Mr. Justice Walker
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This record shows that the township of Windsor, in Shelby county, iu this State, issued its bonds to the amount of $50,000 as a donation, and in aid of the construction of a railroad passing through its limits. An election was held, in pursuance of notices given, on the 7th day of October, 1869, to determine whether the donation should be made. It was held under authority conferred by the charter of the Bloomington and Ohio Fiver Bailroad Company, adopted on the 10th day of the previous March. The election resulted in favor of the donation, and the supervisor and town clerk issued the bonds, with interest coupons attached thereto, and this suit was brought on ten of these over due coupons, payable on the 1st day of January, 1878, they being for the sum of one hundred dollars each.
The action was assumpsit, and the declaration contained a count on each coupon. The defendant filed the general issue, a plea of non est factum, and five special pleas. Issue was joined on the general issue, and the plea of non est factum, on motion of the plaintiff, was stricken from the files, and a demurrer was sustained to each of the special pleas. The defendant abided by his special pleas, and went to trial on the general issue, and there was a finding and recovery for the plaintiff. Defendant thereupon removed the case to the Appellate Court, where the judgment of the circuit court was affirmed, and the defendant brings the case to this court, and assigns various errors.
• The plea of non est factum was, for obvious reasons, an improper plea in the case, and there was no error in striking it from the files.
It is assigned for error that the court sustained a demurrer to each of the special pleas. We deem it unnecessary to discuss this assignment of error, as the defendant, on the trial in the circuit court, introduced all of the evidence that would have been admissible had any of the special pleas been found to be good. Some of them, if not all, are clearly bad, and, if any are good, no more evidence would have been heard under them than was allowed on the trial under the general issue. The defendant has therefore suffered no wrong, even if the court erred in sustaining the demurrer. All the evidence heard was admissible under that issue, and pleading the facts rendered it no more admissible. It would answer no beneficial purpose, therefore, to discuss this assignment of error.
We will, however, proceed to the consideration of such of the errors assigned as seem to be material to the decision of the case. On the record presented from the Appellate Court, as it has, by affirming the judgment, found the facts, we can only consider questions of law, the statute prohibiting us from the consideration and settlement of controverted facts in the case.
In the circuit court, one of the controverted facts was whether the road was completed through the township, and the other conditions on which the donation was voted had been complied with at the time the bonds were issued. These facts were found for appellee. It was also a controverted question whether there was a proper petition presented to the town clerk to authorize him to call an election. Whether proper notices had been posted of the time and place of the "election; whether the election was held, the vote duly canvassed, and whether a majority voted for donation, and the correct result announced, were all controverted questions and found for appellee. So was the controverted question whether the supervisor executed and delivered the bonds. The controverted fact of whether the bonds.were delivered in escrow— upon condition, or absolutely—was found against appellant.
It is claimed that the circuit court erred in admitting a copy of the petition presented to the town clerk, copies of the notices of the election, given and posted by him, of the tally list, and the certificate of the result of the election by the judges and clerks of the election, and of an affidavit made by the-town clerk that he had posted the notices for thirty days before the election in three of the most public places in the township, naming them.
It is insisted that a proper foundation was not laid to admit secondary evidence, and the originals should have been produced. We think a sufficient search for the originals was proved, to show their loss. And the town clerk acting at the time, and who gave the notices, testified that he had copied correctly all of these papers in the town record book ; that he had given the notices of which they were the originals. The identity of these as copies of the originals was proved by him, and they were properly admitted in evidence.
But it is urged that the vote, as taken, did not authorize the bonds to issue. It is not contested that this township was authorized by the charter to vote the donation, but it is contended that the authority was not pursued, and the nonconformity to the requirements of the act giving the power was such as to render the bonds void.
