STATE OF VERMONT
ENVIRONMENTAL COURT
} Town of Calais, } Plaintiff, } } v. } Docket No. 142-6-06 Vtec } Barbara Noordsij, } Defendant. } }
Decision and Order on Cross-Motions for Partial Summary Judgment
The Town of Calais brought an enforcement action against Defendant Barbara
Noordsij, asserting violations of the conditions of her zoning permit for the construction
of a barn. The Town is represented by Joseph McLean, Esq.; Defendant is represented by
David Blythe, Esq. Both parties have moved for partial summary judgment. The following
facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted.
Defendant owns property at 8598 County Road in the Town of Calais, which is
improved with a single-family house and a detached garage with an attached shed. This
location is south of the Maple Corner Village zoning district. In August of 2005, Defendant
applied for a zoning permit to construct a 20' x 30' barn on her property, oriented
diagonally to the road. The permit application included a sketch showing the nearest
corner of the barn to be 48 feet from the centerline of County Road. The Zoning
Administrator issued the zoning permit authorizing the construction of the barn as shown
on the application.
The parties do not dispute that the setback actually required under the Calais Land
1 Use and Development Regulations (Regulations) for Defendant’s property is 65 feet.
Regulations, Table 2.2(E). The Regulations state that the setback is 40 feet,1 except along
the right-of-way of three specific roadways, including “State Aid Highway #1 [County
Road] southerly of the Maple Corner Village District.” Regulations, Table 2.2(E).
In mid-December of 2005 the Zoning Administrator noticed construction equipment
on Defendant’s property. When she checked her records to determine whether a zoning
permit had been issued for the property, she realized that she had made a mistake in the
permit regarding the required setback. When she measured the setback to the barn, the
actual measurement was 41½ feet from the corner of the barn to the centerline of County
Road.
The Zoning Administrator advised Defendant of the problem on December 20, 2005;
on December 21, 2005 the Zoning Administrator again checked the site and found that
construction had continued. She proceeded to issue a Notice of Violation on December 21,
2005, citing as the violation that the barn was constructed within the 65' setback as well as
that it was constructed 6.6 feet2 closer to the centerline of County Road than the 48 feet
specified on the permit application.
Defendant filed a timely appeal of the Notice of Violation with the DRB, and also
requested a variance for the as-built location of the barn. The DRB concluded that, under
the doctrine of estoppel, “the town is barred from enforcing the 65' setback requirement”
1 Defendant asserts that she believed that the required setback was 40 feet. While in the enforcement action the parties may dispute whether this belief was reasonable or should affect any penalties that may be sought in the enforcement action, her state of mind or belief is not material to the motions now before the Court. 2 This may have been intended to refer to 6 feet, 6 inches (6' 6") rather than 6.6 feet, as the DRB decision refers to the construction of the barn 41.5' (that is, 41½ feet) from the centerline as opposed to the required 48 feet.
2 with respect to Defendant’s barn, and stated that, “[f]or the purposes of this decision the
DRB will consider that Ms. Noordsij’s barn is subject to a 40' setback requirement.” On the
other hand, the DRB upheld the portion of the NOV addressing Defendant’s construction
of the barn in a location different from the location that she represented in her permit
application. The DRB also ruled that the barn did not meet the criteria for a variance, and
therefore denied the request for a variance.
In its decision, the DRB also suggested that, given the circumstances of this matter,
“the issuance of an ‘as built’ permit . . . would seem to be in order.” Neither Defendant nor
the Town appealed the DRB decision. Instead, on March 2, 2006, Defendant’s attorney
wrote to the Zoning Administrator requesting that “in your capacity as Zoning
Administrator you issue an ‘as built’ approval of the barn structure.”
On March 9, 2006, the Zoning Administrator sent Defendant’s attorney an email,
stating that she had received his “letter of March 2, 2006 regarding Barbara Noordsij’s
Zoning Permit” and informing him that she needed to do some research on the matter, that
she would be out of town until “almost April” due to the illness of a family member, and
that she would “make every effort to come to a decision by the end of April.” On May 2,
2006, followed by a letter dated May 4, 2006, the Town’s attorney advised Defendant’s
attorney that the Town intended to commence an enforcement action; the letter offered to
discuss “any proposal that your client may have” to bring the property into compliance.
