Gaines, Associate Justice.—
The appellant Jane G. Torrey, joined
by her husband William Torrey, brought this suit to enjoin the sale under executions of certain lands in Taylor, Jones, and Nolan counties, and of certain lots in the town of Abilene, upon the ground that they were her separate property. The lands had been attached as the property of William Torrey in two suits brought by William Cameron & Co. and the Denton Mills and Elevator Company respectively against the firm of Torrey, Davidson & Grasscup, of which William Torrey was a member. In these two suits judgments were rendered for the plaintiffs and executions were issued directing a sale of the attached property to satisfy the judgments. It was to enjoin these sales that the present suit was brought. The trial in the lower court resulted in a verdict in favor of defendants, and judgment dissolving the injunction as to all the property described in the petition except certain lots claimed as the homestead of plaintiffs, as; to which it was perpetuated. A motion for a new trial having been filed, defendants appeared in open court and asked that the judgment be made perpetual except as to an undivided half interest in certain lots named by them, and the whole of certain other lots and two quarter sections of Blind Asylum lands—all lying in Taylor County. The judgment was amended in accordance with this request and the motion for a new trial was overruled.
The property as to which the injunction was perpetuated was that which was conveyed to Mrs. Torrey by her husband by two deeds dated respectively November 15 and December 24, 1884, and consists of an undivided half interest in fifty-seven lots and parts of lots, the whole of six lots, [587]*587all in the town of Abilene, and the two quarter sections of land above named. All of this property except the six lots last mentioned and one-of the quarter sections of the Blind Asylum lands was originally conveyed to William Torrey by John FJ. Simpson by deed dated June 1, 1883. Subsequent to this deed to Torrey, and before he conveyed to his wife, he conveyed an undivided half interest in such of the lots and land as were conveyed to him by Simpson and are involved in this controversy to one Huston. Huston on the 29th of December, 1884, conveyed his interest to Mrs. Torrey.
The effect of the verdict of the jury was to establish the invalidity of ail of the conveyances to Mrs. Torrey of this property, but since the injunction has been dissolved as to an undivided half interest in the property the judgment should be permitted to stand, provided it appears that there is no error in the proceedings of the court below which affected the question of her right to an injunction as to either half—that is to say, either as to the half interest derived from her husband or to that conveyed from Huston.
Appellees contend that the conveyances to Mrs. Torrey by her husband were fraudulent as to her husband’s creditors, and that the errors assigned to the rulings of the court upon this branch of the case are not well taken. But appellants claimed title to the half interest conveyed by the husband to the wife not alone through that conveyance. They alleged and attempted to prove that the property when purchased from Simpson was paid for with money of the separate estate of the wife, and that a resulting trust was created in her favor. The testimony to establish the trust was .given by the husband himself. It is as follows: “In February, 1883, Mr. B. F. Huston and I bought the Jno. N. Simpson interest in Abilene, specified in the deed of June 1, 1883, on the following terms, to wit: I was to furnish the money to buy the property and Mr. Huston was to make the trade and manage the property and make-sale of the same, and when the proceeds of the sale were sufficient te pay me back all the money I was out with interest on it Mr. Huston and I were to divide the remainder equally. The deed to the property was to be taken in my name. This trade was made with Mr. Simpson in February, 1883, but the deed was not made until June 1, 1883, at which time I finished paying the purchase money. The price I paid for the property was $5800 and was paid as follows: I paid $1000 cash at the time of the trade in February, 1883, of my own money, which I had on deposit at the bank at Abilene. I wrote to my wife, who was in Philadelphia at the time of the trade, and told her what I had done and requested her to protect some drafts that I had made on a Mr. Strong, a friend of my [sic].
“At the time my wife owned a cottage at Atlantic City, and she borrowed $1000 from Mr. Strong on said cottage and raised about $600,, [588]*588probably $650, by the sale of some bonds, and with the money thus raised protected my drafts, and then had $1600 or $1650 vested in the Simpson property. The balance of the purchase money for said property was paid for out of the money received from the sale of the property.”
It thus appears that when the trade was made Torrey made it in his own name and for himself and Huston; that he paid $1000 of his own money and drew drafts for $1650, which he requested his wife by letter to pay, informing her at the same time of the transaction that he had made. The wife paid the drafts. This is clearly not a case in which the wife entrusts money to her husband for investment for her own benefit or for safe keeping and he purchases property with it in his own name. Here the property was purchased before she paid the money, and she knew the purpose of the drafts was to make or cover a payment upon property which the husband had already purchased on his own account. The payment of the money at the request of the husband was a loan by the wife to him. It created the relation of debtor and creditor, and not that of trustee and cestui que trust.