In the case of Town of Prairie v. Lloyd, ante, p. 179, sections 8, 9 and 10, of the company’s charter, were under consideration for construction. After a careful consideration they received a construction. It therefore becomes unnecessary to repeat the reasons there presented for the conclusion there reached. It was there held, that under these sections there was power conferred on the electors of the town to vote, under the notice given, for and against the issue of such bonds, and that when the vote resulted in favor of the proposition, the vote conferred, under these sections, power to issue the bonds. The power must be considered as existing. This, then, disposes of the question whether there was power to vote for the issue of bonds, and thus bind the town for their payment when properly issued.
It is urged that the required notice was not given, and hence power to issue the bonds was not conferred by the vote. The ninth section of the charter requires the town clerk to give “the notice required by law,” and he only posted three notices, and as the law requires five to be posted for a town meeting, that this latter number was essential. We can not yield assent to this proposition. The charter did not require the vote to be taken in town meeting, but at an election in the town. The language is, that the .town clerk, on receiving the required petition, shall “immediately give the notice required by law for an election to be held by the legal voters 0f * * * such township, at the usual place of holding elections.” What is the notice required by law? The fifty-second section of the township organization law requires the town clerk to give ten days’ notice by posting printed or written notices of town meetings in three of the most public places in the township, and this was the requirement when this' election was held. It is true, the eighth section of article 4 of the act of 1861, required notices for special town meetings to be posted in five of the most public places in the township. The law, as it now stands, requires notices to be posted in but three places, for either general or special meetings. We are unable to see that this was not the notice required by law. It was not for a town meeting of either character, but was for an election to be conducted as other elections. At the annual meeting an election is held for officers by opening poll-books, receiving ballots, making tally lists, and ascertaining and certifying who is elected.
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Mr. Justice Walker
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This record shows that the township of Windsor, in Shelby county, iu this State, issued its bonds to the amount of $50,000 as a donation, and in aid of the construction of a railroad passing through its limits. An election was held, in pursuance of notices given, on the 7th day of October, 1869, to determine whether the donation should be made. It was held under authority conferred by the charter of the Bloomington and Ohio Fiver Bailroad Company, adopted on the 10th day of the previous March. The election resulted in favor of the donation, and the supervisor and town clerk issued the bonds, with interest coupons attached thereto, and this suit was brought on ten of these over due coupons, payable on the 1st day of January, 1878, they being for the sum of one hundred dollars each.
The action was assumpsit, and the declaration contained a count on each coupon. The defendant filed the general issue, a plea of non est factum, and five special pleas. Issue was joined on the general issue, and the plea of non est factum, on motion of the plaintiff, was stricken from the files, and a demurrer was sustained to each of the special pleas. The defendant abided by his special pleas, and went to trial on the general issue, and there was a finding and recovery for the plaintiff. Defendant thereupon removed the case to the Appellate Court, where the judgment of the circuit court was affirmed, and the defendant brings the case to this court, and assigns various errors.
• The plea of non est factum was, for obvious reasons, an improper plea in the case, and there was no error in striking it from the files.
It is assigned for error that the court sustained a demurrer to each of the special pleas. We deem it unnecessary to discuss this assignment of error, as the defendant, on the trial in the circuit court, introduced all of the evidence that would have been admissible had any of the special pleas been found to be good. Some of them, if not all, are clearly bad, and, if any are good, no more evidence would have been heard under them than was allowed on the trial under the general issue. The defendant has therefore suffered no wrong, even if the court erred in sustaining the demurrer. All the evidence heard was admissible under that issue, and pleading the facts rendered it no more admissible. It would answer no beneficial purpose, therefore, to discuss this assignment of error.
We will, however, proceed to the consideration of such of the errors assigned as seem to be material to the decision of the case. On the record presented from the Appellate Court, as it has, by affirming the judgment, found the facts, we can only consider questions of law, the statute prohibiting us from the consideration and settlement of controverted facts in the case.