The parties do not dispute that Defendant held a valid permit to construct the barn
with a 48-foot setback; the Town does not claim that the setback should be 65 feet. That is,
as of the issuance of the permit, Defendant was authorized to construct the barn with a 48-
foot setback, due to the terms of the permit. It would have been a permitted but
nonconforming structure, because it was “improperly authorized as a result of error by the
administrative officer.” 24 V.S.A. §4303(14). Any future changes to it should have been
3 treated under §3.8(B) of the Regulations pertaining to the expansion or alteration of
noncomplying structures. In Calais, while the Zoning Administrator is not herself
authorized to approve an enlargement of a noncomplying structure, such as this one, that
would increase the degree of noncompliance, §3.8(B)(3), such an application may be made
to the DRB under §3.8(B)(4). Under that section, the DRB may approve an expansion of a
noncomplying structure, applying conditional use review under §5.3 as well as finding that
the expansion “will have no adverse effect on the public health, safety or welfare.”
The Town first argues that, since Defendant did not appeal the DRB’s decision
upholding the Notice of Violation and denying the variance, she can not now claim to have
a valid permit as a defense. 24 V.S.A. §4472(d). On the one hand, the Town is correct that
Defendant cannot now claim that she did not violate the 48-foot setback approved in her
original permit. The courts strictly construe the “broad and unmistakable language of
[§4472(d)] to prevent any kind of collateral attack on a zoning decision that has not been
properly appealed . . . .” In re Ashline, 175 Vt. 203, 207 (2003), 2003 VT 30 at ¶ 8, quoting
City of S. Burlington v. Dep't of Corr., 171 Vt. 587, 588–89 (2000) (mem.) (brackets and
emphasis in original).
On the other hand, that failure to appeal does not prevent Defendant from seeking
approval of the as-built location, that is, to bring the property into compliance in the way
suggested by the DRB in its decision, as opposed to through the injunctive relief sought by
the Town in the present enforcement action. In re Newton Enterprises, 167 Vt. 459, 462–63
(1998).
In any event, such a permit, whether it were deemed to be issued, as Defendant
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STATE OF VERMONT
ENVIRONMENTAL COURT
} Town of Calais, } Plaintiff, } } v. } Docket No. 142-6-06 Vtec } Barbara Noordsij, } Defendant. } }
Decision and Order on Cross-Motions for Partial Summary Judgment
The Town of Calais brought an enforcement action against Defendant Barbara
Noordsij, asserting violations of the conditions of her zoning permit for the construction
of a barn. The Town is represented by Joseph McLean, Esq.; Defendant is represented by
David Blythe, Esq. Both parties have moved for partial summary judgment. The following
facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted.
Defendant owns property at 8598 County Road in the Town of Calais, which is
improved with a single-family house and a detached garage with an attached shed. This
location is south of the Maple Corner Village zoning district. In August of 2005, Defendant
applied for a zoning permit to construct a 20' x 30' barn on her property, oriented
diagonally to the road. The permit application included a sketch showing the nearest
corner of the barn to be 48 feet from the centerline of County Road. The Zoning
Administrator issued the zoning permit authorizing the construction of the barn as shown
on the application.
The parties do not dispute that the setback actually required under the Calais Land
1 Use and Development Regulations (Regulations) for Defendant’s property is 65 feet.
Regulations, Table 2.2(E). The Regulations state that the setback is 40 feet,1 except along
the right-of-way of three specific roadways, including “State Aid Highway #1 [County
Road] southerly of the Maple Corner Village District.” Regulations, Table 2.2(E).
In mid-December of 2005 the Zoning Administrator noticed construction equipment
on Defendant’s property. When she checked her records to determine whether a zoning
permit had been issued for the property, she realized that she had made a mistake in the
permit regarding the required setback. When she measured the setback to the barn, the
actual measurement was 41½ feet from the corner of the barn to the centerline of County
Road.
