USCA11 Case: 23-11201 Document: 23-1 Date Filed: 12/28/2023 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-11201 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
TOMMY LEE COX, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus CATHELENE ROBINSON, Individually and in her official capacity as Fulton County Clerk of Superior and Magistrate Court, a.k.a. Cathelene (Tina) Robinson, JOHN AND/OR JANE DOE(S) 1 THROUGH 100, Individually, JOHN AND/OR JANE DOE(S) 1 THROUGH 100, each in their official capacity as Fulton County Chief Deputy Clerk, Assistant Chief Deputy Clerk(s), and Clerk(s) whose true name,their office and USCA11 Case: 23-11201 Document: 23-1 Date Filed: 12/28/2023 Page: 2 of 6
2 Opinion of the Court 23-11201
residential address each are yet unknown, ROBINSON, and these Does clerking for and in the employment of Georgia's Fulton County Office of Clerk of Superior and Magistrate Court,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:22-cv-01998-SEG ____________________
Before LAGOA, BRASHER, and ABUDU, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Tommy Lee Cox, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s dismissal of his complaint brought under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, and 1986 and multiple provisions of the Georgia Constitu- tion. The district court’s basis for dismissing Cox’s complaint was its finding that the defendants were entitled to absolute immunity and Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity in their roles as state court clerks. “Whether an official is entitled to absolute immunity is a question of law that we review de novo.” Stevens v. Osuna, 877 F.3d USCA11 Case: 23-11201 Document: 23-1 Date Filed: 12/28/2023 Page: 3 of 6
23-11201 Opinion of the Court 3
1293, 1301 (11th Cir. 2017). We also review de novo whether an entity constitutes an arm of the state under Eleventh Amendment immunity analysis. Lightfoot v. Henry Cnty. Sch. Dist., 771 F.3d 764, 768 (11th Cir. 2014). “Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be liberally con- strued.” Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998). However, a pro se litigant is nonetheless “subject to the rel- evant law and rules of court, including the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” Moon v. Newsome, 863 F.2d 835, 837 (11th Cir. 1989). We “generally will not consider an issue or theory that was not raised in the district court.” Wright v. Hanna Steel Corp., 270 F.3d 1336, 1342 (11th Cir. 2001). Clerks of the court have absolute immunity for a narrow range of acts that “they are specifically required to do under court order or at a judge’s direction, and only qualified immunity for all other actions for damages.” Tarter v. Hury, 646 F.2d 1010, 1013 (5th Cir. Unit A June 1981); see also Roland v. Phillips, 19 F.3d 552, 556 n.4 (11th Cir. 1994) (holding that, when an official acts pursuant to a direct judicial order, absolute quasi-judicial immunity is obvious). “[T]he power to punish for contempt[] is inherent in all courts.” Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 44 (1991) (quotation marks omitted, first alteration in original). Within this power, courts have discretion “to fashion an appropriate sanction for con- duct which abuses the judicial process.” Id. at 44-45. Moreover, each Georgia superior court possesses the power “to compel USCA11 Case: 23-11201 Document: 23-1 Date Filed: 12/28/2023 Page: 4 of 6
4 Opinion of the Court 23-11201
obedience to its orders and to control the conduct of everyone con- nected with a judicial proceeding before that court.” Bayless v. Bay- less, 280 Ga. 153, 155 (2006) (citing O.C.G.A. § 15-1-3(3)-(4)). Geor- gia superior courts are “charged with the efficient clearing of cases upon [their] docket,” and they are authorized to impose “harsh sanction[s]” pursuant to that duty. Id. The Eleventh Amendment provides that “[t]he Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Sub- jects of any Foreign State.” U.S. Const. amend. XI. “Under the Eleventh Amendment, state officials sued . . . in their official capac- ity are immune from suit in federal court.” Jackson v. Ga. Dep’t of Transp., 16 F.3d 1573, 1575 (11th Cir. 1994). This bar applies re- gardless of whether the relief sought is legal or equitable. Nichols v. Ala. State Bar, 815 F.3d 726, 731 (11th Cir. 2016). Immunity under the Eleventh Amendment is considered “surrendered” in three sit- uations: (1) when a state waives its Eleventh Amendment sov- ereign immunity and consents to suit in federal court, (2) when Congress, acting pursuant to § 5 of the Four- teenth Amendment, abrogates a state’s Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity by expressing an unequivocal intent to do so, and (3) when a state offi- cial is sued for prospective injunctive relief to end a continuing violation of federal law. USCA11 Case: 23-11201 Document: 23-1 Date Filed: 12/28/2023 Page: 5 of 6
23-11201 Opinion of the Court 5
Harbert Int’l, Inc. v. James, 157 F.3d 1271, 1278 (11th Cir. 1998) (cita- tions omitted). The state of Georgia has not waived its sovereign immunity “with respect to actions brought in the courts of the United States.” O.C.G.A. § 50-21-23. The Supreme Court has held that Congress did not abrogate the sovereign immunity of Georgia—or any other state—in enacting 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Quern v. Jordan, 440 U.S. 332, 342-45 (1979). “To receive Eleventh Amendment immunity, a defendant need not be labeled a ‘state officer’ or ‘state official,’ but instead need only be acting as an ‘arm of the State,’ which includes agents and instrumentalities of the State.” Manders v. Lee, 338 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 2003) (en banc). “Whether a defendant is an ‘arm of the State’ must be assessed in light of the particular function in which the defendant was engaged when taking the actions out of which liability is asserted to arise.” Id.