In the circuit court, one of the controverted facts was whether the road was completed through the township, and the other conditions on which the donation was voted had been complied with at the time the bonds were issued. These facts were found for appellee. It was also a controverted question whether there was a proper petition presented to the town clerk to authorize him to call an election. Whether proper notices had been posted of the time and place of the "election; whether the election was held, the vote duly canvassed, and whether a majority voted for donation, and the correct result announced, were all controverted questions and found for appellee. So was the controverted question whether the supervisor executed and delivered the bonds. The controverted fact of whether the bonds.were delivered in escrow— upon condition, or absolutely—was found against appellant.
It is claimed that the circuit court erred in admitting a copy of the petition presented to the town clerk, copies of the notices of the election, given and posted by him, of the tally list, and the certificate of the result of the election by the judges and clerks of the election, and of an affidavit made by the-town clerk that he had posted the notices for thirty days before the election in three of the most public places in the township, naming them.
It is insisted that a proper foundation was not laid to admit secondary evidence, and the originals should have been produced. We think a sufficient search for the originals was proved, to show their loss. And the town clerk acting at the time, and who gave the notices, testified that he had copied correctly all of these papers in the town record book ; that he had given the notices of which they were the originals. The identity of these as copies of the originals was proved by him, and they were properly admitted in evidence.
But it is urged that the vote, as taken, did not authorize the bonds to issue. It is not contested that this township was authorized by the charter to vote the donation, but it is contended that the authority was not pursued, and the nonconformity to the requirements of the act giving the power was such as to render the bonds void.
In the case of Town of Prairie v. Lloyd, ante, p. 179, sections 8, 9 and 10, of the company’s charter, were under consideration for construction. After a careful consideration they received a construction. It therefore becomes unnecessary to repeat the reasons there presented for the conclusion there reached. It was there held, that under these sections there was power conferred on the electors of the town to vote, under the notice given, for and against the issue of such bonds, and that when the vote resulted in favor of the proposition, the vote conferred, under these sections, power to issue the bonds. The power must be considered as existing. This, then, disposes of the question whether there was power to vote for the issue of bonds, and thus bind the town for their payment when properly issued.
It is urged that the required notice was not given, and hence power to issue the bonds was not conferred by the vote. The ninth section of the charter requires the town clerk to give “the notice required by law,” and he only posted three notices, and as the law requires five to be posted for a town meeting, that this latter number was essential. We can not yield assent to this proposition. The charter did not require the vote to be taken in town meeting, but at an election in the town. The language is, that the .town clerk, on receiving the required petition, shall “immediately give the notice required by law for an election to be held by the legal voters 0f * * * such township, at the usual place of holding elections.” What is the notice required by law? The fifty-second section of the township organization law requires the town clerk to give ten days’ notice by posting printed or written notices of town meetings in three of the most public places in the township, and this was the requirement when this' election was held. It is true, the eighth section of article 4 of the act of 1861, required notices for special town meetings to be posted in five of the most public places in the township. The law, as it now stands, requires notices to be posted in but three places, for either general or special meetings. We are unable to see that this was not the notice required by law. It was not for a town meeting of either character, but was for an election to be conducted as other elections. At the annual meeting an election is held for officers by opening poll-books, receiving ballots, making tally lists, and ascertaining and certifying who is elected. And this was for an election, not of officers, but to determine the question submitted to their votes. The ninth section of the charter requires an election, and not a town meeting. The latter, in its proper sense, is not an election. It is a meeting for the transaction of the business of the town, the adoption of by-laws, and other matters of that character. But at an annual town meeting those engaged in it hold an election, conducted like other elections, for the town officers, and such an election was, no doubt, contemplated by the framers of the ninth section; and the number of notices therefor is all that is required by the charter. Had it required the calling of a special town meeting, then it may be five notices would have been required, but it was an election that was to be called.
