S.W.3d 772, 776
(Tex. 2018). “A suit against a governmental employee in an official capacity is
5 effectively a suit against the employing governmental unit[.]” Garza v. Harrison,
574 S.W.3d 389, 399 (Tex. 2019). When a party sues both the governmental unit
and its employee, the employee must be immediately dismissed upon the filing of a
motion by the governmental unit. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.106(e).
Section 101.106 requires a claimant to choose between suing the governmental unit
under the TTCA and suing an employee in his individual capacity. Garza, 574
S.W.3d at 399.
The peace officer’s crash report, which is contained in the clerk’s record,
reflects that the collision giving rise to the claims occurred on March 16, 2016, and
the report indicates that Denby disregarded a red light, entered the intersection, and
was struck by the vehicle Herman was driving. The record reflects that the litigation
began as a suit filed by Herman against Denby on February 15, 2018, and on March
14, 2018, Denby filed a counter-claim and cross-claim, in which he named Herman
as a counter-defendant and added BISD as a cross-defendant.
As discussed above, for BISD to have had actual notice, BISD had to have
been subjectively aware that Denby alleged BISD produced or contributed to
Denby’s injury. See Simons, 140 S.W.3d at 347; see also Tenorio, 543 S.W.3d at
776. On this record, we conclude that the filing of a lawsuit against Denby by
Herman for Denby’s alleged negligence in disregarding a red light and striking the
6 vehicle Herman was driving did not provide BISD with actual notice of Denby’s
claims. See Simons, 140 S.W.3d at 347; see also Tenorio, 543 S.W.3d at 776. In
addition, the record reflects that Denby did not provide written notice to BISD until
March 9, 2017, which was more than six months after the collision occurred.
Therefore, Denby’s notice to BISD was untimely under the TTCA. See Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.101(a). When Denby added BISD as a cross-
defendant, dismissal of Herman upon BISD’s filing of the plea to the jurisdiction
was mandatory. See id. § 101.106(e); Garza, 574 S.W.3d at 399. Lastly, nothing in
the record indicates that the trial court’s ruling on the plea to the jurisdiction
constituted a sanction against Denby. Rather, the trial court simply applied the notice
provisions of the TTCA, which are jurisdictional. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §
311.034; Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.101(a), (c).
In Oscar Renda Contracting, which Denby cites as support for his argument
that the trial court should have allowed his suit to go forward and should not have
allowed Herman immunity, the Waco Court of Appeals addressed the issue of when
a judgment of dismissal becomes final under section 16.064 of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code. Oscar Renda Contracting, 195 S.W.3d at 772-73.
Oscar Renda Contracting did not involve the TTCA, and it does not stand for the
proposition for which Denby cites it. See id. at 773-77. Additionally, Denby’s
7 citation of In re Happy State Bank is likewise unavailing. In re Happy State Bank
involved an issue of dominant jurisdiction and venue regarding suits pending in two
counties, and it neither involves the TTCA nor stands for the proposition for which
Denby cites it. See In re Happy State Bank, 2018 WL 1918217, at *1-8. For all of
these reasons, we overrule issues one, two, and three and affirm the trial court’s order
granting the plea to the jurisdiction filed by Herman and BISD.
AFFIRMED.
______________________________ STEVE McKEITHEN Chief Justice
Submitted on October 2, 2019 Opinion Delivered January 23, 2020
Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Johnson, JJ.