There was no other testimony bearing upon this question which was entitled to consideration. Two depositions of Mrs. Torrey were taken at the instance of the plaintiffs. In the first she testified that she knew but little of the details of the business between herself and her husband; that he always acted for her in business transactions, and that she could not testify as to the details of the business. In the second she testified that since her former depositions he had furnished her with statements as to the investment of her moneys, and attached the statements to her depositions. Those statements were offered in evidence and were excluded by the court upon objection by the defendants. There was no error in excluding those statements. That the husband could not make evidence for the wife after suit brought by furnishing her a statement of the transactions between them, is quite too clear for discussion. It is necessary to say no more in order to dispose of the appellants’ first three assignments of error. The depositions of Mrs. Torrey show that she had no particular knowledge of the transactions by which the property in .controversy was acquired except that derived from information of the husband after the litigation was begun. His knowledge has already been shown by the quotation from his own testimony.
It follows from what we have said that at the time Torrey conveyed the property bought of Simpson to his wife it was community property, ■and subject to the payment of his debts. There was no evidence which authorized any other conclusion. With reference to this property, we may therefore disregard all the assignments which question the correctness of the charge of the court in regard to the trust alleged to have resulted to her from that purchase.
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Gaines, Associate Justice.—
The appellant Jane G. Torrey, joined
by her husband William Torrey, brought this suit to enjoin the sale under executions of certain lands in Taylor, Jones, and Nolan counties, and of certain lots in the town of Abilene, upon the ground that they were her separate property. The lands had been attached as the property of William Torrey in two suits brought by William Cameron & Co. and the Denton Mills and Elevator Company respectively against the firm of Torrey, Davidson & Grasscup, of which William Torrey was a member. In these two suits judgments were rendered for the plaintiffs and executions were issued directing a sale of the attached property to satisfy the judgments. It was to enjoin these sales that the present suit was brought. The trial in the lower court resulted in a verdict in favor of defendants, and judgment dissolving the injunction as to all the property described in the petition except certain lots claimed as the homestead of plaintiffs, as; to which it was perpetuated. A motion for a new trial having been filed, defendants appeared in open court and asked that the judgment be made perpetual except as to an undivided half interest in certain lots named by them, and the whole of certain other lots and two quarter sections of Blind Asylum lands—all lying in Taylor County. The judgment was amended in accordance with this request and the motion for a new trial was overruled.
The property as to which the injunction was perpetuated was that which was conveyed to Mrs. Torrey by her husband by two deeds dated respectively November 15 and December 24, 1884, and consists of an undivided half interest in fifty-seven lots and parts of lots, the whole of six lots, [587]*587all in the town of Abilene, and the two quarter sections of land above named. All of this property except the six lots last mentioned and one-of the quarter sections of the Blind Asylum lands was originally conveyed to William Torrey by John FJ. Simpson by deed dated June 1, 1883. Subsequent to this deed to Torrey, and before he conveyed to his wife, he conveyed an undivided half interest in such of the lots and land as were conveyed to him by Simpson and are involved in this controversy to one Huston. Huston on the 29th of December, 1884, conveyed his interest to Mrs. Torrey.
The effect of the verdict of the jury was to establish the invalidity of ail of the conveyances to Mrs. Torrey of this property, but since the injunction has been dissolved as to an undivided half interest in the property the judgment should be permitted to stand, provided it appears that there is no error in the proceedings of the court below which affected the question of her right to an injunction as to either half—that is to say, either as to the half interest derived from her husband or to that conveyed from Huston.
Appellees contend that the conveyances to Mrs. Torrey by her husband were fraudulent as to her husband’s creditors, and that the errors assigned to the rulings of the court upon this branch of the case are not well taken. But appellants claimed title to the half interest conveyed by the husband to the wife not alone through that conveyance. They alleged and attempted to prove that the property when purchased from Simpson was paid for with money of the separate estate of the wife, and that a resulting trust was created in her favor. The testimony to establish the trust was .given by the husband himself. It is as follows: “In February, 1883, Mr. B. F. Huston and I bought the Jno. N. Simpson interest in Abilene, specified in the deed of June 1, 1883, on the following terms, to wit: I was to furnish the money to buy the property and Mr. Huston was to make the trade and manage the property and make-sale of the same, and when the proceeds of the sale were sufficient te pay me back all the money I was out with interest on it Mr. Huston and I were to divide the remainder equally. The deed to the property was to be taken in my name. This trade was made with Mr. Simpson in February, 1883, but the deed was not made until June 1, 1883, at which time I finished paying the purchase money. The price I paid for the property was $5800 and was paid as follows: I paid $1000 cash at the time of the trade in February, 1883, of my own money, which I had on deposit at the bank at Abilene. I wrote to my wife, who was in Philadelphia at the time of the trade, and told her what I had done and requested her to protect some drafts that I had made on a Mr. Strong, a friend of my [sic].
