McGowen, J.,
delivered the 'opinion of the court.
This suit originated in the chancery court, and was based on a claim'that the complainant, Mack Williams, had paid defendant, Tonkel, one thousand one hundred ninety-six dollars and seventy cents, which was borrowed money; that the complainant had paid a rate of interest greater than twenty per cent, per annum; and that the above sum was principal and interest, which he was entitled to recover under the usury laws of the state.
Mrs. Tonkel filed a demurrer to the hill; the chancellor sustained the demurrer and ordered the canse transferred to the circuit court, which order was entered on February 8, 1926.
The circuit court convened April 5, 1926, and although the complainant was required under section 733, Hemingway’s Code, to file his declaration in the circuit court thirty days after the removal of the cause, he had not done so, hut leave of the court was granted to plaintiff to file his declaration, which was done' on that day. Defendant was allowed sixty days as of that April term within which to plead. When the November term of the court convened no pleas had been filed, and on November 8, 1926, the first day of the term of court, the presiding judge proceeded to sound the civil docket, not then calling cases for trial, but for the purpose of setting cases for. trial during that term, it being a four weeks’ term in that county. It appears that the docket had not been set under the rules of practice adopted by the commission of circuit judges and chancellors, but was being set on the first day of the term. The evidence shows that twenty-eight cases had been called and announced ready for trial when this case was reached, and, it then being made to appear to the court that no plea was on file, the plaintiff’s attorney asked for a judgment by default; thereupon the attorney for the defendant asked leave of the court to file a plea for defendant, and stated to the court that it was through oversight and inadvertence on his part that the plea had not been filed. The court refused this request. Defendant’s counsel appealed for grace to the attorney on the other side, for leave to file the plea, and he replied, “That is up to the court.”
The sounding of the docket continued until the noon recess, but upon reconvening after said recess.the attorney for the defendant presented the plea of defendant, which he proposed and asked leave of the court to file. This plea is in the record, and, omitting the caption and signature of counsel, contains less than fifty words.
The affidavit of counsel setting up the facts and showing meritorious defense was filed along with the motion and plea, all of which was overruled on the same day. There still had been no judgment. Subsequent to the overruling of the motion plaintiff’s attorney presented judgment by default against defendant, which was ordered entered by the court and which was for the sum of one thousand two hundred eighty-two dollars and sixty ■cents.
Later in the term the defendant made a motion to set .aside the judgment by default, filed other affidavits re.affirming his defense and showing* that the defendant had relied upon counsel to file the pleas. Mrs. Tonkel’s husband and agent made affidavit for her that he was attending to the case for his wife and did not know counsel had not filed the plea. The motion to set aside the .judgment was overruled after the taking of some oral proof.
It is apparent that defendant’s counsel had, by inadvertence, forgotten his case, and, so far as the circuit court'was concerned in that case, was negligent in not filing the plea within time. It is also clear that from the viewpoint of the defendant they had a meritorious defense. It was further clear that the plea would not have interferred with the trial of the cause at that term of court. The plea was only one short plea of the general issue, and, judging from the nature of the suit, the court perhaps could have tried the case on the merits within the time consumed in the effort to render judgment by default against the defendant, who was seeking an adjudication on the merits.
However negligent and subject to criticism from the court, where no possible harm could come to the plaintiff by having a trial on the merits, the court should not summarily deny a hearing simply because the defendant is caught unawares because of inadvertence or even willful neglect of an attorney where the case can be tried
and disposed of in the ordinary way at that term of court.
Early in the history of our jurisprudence, in the case of
Porter
v. Johnson, 2 How. 736, our court said that:
“It appears to he the practice to set aside a default'on the affidavit of the merits and payment of costs, when opportunity for trial has not been lost.”
In the case of
Fore
v.
Folson,
4 How. 282, we held that: ‘ ‘ The court will and should set aside a judgment by default, and allow a plea to the merits, ... if the defendant below makes affidavit that he has a meritorious defense to the action, showing’ what the merits are, that the court may judge of them, and make his motion in time so as not to delay trial.”
The distinguished jurist in that case said further, speaking of the above rule:
“The ends of justice are promoted by this course.”
In the ease of
City of Meridian
v.
