By the Court, James, J.
The point first taken by the defendants is “that the town of Duanesburgh, as such, cannot maintain this action. The opinion of the learned judge who decided this case at special term, fully answers this point, and his opinion, in that respect, is adopted by this court.
“ The power to subscribe for rail road stock, or issue bonds for the purchase of rail road stock, or the payment of subscriptions therefor, is not one of the general powers possessed by towns. Before any such act can be done by the officers of the town, or any commissioner in its name, the power must be conferred by act of the legislature. It has been decided by the highest court of this state that such power may be granted. (The Bank of Rome v. Village of Rome, 19 N. Y. Rep. 20. Starin v. Town of Genoa, 23 N. Y. Rep. 439, 449.) Such power may be either general or special; and the legislature in granting the power, may impose as many conditions, limitations and restrictions as it shall deem proper.” In this case, the power to subscribe for stock, and issue bonds, was special. It was conditioned, 1st. That twelve or more freeholders, residents of the town, should apply to the county judge for the appointment of commissioners; 2d. The consent in writing of a majority in number and amount of the resident tax-payers of said town, that Such subscription be made and bonds issued, designating the amount. Without such application and consent, no authority to take stock and issue bonds existed; they were pre-requisites or conditions precedent. Being in excess of the ordinary and general powers of towns, no jurisdiction could be acquired [580]*580without complying with the conditions imposed; in fact, the language of the act is, that it shall be lawful to borrow money, &c. provided the consent be obtained. Persons receiving bonds issued by the towns are presumed to know the law, and bound at their peril to ascertain whether the statute authorizing their creation has been complied with. (23 N. Y. Rep. 439, 449.)
In this case no question is made as to the appointment of the commissioner, and we are therefore bound to assume that it was properly made. But it is claimed that the condition precedent, the requisite to make it lawful for the commissioner to act, viz. the consent of a majority in number and amount of the resident tax-payers, was never obtained, and that such fact.affirmatively appears from the affidavits on file.
Jenkins was appointed commissioner May 6,1861; the affidavits which it is claimed show consent were filed May 15, 1862; the subscription to the rail road stock was made, and the bonds for the same issued, after that; and the affidavits do not claim the consent of a majority of the tax-payers according to the assessment roll of 1861, the last roll preceding the subscription, but only the' consent of a majority in number and amount of the tax-payers according to the assessment roll of 1855; while the allegation that a majority of the taxpayers according to the assessment roll of 1861 have never consented, is not denied.
The statute is, that it shall be lawful for the commissioner to act, provided the consent in writing of a majority of the tax-payers appearing upon the last assessment roll shall first be obtained. What roll is meant by the term “ last assessment roll ?” Does it mean the one next preceding the first passage of the act; or next preceding the amendment, of the act; or next preceding the subscription for stock and incurring the liability ? The defendants insist that this term has reference to the roll preceding the passage of the original act; and so the special term held. If such be the right construction, then it does not seem to be denied that a majority of [581]*581the tax-payers on that roll had given their consent to this subscription.
As I have before shown, the original act authorizing towns to subscribe to the stock of the defendants, was passed in 1856, conditioned that two-thirds of the tax-payers appearing upon the last assessment roll should consent; it is to be inferred that efforts were made to obtain the consent of a sufficient number of the tax-payers under that act, and that those efforts failed. The next year, 1857, the act was amended by reducing the consent to a majority of the tax-payers, and further providing that “ in case the said consents, in whole or in part, shall have been obtained under the assessment rolls of the years 1855, or 1856, the same may be used and completed with the like effect, and shall be as valid, as if obtained under the last assessment rolls next preceding the said subscription, provided the consent subscribed shall represent a majority in amount of the said last assessment roll.