“At the time my wife owned a cottage at Atlantic City, and she borrowed $1000 from Mr. Strong on said cottage and raised about $600,, [588]*588probably $650, by the sale of some bonds, and with the money thus raised protected my drafts, and then had $1600 or $1650 vested in the Simpson property. The balance of the purchase money for said property was paid for out of the money received from the sale of the property.”
It thus appears that when the trade was made Torrey made it in his own name and for himself and Huston; that he paid $1000 of his own money and drew drafts for $1650, which he requested his wife by letter to pay, informing her at the same time of the transaction that he had made. The wife paid the drafts. This is clearly not a case in which the wife entrusts money to her husband for investment for her own benefit or for safe keeping and he purchases property with it in his own name. Here the property was purchased before she paid the money, and she knew the purpose of the drafts was to make or cover a payment upon property which the husband had already purchased on his own account. The payment of the money at the request of the husband was a loan by the wife to him. It created the relation of debtor and creditor, and not that of trustee and cestui que trust.
There was no other testimony bearing upon this question which was entitled to consideration. Two depositions of Mrs. Torrey were taken at the instance of the plaintiffs. In the first she testified that she knew but little of the details of the business between herself and her husband; that he always acted for her in business transactions, and that she could not testify as to the details of the business. In the second she testified that since her former depositions he had furnished her with statements as to the investment of her moneys, and attached the statements to her depositions. Those statements were offered in evidence and were excluded by the court upon objection by the defendants. There was no error in excluding those statements. That the husband could not make evidence for the wife after suit brought by furnishing her a statement of the transactions between them, is quite too clear for discussion. It is necessary to say no more in order to dispose of the appellants’ first three assignments of error. The depositions of Mrs. Torrey show that she had no particular knowledge of the transactions by which the property in .controversy was acquired except that derived from information of the husband after the litigation was begun. His knowledge has already been shown by the quotation from his own testimony.
It follows from what we have said that at the time Torrey conveyed the property bought of Simpson to his wife it was community property, ■and subject to the payment of his debts. There was no evidence which authorized any other conclusion. With reference to this property, we may therefore disregard all the assignments which question the correctness of the charge of the court in regard to the trust alleged to have resulted to her from that purchase.
On 24th of October, 1884, William Torrey furnished a statement of [589]*589the assets of his firm, and of his individual assets, to William Cameron & Company, in which he rendered the property subsequently conveyed to Mrs. Torrey at a valuation largely in excess of the consideration expressed in the deeds made by him to her. While upon the stand he was cross-examined as to this statement and admitted that he made it, but stated that it was received with the understanding that it was not the cash value of the property but as its prospective value. He also testified as to the valuation of the property as set down in the statement.
Evans, the cashier of William Cameron & Co., to whom the statement was delivered, testified that when it was made he asked Torrey if the value of the real property was not too high, and that he replied that he thought not; that he had endeavored to put a fair cash valuation on the same, and had valued it in the statement at less than he would take for it. The court at the instance of defendants admitted the statement as to the values of the real estate, over the objection of plaintiffs, and this ruling is assigned as error. The bill of exceptions shows that the court admitted it as tending to impeach the testimony of William Torrey.
We think the written statement showing unequivocally the values placed upon the property by Torrey at a time when it was community property under his control and before his conveyance to the wife, tended in some degree to throw discredit upon his testimony that the value of the property was in fact greatly less than that shown by the writing, and tended to support the testimony of Evans as to that matter and was therefore admissible. But if the witness had fully admitted its execution and contents the writing could have added nothing to his testimony in that particular, and therefore we do not see that its admission could have operated to the prejudice of appellants. If the plaintiffs desired a charge limiting the effect of the evidence they should have asked for it.
There was evidence tending to show that the value of the property conveyed to Mrs. Torrey by her husband was largely in excess of the consideration expressed in the deed, and also that at the time of the conveyances he was indebted to her in an amount also greatly exceeding such consideration. The judge in his general charge instructed the jury in effect that the law permitted a husband who was indebted to his wife, though insolvent, to convey to her property in satisfaction of his indebtedness to her, provided no more was conveyed than was reasonably required to pay such debt, although the effect of such transfer was to hinder and delay other creditors, but also added the following:
“But if on the other hand you find that Wm. Torrey, being indebted to his wife in a large amount, agreed to convey and did convey to his wife the lands and lots mentioned in the petition in satisfaction of a portion of said indebtedness, and if you further find that more property was conveyed to her than was reasonably required to discharge the portion of indebtedness so agreed upon, you will return a verdict for defendants as to [590]*590to the lands and lots so conveyed, as tW conveyance would he void in law.”