Trussell,
52 Miss. 711, a judgment by default was entered against that city, and on the motion to set aside the judgment there was some controversy as to whether the city had been served with process. The court held that the process had beeu served. This court, speaking through Judge Campbell as the organ of the court, approved the action of the lower court as to the process, but disapproved the action of the lower court in refusing to set aside the judgment by default, and said:
“We are unable to perceive on what just ground the court refused to set aside the judgment by default. Looking at the circumstances disclosed by the record, this refusal appears to have been wanton, arbitrary, and erroneous.”
In the case of
Yost
v.
Alderson,
58 Miss. 40, in which Mr. Justice George, speaking for the court, said on this question:
“It is argued that the cause shown was not good and sufficient; that mere inattention and forg’etf'ulness cannot be a valid excuse for a failure to discharge a legal
duty. This may be true when such inattention or forgetfulness has occasioned a failure which has been injurious to the adverse party, or the action of that party, based on such failure and caused by it, cannot be reversed without injury to him. But when the neglect is in the mere conduct of a suit, and its consequences do/ not operate injuriously, its condonation by the judge can do no harm except to deprive the adverse party of an advantage which he has secured in virtue of such neglect, and in that case the party guilty of the neglect should not on that account alone be deprived of the means and opportunity of maintaining or defending his rights.
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McGowen, J.,
delivered the 'opinion of the court.
This suit originated in the chancery court, and was based on a claim'that the complainant, Mack Williams, had paid defendant, Tonkel, one thousand one hundred ninety-six dollars and seventy cents, which was borrowed money; that the complainant had paid a rate of interest greater than twenty per cent, per annum; and that the above sum was principal and interest, which he was entitled to recover under the usury laws of the state.
Mrs. Tonkel filed a demurrer to the hill; the chancellor sustained the demurrer and ordered the canse transferred to the circuit court, which order was entered on February 8, 1926.
The circuit court convened April 5, 1926, and although the complainant was required under section 733, Hemingway’s Code, to file his declaration in the circuit court thirty days after the removal of the cause, he had not done so, hut leave of the court was granted to plaintiff to file his declaration, which was done' on that day. Defendant was allowed sixty days as of that April term within which to plead. When the November term of the court convened no pleas had been filed, and on November 8, 1926, the first day of the term of court, the presiding judge proceeded to sound the civil docket, not then calling cases for trial, but for the purpose of setting cases for. trial during that term, it being a four weeks’ term in that county. It appears that the docket had not been set under the rules of practice adopted by the commission of circuit judges and chancellors, but was being set on the first day of the term. The evidence shows that twenty-eight cases had been called and announced ready for trial when this case was reached, and, it then being made to appear to the court that no plea was on file, the plaintiff’s attorney asked for a judgment by default; thereupon the attorney for the defendant asked leave of the court to file a plea for defendant, and stated to the court that it was through oversight and inadvertence on his part that the plea had not been filed. The court refused this request. Defendant’s counsel appealed for grace to the attorney on the other side, for leave to file the plea, and he replied, “That is up to the court.”
The sounding of the docket continued until the noon recess, but upon reconvening after said recess.the attorney for the defendant presented the plea of defendant, which he proposed and asked leave of the court to file. This plea is in the record, and, omitting the caption and signature of counsel, contains less than fifty words.
The affidavit of counsel setting up the facts and showing meritorious defense was filed along with the motion and plea, all of which was overruled on the same day. There still had been no judgment. Subsequent to the overruling of the motion plaintiff’s attorney presented judgment by default against defendant, which was ordered entered by the court and which was for the sum of one thousand two hundred eighty-two dollars and sixty ■cents.
Later in the term the defendant made a motion to set .aside the judgment by default, filed other affidavits re.affirming his defense and showing* that the defendant had relied upon counsel to file the pleas. Mrs. Tonkel’s husband and agent made affidavit for her that he was attending to the case for his wife and did not know counsel had not filed the plea. The motion to set aside the .judgment was overruled after the taking of some oral proof.
It is apparent that defendant’s counsel had, by inadvertence, forgotten his case, and, so far as the circuit court'was concerned in that case, was negligent in not filing the plea within time. It is also clear that from the viewpoint of the defendant they had a meritorious defense. It was further clear that the plea would not have interferred with the trial of the cause at that term of court. The plea was only one short plea of the general issue, and, judging from the nature of the suit, the court perhaps could have tried the case on the merits within the time consumed in the effort to render judgment by default against the defendant, who was seeking an adjudication on the merits.