If the phrase “last assessment roll,” in the original act, had reference to the roll next preceding the j>assage of the act, then the roll of 1855 vjas meant, because the act was passed on the 31st of March, 1856. If that phrase had reference to the roll next preceding the passage of the original act, it should be held to have the same reference when used in the amended act which would there mean the roll of 1856, as the amendment was passed in April, 1857. It is true that the act of 1857 declares that “ the second section of said act is hereby amended and shall read as follows,” still such amendment, not being made to correct an error in the former act, does not relate back and take effect from the passage of the original act, but only changes the original act from the passage of the amendment. (Ely v. Holton, 15 N. Y. Rep. 595, 598.) And the legislature having by special words provided that the doings under the original act might be made available under the amended act, have declared that they did not intend the amendment should have effect anterior to its passage.
[582]*582But in my judgment the term “ the last assessment roll,” as used in both statutes, refers not to the passage of the acts, but to the time of the subscription for stock by the towns. What is it the legislature declared ? That it shall be lawful for the commissioner of the town to borrow, &c. provided the consent in writing of a majority of the tax-payers is obtained. What tax-payers ? Those who were tax-payers before the passage of the act, or those who were tax-payers when the subscription was to be made; or as in this case, the tax-payers of 1855 or 1861 ? It seems to me there can be no mistaking the meaning of the law or the intent of the body that enacted it. The intent was that the commissioner should have the consent of the tax-payers to be charged before it would be lawful for him to act. In other words, if a majority of the then property owners of the town were willing to have their estates encumbered for such purpose, and said so in writing, the commissioner might incur the debt. Such is the construction put upon the act by the legislature itself, in the last clause of section two, as amended in 1857. It says “in case the said consents, in whole or in part, shall have been obtained under the assessment rolls of 1855 or 1856,” they may be used, &c. If the term “ last assessment roll” had reference to the roll preceding the passage of the act, how happened it that consents were being obtained, according to the assessment rolls made after its passage, and why were such consents placed on a par with the consents obtained under the roll of 1855, unless upon the theory that the statute had reference to the assessment roll next preceding the subscription ?
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By the Court, James, J.
The point first taken by the defendants is “that the town of Duanesburgh, as such, cannot maintain this action. The opinion of the learned judge who decided this case at special term, fully answers this point, and his opinion, in that respect, is adopted by this court.
“ The power to subscribe for rail road stock, or issue bonds for the purchase of rail road stock, or the payment of subscriptions therefor, is not one of the general powers possessed by towns. Before any such act can be done by the officers of the town, or any commissioner in its name, the power must be conferred by act of the legislature. It has been decided by the highest court of this state that such power may be granted. (The Bank of Rome v. Village of Rome, 19 N. Y. Rep. 20. Starin v. Town of Genoa, 23 N. Y. Rep. 439, 449.) Such power may be either general or special; and the legislature in granting the power, may impose as many conditions, limitations and restrictions as it shall deem proper.” In this case, the power to subscribe for stock, and issue bonds, was special. It was conditioned, 1st. That twelve or more freeholders, residents of the town, should apply to the county judge for the appointment of commissioners; 2d. The consent in writing of a majority in number and amount of the resident tax-payers of said town, that Such subscription be made and bonds issued, designating the amount. Without such application and consent, no authority to take stock and issue bonds existed; they were pre-requisites or conditions precedent. Being in excess of the ordinary and general powers of towns, no jurisdiction could be acquired [580]*580without complying with the conditions imposed; in fact, the language of the act is, that it shall be lawful to borrow money, &c. provided the consent be obtained. Persons receiving bonds issued by the towns are presumed to know the law, and bound at their peril to ascertain whether the statute authorizing their creation has been complied with. (23 N. Y. Rep. 439, 449.)
In this case no question is made as to the appointment of the commissioner, and we are therefore bound to assume that it was properly made. But it is claimed that the condition precedent, the requisite to make it lawful for the commissioner to act, viz. the consent of a majority in number and amount of the resident tax-payers, was never obtained, and that such fact.affirmatively appears from the affidavits on file.
Jenkins was appointed commissioner May 6,1861; the affidavits which it is claimed show consent were filed May 15, 1862; the subscription to the rail road stock was made, and the bonds for the same issued, after that; and the affidavits do not claim the consent of a majority of the tax-payers according to the assessment roll of 1861, the last roll preceding the subscription, but only the' consent of a majority in number and amount of the tax-payers according to the assessment roll of 1855; while the allegation that a majority of the taxpayers according to the assessment roll of 1861 have never consented, is not denied.