The Zoning Administrator advised Defendant of the problem on December 20, 2005;
on December 21, 2005 the Zoning Administrator again checked the site and found that
construction had continued. She proceeded to issue a Notice of Violation on December 21,
2005, citing as the violation that the barn was constructed within the 65' setback as well as
that it was constructed 6.6 feet2 closer to the centerline of County Road than the 48 feet
specified on the permit application.
Defendant filed a timely appeal of the Notice of Violation with the DRB, and also
requested a variance for the as-built location of the barn. The DRB concluded that, under
the doctrine of estoppel, “the town is barred from enforcing the 65' setback requirement”
1 Defendant asserts that she believed that the required setback was 40 feet. While in the enforcement action the parties may dispute whether this belief was reasonable or should affect any penalties that may be sought in the enforcement action, her state of mind or belief is not material to the motions now before the Court. 2 This may have been intended to refer to 6 feet, 6 inches (6' 6") rather than 6.6 feet, as the DRB decision refers to the construction of the barn 41.5' (that is, 41½ feet) from the centerline as opposed to the required 48 feet.
2 with respect to Defendant’s barn, and stated that, “[f]or the purposes of this decision the
DRB will consider that Ms. Noordsij’s barn is subject to a 40' setback requirement.” On the
other hand, the DRB upheld the portion of the NOV addressing Defendant’s construction
of the barn in a location different from the location that she represented in her permit
application. The DRB also ruled that the barn did not meet the criteria for a variance, and
therefore denied the request for a variance.
In its decision, the DRB also suggested that, given the circumstances of this matter,
“the issuance of an ‘as built’ permit . . . would seem to be in order.” Neither Defendant nor
the Town appealed the DRB decision. Instead, on March 2, 2006, Defendant’s attorney
wrote to the Zoning Administrator requesting that “in your capacity as Zoning
Administrator you issue an ‘as built’ approval of the barn structure.”
On March 9, 2006, the Zoning Administrator sent Defendant’s attorney an email,
stating that she had received his “letter of March 2, 2006 regarding Barbara Noordsij’s
Zoning Permit” and informing him that she needed to do some research on the matter, that
she would be out of town until “almost April” due to the illness of a family member, and
that she would “make every effort to come to a decision by the end of April.” On May 2,
2006, followed by a letter dated May 4, 2006, the Town’s attorney advised Defendant’s
attorney that the Town intended to commence an enforcement action; the letter offered to
discuss “any proposal that your client may have” to bring the property into compliance.
The parties do not dispute that Defendant held a valid permit to construct the barn
with a 48-foot setback; the Town does not claim that the setback should be 65 feet. That is,
as of the issuance of the permit, Defendant was authorized to construct the barn with a 48-
foot setback, due to the terms of the permit. It would have been a permitted but
nonconforming structure, because it was “improperly authorized as a result of error by the
administrative officer.” 24 V.S.A. §4303(14). Any future changes to it should have been
3 treated under §3.8(B) of the Regulations pertaining to the expansion or alteration of
noncomplying structures. In Calais, while the Zoning Administrator is not herself
authorized to approve an enlargement of a noncomplying structure, such as this one, that
would increase the degree of noncompliance, §3.8(B)(3), such an application may be made
to the DRB under §3.8(B)(4). Under that section, the DRB may approve an expansion of a
noncomplying structure, applying conditional use review under §5.3 as well as finding that
the expansion “will have no adverse effect on the public health, safety or welfare.”
The Town first argues that, since Defendant did not appeal the DRB’s decision
upholding the Notice of Violation and denying the variance, she can not now claim to have
a valid permit as a defense. 24 V.S.A. §4472(d). On the one hand, the Town is correct that
Defendant cannot now claim that she did not violate the 48-foot setback approved in her
original permit. The courts strictly construe the “broad and unmistakable language of
[§4472(d)] to prevent any kind of collateral attack on a zoning decision that has not been
properly appealed . . . .” In re Ashline, 175 Vt. 203, 207 (2003), 2003 VT 30 at ¶ 8, quoting
City of S. Burlington v. Dep't of Corr., 171 Vt. 587, 588–89 (2000) (mem.) (brackets and
emphasis in original).