The following instruction requested by plaintiffs was refused:
“If at the time Wm. Torrey conveyed certain properties in dispute in this cause to Jane G. Torrey, viz., on November 15,1884, and December 24, 1884, he was indebted to her on account of her separate estate in a sum in excess of the real value of said property, she got a good title to said property.”
In the action of the court in regard to these instructions we think there was no error. If Torrey was indebted to his wife he' had' the right to convey to her property in satisfaction 'of a part of his indebtedness, provided that the value of the property conveyed did not exceed the amount so satisfied. But if the value of' the property largely exceeded the consideration expressed in the deeds, we are of opinion that the conveyance was void as to creditors, although a large indebtedness may have remained unsatisfied. The same rule applies between the husband and wife as between any other persons holding to each other the relation of debtor and creditor. The amount of the credit and the value of the property must be approximately equal. Where, as in this case, the husband has been entrusted 'with complete control of the wife’s business, including his indebtedness to and transactions directly with her, and upon the eve of failure transfers to her property in satisfaction of a part only of such indebtedness which exceeds in value the amount so'satisfied, the conveyance can not be sustained. That there is a large amount still unsatisfied, more than sufficient to cover the excess in the value of the property, can not affect the question in her favor. ' It is but an additional evidence of fraud. A wife who leaves such a transaction wholly to her husband can not be permitted to set up her ignorance of the facts in order to support its validity.
The assignment that the court erred in charging the jury that the value of the property is “what it would sell for cash in the ordinary course of trade in the manner in which property is ordinarily sold in this market,” is not well taken. The objection that the charge confined the valuation to the market of Taylor County, in which the cause was tried, seems to us hypercritical. It was not calculated to mislead.
We think the verdict as to the property originally bought of Simpson and subsequently conveyed by Torrey to his wife well supported by the evidence, and that in the judgment as to that property there is no error. There were six lots and one quarter section of land which were held subject to execution by the judgment that were not purchased of Simpson. This quarter section, Torrey testified, was bought of C. W. Merchant, and that he thought he paid his own money for it. There was no resulting trust in this, nor was there in lot 1 in block 131. Torrey testified that he traded a horse and wagon for this lot, but that his wife subsequently paid off a lien existing upon it at the time of the purchase. There is no [591]*591error in the judgment as to the land bought of Merchant or as to the lot last named. The same may be said of lot 2 in block 23, and lot 4 in block 25. We find no mention of them in the testimony except in the deeds from Torrey to his wife. The presumption is they were community property at the time of these conveyances.
But Torrey testified that lot 23 in block 7 and lot 2 in block 8 were paid for with his wife’s money, and also that he drew upon his wife’s funds to pay for lot 24 in block 7 and took the deed in his own name for the purpose of convenience in disposing of it with her consent. This evidence tended to show clearly a trust. The court correctly charged the law of resulting trusts except as to the degree of proof required in tracing the wife’s separate estate. Upon this point the following instruction was given: “ When separate property has undergone mutations and changes it is indispensable to maintain its separate character that it be clearlyund indisputably traced and identified.”
We think this was error. We do not doubt that the trust property or fund must be clearly traced—that is to say, where there have been successive transfers each link in the chain of transfers through which it is sought to establish the trust must be distinctly pointed out. It is not sufficient by proof of circumstances to raise a strong presumption that in some way not clearly shown the wife’s separate estate has passed into the property in which the trust is sought to be established. But when the train of transfer has been clearly shown we do not think that the consideration of each conveyance need be indisputably proved.
The evidence should be sufficient to produce belief in the minds of the jury that the property has been distinctly traced through all its mutations, but it need not place the question beyond dispute. The learned judge who tried the case below was probably misled by expressions found in the opinions of this court in which this question has been discussed. What may be a correct rule of evidence as announced in an opinion may not always be proper to give to a jury, though we do not mean to imply that the rule as stated in the charge was even abstractly correct.
We think it would have been proper for the court to have charged the jury as to the effect of the law of Pennsylvania, which was introduced in evidence. To charge only our own law as to the separate property of married women, without a qualification as to the law of Pennsylvania, where the plaintiffs resided before their immigration, was under the facts of this case calculated to mislead the jury.
The errors pointed out affect only the judgment as to lot 2 in block • 8, and lots 23 and 24 in block 7. If appellees see proper they may remit the judgment as to them, in which event the judgment will be affirmed. Otherwise it will be reversed and remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
Delivered April 26, 1889.