The statute is, that it shall be lawful for the commissioner to act, provided the consent in writing of a majority of the tax-payers appearing upon the last assessment roll shall first be obtained. What roll is meant by the term “ last assessment roll ?” Does it mean the one next preceding the first passage of the act; or next preceding the amendment, of the act; or next preceding the subscription for stock and incurring the liability ? The defendants insist that this term has reference to the roll preceding the passage of the original act; and so the special term held. If such be the right construction, then it does not seem to be denied that a majority of [581]*581the tax-payers on that roll had given their consent to this subscription.
As I have before shown, the original act authorizing towns to subscribe to the stock of the defendants, was passed in 1856, conditioned that two-thirds of the tax-payers appearing upon the last assessment roll should consent; it is to be inferred that efforts were made to obtain the consent of a sufficient number of the tax-payers under that act, and that those efforts failed. The next year, 1857, the act was amended by reducing the consent to a majority of the tax-payers, and further providing that “ in case the said consents, in whole or in part, shall have been obtained under the assessment rolls of the years 1855, or 1856, the same may be used and completed with the like effect, and shall be as valid, as if obtained under the last assessment rolls next preceding the said subscription, provided the consent subscribed shall represent a majority in amount of the said last assessment roll.
If the phrase “last assessment roll,” in the original act, had reference to the roll next preceding the j>assage of the act, then the roll of 1855 vjas meant, because the act was passed on the 31st of March, 1856. If that phrase had reference to the roll next preceding the passage of the original act, it should be held to have the same reference when used in the amended act which would there mean the roll of 1856, as the amendment was passed in April, 1857. It is true that the act of 1857 declares that “ the second section of said act is hereby amended and shall read as follows,” still such amendment, not being made to correct an error in the former act, does not relate back and take effect from the passage of the original act, but only changes the original act from the passage of the amendment. (Ely v. Holton, 15 N. Y. Rep. 595, 598.) And the legislature having by special words provided that the doings under the original act might be made available under the amended act, have declared that they did not intend the amendment should have effect anterior to its passage.
[582]*582But in my judgment the term “ the last assessment roll,” as used in both statutes, refers not to the passage of the acts, but to the time of the subscription for stock by the towns. What is it the legislature declared ? That it shall be lawful for the commissioner of the town to borrow, &c. provided the consent in writing of a majority of the tax-payers is obtained. What tax-payers ? Those who were tax-payers before the passage of the act, or those who were tax-payers when the subscription was to be made; or as in this case, the tax-payers of 1855 or 1861 ? It seems to me there can be no mistaking the meaning of the law or the intent of the body that enacted it. The intent was that the commissioner should have the consent of the tax-payers to be charged before it would be lawful for him to act. In other words, if a majority of the then property owners of the town were willing to have their estates encumbered for such purpose, and said so in writing, the commissioner might incur the debt. Such is the construction put upon the act by the legislature itself, in the last clause of section two, as amended in 1857. It says “in case the said consents, in whole or in part, shall have been obtained under the assessment rolls of 1855 or 1856,” they may be used, &c. If the term “ last assessment roll” had reference to the roll preceding the passage of the act, how happened it that consents were being obtained, according to the assessment rolls made after its passage, and why were such consents placed on a par with the consents obtained under the roll of 1855, unless upon the theory that the statute had reference to the assessment roll next preceding the subscription ? But further, the amended act says, the consents obtained under the rolls of 1855 and 1856 may be used and completed with like effect and be as valid as if obtained under the last assessment roll next preceding the subscription, provided the amount shall represent a majority in amount of the said last assessment roll; clearly recognizing the term “ the last assessment roll” as meaning that preceding the subscription to the stock, but allowing consents previously obtained on former [583]*583assessment rolls to be used with like effect as if obtained under the roll previous to the subscription, provided such consents should represent a majority in amount on said last assessment roll, that is, the assessment roll next preceding the subscription. The term “ the said last assessment roll,” at the close of section two, by all settled rules of construction had reference to its next antecedent.
