Clarke, J.:
The defendant was engaged in constructing a tunnel from Fort George southerly as a part of the rapid- transit subway in the city of New York. The tunnel was being driven through rock known as Manhattan schist. The rock was of such a character as to require support of the roof of- the tunnel. The method of - excavation, was by the use of steam drills and blasting with dynamite. When a sufficient space had been cleared, long heavy beams, called wall plates, were placed one upon each side of the. excavation, upon which, as foundations, segmental arches of heavy beams were erected about three to four feet apart.
The roof being so supported, the under half of the tunnel, until this time called the bench, was then excavated, heavy posts being placed under the wall plates, as the rock was removed, to support them and the segmental arches above. As the segmental arches [445]*445could not be placed until the wall plates were in position, and as .these could not be introduced until the rock was excavated, it is apparent that as the tunnel was driven south there was always a space where the segmental arches were not placed, which included the heading proper where the forward work was in process of accomplishment, and a space behind it where the tunnel was being enlarged sufficiently to put in the wall plates and upon them the segmental arches. At this place the roof was supported by what were called plumb posts, consisting of heavy timbers resting upon the rocky floor and 'against the roof, wedged up so as to be tight and' placed according to the judgment of those in charge of the work.
On October 24, 1903, the heading or working end of the tunnel was in this condition : A crack had been discovered in the roof beyond which and to the south three segmental arches had been placed. At about thirty feet south from the crack alluded to another crack had been discovered. At or about this crack two large plumb posts had been placed, and beyond and around a large number of other posts were in position protecting the roof above the heading proper. The immediate work at the locus in quo was the blasting out of the bench on both sides of the tunnel to permit the- extension of the wall plate beams upon which could be erected the segmental arches. There had been drilled from twenty-one to twenty-four holes about eight feet in depth, each containing about three-quarters of a pound of explosive. These holes were to be fired in three blasts, about eight holes in each blast. Sullivan was in charge of the workmen, consisting of about twenty-four men at the time in question. Everything being in readiness, the men were ordered back in the tunnel and retreated about 300 feet, and the first blast was fired.' After the blast Sullivan, with three of the drill runners, went back to connect the holes with the electric wire for the second blast. It- was discovered that the bench was covered with rock and debris from the blast, and that the two ' props or plumb posts, which had been put up in the vicinity of the southerly crack heretofore alluded to, were down, presumptively blown down by tlie blast. Sullivan made an inspection and sounded the rock with a steel bar. It was in evidence that if the rock was solid it gave a clear sound, but if disintegrated what was described as a punky sound, and that the method of testing with the steel bar was [446]*446the one commonly in use and the proper way of making such inspection. These men again retired and the second blast was fired, and again they returned to connect the holes for the last blast. There is no evidence of any sounding of the wall or roof at this time. Again they retired and the third blast was fired. There was quite a little smoke from the burning powder and they waited for about ten or fifteen minutes, the gang being about twenty-five or thirty feet further out in the tunnel than Sullivan and his immediate companions. Sullivan said, “come on, it is clear enough now,” to Reynolds, Conners and McCormick and.the electrician. There was no light at that time except ..a gasoline torch and a miner’s lamp. The electric lights had been taken down for the purpose of permitting the blasts to be fired. Sullivan, led the way. He had the. torch. They started to get the wires in shape to get light. The electrician was putting up his wires. Sullivan stood in the. center of the .bench with the miner’s torch in his hand. The bench was piled up with small broken stone from the shot from both sides meeting in the center and spreading' out. It was from six to seven feet from the bench to the roof o£ the tunnel.
Toppi, the deceased, was acting as helper for one of the drill runners named Conners upon that night. Just a few minutes before the cave-in he was seen to hang the lantern up on the rock by the timber. He was watching the electrician trying' to get his wires over the segmental arch timber. This was directly under the last of the segmental arches: There was a nail in the segmental timber' cap and the electrician was endeavoring to throw his wire over that nail. McCormick testified: “ Everybody wanted light.. I was watching him, because I had my cluster on the east side down by the drill ready to drill as soon as I could get light.” While this was going on, the men busily engaged in attempting to string the wires so as to get light enough, an enormous piece of rock from the roof, thirty feet long, some eight feet in depth, Weighing about 120 tons, fell and in its fall carried forward and down towards the south the three last segmental arches. The foreman, Sullivan, and Toppi, the administratrix’s decedent, were killed by this fall. The plaintiff having had a verdict, the defendant appeals from the ¡judgment entered thereon and from the order denying his motion for a new trial.