On the other hand, that failure to appeal does not prevent Defendant from seeking
approval of the as-built location, that is, to bring the property into compliance in the way
suggested by the DRB in its decision, as opposed to through the injunctive relief sought by
the Town in the present enforcement action. In re Newton Enterprises, 167 Vt. 459, 462–63
(1998).
In any event, such a permit, whether it were deemed to be issued, as Defendant
argues, or whether it were to be approved by the DRB under §3.8(B)(4), would preclude
the injunctive relief (to move or take down the portion of the barn closer than the 48-foot
setback) sought in the Town’s enforcement action, but it would not be a defense to
4 monetary penalties for that violation.
Defendant argues that, since the Zoning Administrator did not respond to her
attorney’s March 2, 2006 letter (requesting the Zoning Administrator “in [her] capacity as
Zoning Administrator” to issue as-built approval of the barn) by either approving or
denying the request, Defendant is entitled to a “deemed issued” permit pursuant to 24
V.S.A. §4448(d). That section provides that if a zoning administrator fails to act “with
regard to a complete application for a permit within 30 days, whether by issuing a decision
or by making a referral to the DRB, the permit is “deemed issued on the 31st day.”
However, as Defendant never submitted a “complete application” for the amended
permit in the as-built location, the deemed-issuance provisions of 24 V.S.A. §4448(d) were
never triggered. In order for a zoning permit to be deemed to be issued under 24 V.S.A.
§4448(d), the applicant must first have filed a “complete application.” All that was filed in
the present case was a letter requesting that the Zoning Administrator “in [her] capacity
as Zoning Administrator,” issue an as-built approval of the barn structure.
First and most importantly, the Zoning Administrator did not have authority “in
[her] capacity as Zoning Administrator,” to issue an as-built approval of the barn. Rather,
that authority is with the DRB under the specific requirements of §3.8(B)(4) of the
Regulations. Moreover, the March 2, 2006 letter failed completely to meet the application
requirements of §1.6(A) of the Regulations. Even if treated as an application for a
permitted use within the jurisdiction of the Zoning Administrator, the letter was not
submitted on the required forms, was not accompanied by the application fee, and did not
contain the required information. In particular, the letter did not contain the required plan
that “accurately depicts” the “location, footprint, and height of existing and proposed
structures and additions.” Regulations, §1.6(A)(1). Further, as the proposed amendment
5 required conditional use approval by the DRB under §3.8(B)(4), the letter also failed to
include an application “prepared and submitted in accordance with Section 5.2” as
required by §1.6(A)(2).
While the March 2, 2006 letter did request the Zoning Administrator to let
Defendant’s attorney know if she “need[ed] anything different or additional to act on this
request,” her email in response just a week later, explaining that she would be out of town
and that she would need to research the request, was sufficiently responsive to that offer;
the subsequent delay did not constitute “deliberate or negligent inaction” on the part of the
Zoning Administrator. See In re McEwing Services, LLC, 177 Vt. 38, 46 (2004), 2004 VT 53,
¶21, citing In re Fish, 150 Vt. 462, 464 (1988).
Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED that
both Motions for Partial Summary Judgment are GRANTED in part and DENIED in part,
as follows:
As Defendant failed to appeal the DRB’s decision upholding the Notice of
Violation, she cannot contest that her failure to construct the barn in the location
approved in her original permit was a violation.
As the March 2, 2006 letter was not a complete application for an amended
as-built permit within the Zoning Administrator’s “capacity as Zoning
Administrator,” her delay in acting on the request in that letter did not result in any
deemed issuance of the requested approval.
However, Defendant remains entitled to submit an application to the DRB
under §3.8(B)(4) of the Regulations for approval of the as-built location of the barn.
If that application is approved, it will be a defense to the injunctive relief sought by
the Town in its complaint, but not as to monetary penalties for the period of
violation.
6 We have scheduled a telephone conference (see enclosed notice) to discuss the
appropriate next steps in this enforcement case, including whether Defendant will be
submitting a proper application for as-built approval of the barn under §3.8(B)(4); if so,
whether any aspect of this enforcement case should be held in abeyance until that
application is ruled on; and whether mediation would be appropriate.
Done at Berlin, Vermont, this 4th day of April, 2007.
_________________________________________________ Merideth Wright Environmental Judge