If I am right in this view, it follows that the consents required by statute to make it lawful for the commissioner to act, had not been obtained, and that it so appeared on the face of the affidavits filed. Therefore it was not lawful for the commissioner to make said subscription or issue said bonds; and the bonds are void, at least in the hands of the defendants, if not in the hands of every subsequent holder.
The proof of authority to sign for stock and issue bonds in payment, the act declared, might be by affidavit, filed in the town and county clerks’ offices. But affidavits filed for that purpose would not furnish proof of authority unless they stated facts requisite to that end. To make them proof the affidavits should show who signed, that he was a resident of the town, assessed on the roll, and the amount; if not signed personally it should state by whom signed, and the authority should be in writing and filed; if the estate of a deceased person assessed on the last roll was named, the affidavit should state who signed for the estate, and if the heirs, why; and if the representatives, why; and these papers should also state the number and amount of resident tax-payers and assessments. But the affidavits produced as the ones on file and under which the commissioner assumed to act, are unfortunately deficient in all these requisites. The affidavits are in the alternative as to whether the tax-payer, his heirs, or personal representatives, subscribed or authorized to be subscribed their consent; and if authorized, it does not state the authority, nor furnish any written evidence of it. These affidavits may be every word true, and yet not half the tax-payers named have ever given their consent. Such affidavits fall [584]*584far short of making “proof” of the fact sought to be established. Proof is the perfection of evidence; for without evidence there is no proof; although there may be evidence which does not amount to proof. The affiants are quite liberal in their verifications of conclusions, but such verifications are not proof of any fact. Proof by affidavit can only be made by a statement and verification of such facts as are requisite to establish the principal fact sought to be maintained.
The defects in the affidavits of those who undertook to obtain the requisite number of consents, are not cured by the very general and wholesale affidavit of the commissioner. He is quite liberal, but not sound, in his statements of conclusions of law; he nowhere states that any of the persons'named in the affidavits signed a consent, or authorized one to be signed, and hence his affidavit falls far short of making proof that such consents were obtained.
The next effort to cure the deficiencies in these affidavits, and make proof where none existed, is the act of 1863. That also falls short of accomplishing the design claimed for it. That statute must have a reasonable construction. It cannot be presumed the legislature intended to repeal the condition precedent imposed by the acts of 1856 and 1857; and yet if the phrase “or other defects” were to have the force claimed, it would in effect work such repeal. If the affidavits filed in. this case are so deficient of facts as not to constitute proof of consent by the tax-payers, and are not to be held void, then the commissioner might act without such consent. That such was not the intention of the law-makers appears on the face of the act itself; it is only to apply in cases where the commissioner was authorized to take stock, &c. and shall have filed his affidavits containing proof of consent, &c. and when that has been done it is declared that such proof shall not be invalidated by “ clerical and other defects;” that is clerical, or formal, or defects of like description. But not that an affidavit which contained no statement of facts, should [585]*585be held to contain the proof imposed by the several acts as a condition precedent to the commissioner’s authority to act.
[St. Lawrence General Term,
October 6, 1863.
It follows from these views, that upon the case as now presented it was not lawful for the defendant Jenkins, as commissioner of the town of Duanesburgh, to subscribe for the stock of the Albany and Susquehanna Rail Road and to issue his bonds therefor, because it is not shown that the consents of a majority in number and amount of the resident tax-payers to such acts was ever obtained; and because the affidavits on file, under which said commissioner «assumed to act, furnish no proof of such consent, but on the contrary show upon their face that the consents were not of the taxpayers required by the statutes.
The order of the special term, dissolving the temporary injunction and denying the application for an injunction until final judgment in the action, should be reversed, and an injunction order restraining the defendants until final judgment in the action, according to the prayer of the complaint, be directed to issue in the usual form and upon the usual conditions.
Potter, Bockes and James, Justices.]