[447]*447Many of the questions argued we do not consider presented by the record. The ease was submitted to the jury upon the theory that Sullivan, the foreman, was the alter ego of the defendant, or a superintendent engaged in acts of superintendency for whose negligence, if such there was, the defendant was liable. We find this submission upon this theory to have been acquiesced in by the defendant and confine our examination of the case to the consideration of the question whether upon the theory presented the evidence sustains the verdict.
The question of the obligation of a master to provide a safe place for his workmen to do tlreir work, in the ordinary acceptance of the terms, is not involved because it has been frequently held- that where the workmen are engaged in making the very place in which they work the rule does not apply. A tunnel through rock blasted by dynamite is obviously not a place provided by the employer in which his laborers shall work, but the work in which they are employed creates the place itself.
The negligence alleged is not replacing the plumb posts after they had been discovered to have been blown down by the first blast, or the ordering of the men in to the work before the roof had been inspected and determined to be safe.
I-think the weight of evidence leads to the conclusion that no order had been given to the men generally to go to work; that Sullivan’s statement to his drill drivers and their helpers and the electrician to “ come on, it is clear enough now,” was for the purpose of getting the electric light going, without which nothing could be done either by way of work or inspection.
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Clarke, J.:
The defendant was engaged in constructing a tunnel from Fort George southerly as a part of the rapid- transit subway in the city of New York. The tunnel was being driven through rock known as Manhattan schist. The rock was of such a character as to require support of the roof of- the tunnel. The method of - excavation, was by the use of steam drills and blasting with dynamite. When a sufficient space had been cleared, long heavy beams, called wall plates, were placed one upon each side of the. excavation, upon which, as foundations, segmental arches of heavy beams were erected about three to four feet apart.
The roof being so supported, the under half of the tunnel, until this time called the bench, was then excavated, heavy posts being placed under the wall plates, as the rock was removed, to support them and the segmental arches above. As the segmental arches [445]*445could not be placed until the wall plates were in position, and as .these could not be introduced until the rock was excavated, it is apparent that as the tunnel was driven south there was always a space where the segmental arches were not placed, which included the heading proper where the forward work was in process of accomplishment, and a space behind it where the tunnel was being enlarged sufficiently to put in the wall plates and upon them the segmental arches. At this place the roof was supported by what were called plumb posts, consisting of heavy timbers resting upon the rocky floor and 'against the roof, wedged up so as to be tight and' placed according to the judgment of those in charge of the work.
On October 24, 1903, the heading or working end of the tunnel was in this condition : A crack had been discovered in the roof beyond which and to the south three segmental arches had been placed. At about thirty feet south from the crack alluded to another crack had been discovered. At or about this crack two large plumb posts had been placed, and beyond and around a large number of other posts were in position protecting the roof above the heading proper. The immediate work at the locus in quo was the blasting out of the bench on both sides of the tunnel to permit the- extension of the wall plate beams upon which could be erected the segmental arches. There had been drilled from twenty-one to twenty-four holes about eight feet in depth, each containing about three-quarters of a pound of explosive. These holes were to be fired in three blasts, about eight holes in each blast. Sullivan was in charge of the workmen, consisting of about twenty-four men at the time in question. Everything being in readiness, the men were ordered back in the tunnel and retreated about 300 feet, and the first blast was fired.' After the blast Sullivan, with three of the drill runners, went back to connect the holes with the electric wire for the second blast. It- was discovered that the bench was covered with rock and debris from the blast, and that the two ' props or plumb posts, which had been put up in the vicinity of the southerly crack heretofore alluded to, were down, presumptively blown down by tlie blast. Sullivan made an inspection and sounded the rock with a steel bar. It was in evidence that if the rock was solid it gave a clear sound, but if disintegrated what was described as a punky sound, and that the method of testing with the steel bar was [446]*446the one commonly in use and the proper way of making such inspection. These men again retired and the second blast was fired, and again they returned to connect the holes for the last blast. There is no evidence of any sounding of the wall or roof at this time. Again they retired and the third blast was fired. There was quite a little smoke from the burning powder and they waited for about ten or fifteen minutes, the gang being about twenty-five or thirty feet further out in the tunnel than Sullivan and his immediate companions. Sullivan said, “come on, it is clear enough now,” to Reynolds, Conners and McCormick and.the electrician. There was no light at that time except ..a gasoline torch and a miner’s lamp. The electric lights had been taken down for the purpose of permitting the blasts to be fired. Sullivan, led the way. He had the. torch. They started to get the wires in shape to get light. The electrician was putting up his wires. Sullivan stood in the. center of the .bench with the miner’s torch in his hand. The bench was piled up with small broken stone from the shot from both sides meeting in the center and spreading' out. It was from six to seven feet from the bench to the roof o£ the tunnel.