However negligent and subject to criticism from the court, where no possible harm could come to the plaintiff by having a trial on the merits, the court should not summarily deny a hearing simply because the defendant is caught unawares because of inadvertence or even willful neglect of an attorney where the case can be tried
and disposed of in the ordinary way at that term of court.
Early in the history of our jurisprudence, in the case of
Porter
v. Johnson, 2 How. 736, our court said that:
“It appears to he the practice to set aside a default'on the affidavit of the merits and payment of costs, when opportunity for trial has not been lost.”
In the case of
Fore
v.
Folson,
4 How. 282, we held that: ‘ ‘ The court will and should set aside a judgment by default, and allow a plea to the merits, ... if the defendant below makes affidavit that he has a meritorious defense to the action, showing’ what the merits are, that the court may judge of them, and make his motion in time so as not to delay trial.”
The distinguished jurist in that case said further, speaking of the above rule:
“The ends of justice are promoted by this course.”
In the ease of
City of Meridian
v.
Trussell,
52 Miss. 711, a judgment by default was entered against that city, and on the motion to set aside the judgment there was some controversy as to whether the city had been served with process. The court held that the process had beeu served. This court, speaking through Judge Campbell as the organ of the court, approved the action of the lower court as to the process, but disapproved the action of the lower court in refusing to set aside the judgment by default, and said:
“We are unable to perceive on what just ground the court refused to set aside the judgment by default. Looking at the circumstances disclosed by the record, this refusal appears to have been wanton, arbitrary, and erroneous.”
In the case of
Yost
v.
Alderson,
58 Miss. 40, in which Mr. Justice George, speaking for the court, said on this question:
“It is argued that the cause shown was not good and sufficient; that mere inattention and forg’etf'ulness cannot be a valid excuse for a failure to discharge a legal
duty. This may be true when such inattention or forgetfulness has occasioned a failure which has been injurious to the adverse party, or the action of that party, based on such failure and caused by it, cannot be reversed without injury to him. But when the neglect is in the mere conduct of a suit, and its consequences do/ not operate injuriously, its condonation by the judge can do no harm except to deprive the adverse party of an advantage which he has secured in virtue of such neglect, and in that case the party guilty of the neglect should not on that account alone be deprived of the means and opportunity of maintaining or defending his rights. The object of the institution of courts is to administer justice according to law, and lawsuits are allowed for that purpose alone. Buies of procedure regulating the conducting of business in courts are instituted' solely to facilitate these ends. They are necessary, and their due observance should be. enforced by the courts. But it should not be forgotten that they are aids to secure the administering of justice, not shackles to bind courts to the perpetration of wrong. . . .
“It is true that diligence is to be encouraged and the want of it is discountenanced, but these ends should never be attained by
transferring to one suitor the estate of another
[italics ours] if there be other means of securing them. Nor should a lawsuit be allowed to become a mere game of skill and address, to secure to the successful litigant the fruits of his superior management.’’
In the case of
Field
v.
Junkin,
99 Miss. 834, 56 So. 172, Chief Justice Smith said, in stating the facts on this question, that the appellant was negligent, and set aside the decree pro confesso because so to do would work no serious injury to the appellee, but would simply deprive him of the advantage secured by reason of appellant’s neglect to file her answer.
In
Southwestern Surety Ins. Co. v. Treadway,
113 Miss. 189, 74 So. 143, a default judgment was secured because the appellant’s attorney forgot to appear on the day
set for trial, and a default judgment was taken against Ms client. This court approved the authorities cited,
supra,
and said:
“Where there is a reasonable doubt as to whether or not a default judgment should be vacated, the doubt should be resolved in favor of opening the judgment and hearing the case on it's merits.”
The ease at bar is distinguished from all these cases iii that the attorney was present and promptly presented his plea before any judgment by default was taken, and it must have been apparent that slight, if any, delay, even if put to trial immediately, would be caused by permitting the plea to be filed.
Section 733, Hemingway's Code (section 1013, Code of 1906), is not to-be construed so as to give an undue advantage to tlie plaintiff, where harm can come to him in the average case, to have same investigated in the open forum and adjudicated upon the merits. The court should have permitted the plea to be filed in the first instance, and, failing in that, should have set aside the judgment by default and awarded a trial on the merits.
The courts should be open for a fair hearing of every litigant's cause, and are not to be used in order that advantage may be attained as by a game of chance, or as if throwing the runner out while inattentive at the base as in a game of baseball.
'Reversed and remanded.