It is next insisted that the supervisor and town clerk do not represent the corporate authority of the township, and the act only confers the power on the “proper corporate authority.” The expression is indefinite when applied to an organized township. The township organization law has not in terms declared what officers shall represent the corporate authority. In private corporate bodies the president is the head of the corporation, and represents its authority in the ■transaction of its business with strangers to the organization. So the. supervisor for many, purposes acts as the head or representative of the corporation. The voters, perhaps, are vested with larger powers than any of its officers, and the same is true of the board of directors of a private corporation, and yet its president is the head or representative officer.
When the charter was passed it was the duty of the supervisor, when the corporation was sued, to attend to its defence and report to the next town meeting; when the town meeting directs real estate to be conveyed, unless some other person is designated for the purpose, the conveyance shall be signed by the supervisor in his official capacity, and attested by the town clerk. He is also ■ empowered and it is made his duty to prosecute for penalties and forfeitures to the town. In suits against the'town process is required to be served on him. Thus it is seen that he is made, in all of these, and it may be other matters, the head or representative of the town. And above all he is the representative of his town in the county board, and entrusted with the interests of his town in that body. We may, therefore, conclude that he was the proper corporate authority to issue the bonds, attested by the town clerk, as it was but a ministerial act to evidence the- indebtedness voted by the electors.
. Again, in empowering townships to incur indebtedness, and issue evidence thereof, the General Assembly, in all of the great number of acts passed for the purpose, where the officers have been named to issue the bonds, havé designated the supervisor and town clerk, it is believed, iri every instance. From this action of the General Assembly we are warranted in the conclusion that they regarded these officers as the proper corporate authority to perform the act. This is almost as satisfactory as had they been specifically declared to be the “proper' corporate authority.” We must, therefore, hold that these bonds were issued'by the proper officers.
This question, as now presented, has never been before us for determination. And what has been said as to village authorities has no controlling application in this ease. Nor does the fact that it has been held that they are not the authorities the constitution has designated to incur the town indebtedness militate against the position here maintained. There is a broad difference between the creation of a debt and merely executing evidence of the debt. Whilst the voters of a town can alone create the debt, and are for that purpose the town authorities, the supervisor and town clerk may be the authorities who may issue the bonds, and such we think is the fact. In one or two cases it has been held that they are not the authorities that the General Assembly may authorize to incur a debt, but we have not held, nor did we intend to.hold, they were not the authorities to issue town bonds.
In those eases it was said that persons not elected or appointed by the voters of the corporation were not corporate authorities within the provisions of the constitution. These officers were elected by the people, and are corporate authorities.
It is also urged that, as this donation was voted before the adoption of the constitution of 1870, under the decisions of this court the holders of the bonds issued thereunder after that instrument went into effect, can not recover unless they pi’ove this election to have been held in conformity to all of the substantial requirements of the law under which it was held. Conceding this to be true in its broadest scope, still we have seen all of these requirements were found by the circuit court to have been performed, and that finding has been affirmed by the Appellate Court. And as these were contested facts we are prohibited from re-examining them, but must take them as true.
On the entire record, after a laborious examination, slightly aided by an imperfect abstract, we have found no error for which the judgment of the Appellate Court should be reversed, and it must be affirmed.
r , ,' J* ¿ Judgment affirmed.
Dickey, Ch. J.: I can not concur iu this decision. Where a defendant has interposed a special plea to which plaintiff demurred, and the demurrer has been sustained and the defendant abides by his special plea,—and where, in the same case, under an issue formed upon the plea of non-assumpsit, proofs are heard in' relation to the same facts alleged in the plea, and that issue is found against defendant, I do not think that we are to reject the confession on the demurrer by plaintiff that the facts alleged in the special plea are true. If the special plea,confessed to be true, does present a good defence to the action, defendant is entitled to judgment in bar on that plea, no matter what proceedings may be had under another plea in the same case. ISTor do I concur in the construction given to sections 8, 9 and 10 of the railroad charter. My views on that subject are given in a dissenting opinion in the case of Town of Prairie v. Lloyd, ante, p. 179.