Toppi, the deceased, was acting as helper for one of the drill runners named Conners upon that night. Just a few minutes before the cave-in he was seen to hang the lantern up on the rock by the timber. He was watching the electrician trying' to get his wires over the segmental arch timber. This was directly under the last of the segmental arches: There was a nail in the segmental timber' cap and the electrician was endeavoring to throw his wire over that nail. McCormick testified: “ Everybody wanted light.. I was watching him, because I had my cluster on the east side down by the drill ready to drill as soon as I could get light.” While this was going on, the men busily engaged in attempting to string the wires so as to get light enough, an enormous piece of rock from the roof, thirty feet long, some eight feet in depth, Weighing about 120 tons, fell and in its fall carried forward and down towards the south the three last segmental arches. The foreman, Sullivan, and Toppi, the administratrix’s decedent, were killed by this fall. The plaintiff having had a verdict, the defendant appeals from the ¡judgment entered thereon and from the order denying his motion for a new trial.
[447]*447Many of the questions argued we do not consider presented by the record. The ease was submitted to the jury upon the theory that Sullivan, the foreman, was the alter ego of the defendant, or a superintendent engaged in acts of superintendency for whose negligence, if such there was, the defendant was liable. We find this submission upon this theory to have been acquiesced in by the defendant and confine our examination of the case to the consideration of the question whether upon the theory presented the evidence sustains the verdict.
The question of the obligation of a master to provide a safe place for his workmen to do tlreir work, in the ordinary acceptance of the terms, is not involved because it has been frequently held- that where the workmen are engaged in making the very place in which they work the rule does not apply. A tunnel through rock blasted by dynamite is obviously not a place provided by the employer in which his laborers shall work, but the work in which they are employed creates the place itself.
The negligence alleged is not replacing the plumb posts after they had been discovered to have been blown down by the first blast, or the ordering of the men in to the work before the roof had been inspected and determined to be safe.
I-think the weight of evidence leads to the conclusion that no order had been given to the men generally to go to work; that Sullivan’s statement to his drill drivers and their helpers and the electrician to “ come on, it is clear enough now,” was for the purpose of getting the electric light going, without which nothing could be done either by way of work or inspection. Actionable negligence consists of a failure of .duty, the omission of something which ought to have been done, or the doing of something which ought not to have been done, and the burden is laid upon the plaintiff of pointing out the particular thing so omitted or done. Here was a place known to be dangerous. The cracks in the roof had been discovered and posts had been placed to support them. It was known that those posts had been blown down, and there had been no inspection or opportunity to inspect after the last blast. If Toppi was Conner’s helper, as McCormick swears he was, and went forward and was engaged with him and the other drill drivers when they and the electrician advanced in response to Sullivan’s [448]*448statement, “ come on, it is clear enough, now,” it is obvious that he was at work under the direct orders of his superior given to the particular group of workmen of which he was a member. The question is, was it negligent, under the circumstances disclosed, where a tunnel was in such faulty, dangerous and treacherous rock as to have required plumb posts to be erected at the particular place to hold up the roof, after the explosion of three blasts, each including eight holes loaded with three-quarters of a pound of dynamite each, which had covered the bench with debris to the height of six or seven feet, and the first one of which had knocked down the plumb posts, to lead and order the men in so soon after the explosion, the tunnel full of smoke, even if we assume the sole purpose was for the work of getting the lights in condition to make an inspection, and so far that when the rock fell at the precise place where it had been propped and where the props had been blown out, the men were caught, crushed and killed thereby. It is no answer to say that Sullivan lost his own life. Many a man meets with an accident due to his own negligence. It seems to me that -a question of fact and not of law was presented. Being a question of fact, it was for the determination of the jury. Where reasonable men may differ as to the proper conclusion to be drawn from the facts shown, that conclusion is for the jury and not the court. This court cannot say upon this record that the verdict was against the evidence or against the weight thereof.
Therefore, the judgment should be affirmed, with costs to the respondent.
Patterson, P. J., Laughlin and Scott, JJ., concurred; Ingraham, J., dissented.