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USCA11 Case: 23-11201 Document: 23-1 Date Filed: 12/28/2023 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-11201 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
TOMMY LEE COX, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus CATHELENE ROBINSON, Individually and in her official capacity as Fulton County Clerk of Superior and Magistrate Court, a.k.a. Cathelene (Tina) Robinson, JOHN AND/OR JANE DOE(S) 1 THROUGH 100, Individually, JOHN AND/OR JANE DOE(S) 1 THROUGH 100, each in their official capacity as Fulton County Chief Deputy Clerk, Assistant Chief Deputy Clerk(s), and Clerk(s) whose true name,their office and USCA11 Case: 23-11201 Document: 23-1 Date Filed: 12/28/2023 Page: 2 of 6
2 Opinion of the Court 23-11201
residential address each are yet unknown, ROBINSON, and these Does clerking for and in the employment of Georgia's Fulton County Office of Clerk of Superior and Magistrate Court,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:22-cv-01998-SEG ____________________
Before LAGOA, BRASHER, and ABUDU, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Tommy Lee Cox, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s dismissal of his complaint brought under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, and 1986 and multiple provisions of the Georgia Constitu- tion. The district court’s basis for dismissing Cox’s complaint was its finding that the defendants were entitled to absolute immunity and Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity in their roles as state court clerks. “Whether an official is entitled to absolute immunity is a question of law that we review de novo.” Stevens v. Osuna, 877 F.3d USCA11 Case: 23-11201 Document: 23-1 Date Filed: 12/28/2023 Page: 3 of 6
23-11201 Opinion of the Court 3
1293, 1301 (11th Cir. 2017). We also review de novo whether an entity constitutes an arm of the state under Eleventh Amendment immunity analysis. Lightfoot v. Henry Cnty. Sch. Dist., 771 F.3d 764, 768 (11th Cir. 2014). “Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be liberally con- strued.” Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998). However, a pro se litigant is nonetheless “subject to the rel- evant law and rules of court, including the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” Moon v. Newsome, 863 F.2d 835, 837 (11th Cir. 1989). We “generally will not consider an issue or theory that was not raised in the district court.” Wright v. Hanna Steel Corp., 270 F.3d 1336, 1342 (11th Cir. 2001). Clerks of the court have absolute immunity for a narrow range of acts that “they are specifically required to do under court order or at a judge’s direction, and only qualified immunity for all other actions for damages.” Tarter v. Hury, 646 F.2d 1010, 1013 (5th Cir. Unit A June 1981); see also Roland v. Phillips, 19 F.3d 552, 556 n.4 (11th Cir. 1994) (holding that, when an official acts pursuant to a direct judicial order, absolute quasi-judicial immunity is obvious). “[T]he power to punish for contempt[] is inherent in all courts.” Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 44 (1991) (quotation marks omitted, first alteration in original). Within this power, courts have discretion “to fashion an appropriate sanction for con- duct which abuses the judicial process.” Id. at 44-45. Moreover, each Georgia superior court possesses the power “to compel USCA11 Case: 23-11201 Document: 23-1 Date Filed: 12/28/2023 Page: 4 of 6
4 Opinion of the Court 23-11201
obedience to its orders and to control the conduct of everyone con- nected with a judicial proceeding before that court.” Bayless v. Bay- less, 280 Ga. 153, 155 (2006) (citing O.C.G.A. § 15-1-3(3)-(4)). Geor- gia superior courts are “charged with the efficient clearing of cases upon [their] docket,” and they are authorized to impose “harsh sanction[s]” pursuant to that duty. Id. The Eleventh Amendment provides that “[t]he Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Sub- jects of any Foreign State.” U.S. Const. amend. XI. “Under the Eleventh Amendment, state officials sued . . . in their official capac- ity are immune from suit in federal court.” Jackson v. Ga. Dep’t of Transp., 16 F.3d 1573, 1575 (11th Cir. 1994). This bar applies re- gardless of whether the relief sought is legal or equitable. Nichols v. Ala. State Bar, 815 F.3d 726, 731 (11th Cir. 2016). Immunity under the Eleventh Amendment is considered “surrendered” in three sit- uations: (1) when a state waives its Eleventh Amendment sov- ereign immunity and consents to suit in federal court, (2) when Congress, acting pursuant to § 5 of the Four- teenth Amendment, abrogates a state’s Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity by expressing an unequivocal intent to do so, and (3) when a state offi- cial is sued for prospective injunctive relief to end a continuing violation of federal law. USCA11 Case: 23-11201 Document: 23-1 Date Filed: 12/28/2023 Page: 5 of 6
23-11201 Opinion of the Court 5
Harbert Int’l, Inc. v. James, 157 F.3d 1271, 1278 (11th Cir. 1998) (cita- tions omitted). The state of Georgia has not waived its sovereign immunity “with respect to actions brought in the courts of the United States.” O.C.G.A. § 50-21-23. The Supreme Court has held that Congress did not abrogate the sovereign immunity of Georgia—or any other state—in enacting 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Quern v. Jordan, 440 U.S. 332, 342-45 (1979). “To receive Eleventh Amendment immunity, a defendant need not be labeled a ‘state officer’ or ‘state official,’ but instead need only be acting as an ‘arm of the State,’ which includes agents and instrumentalities of the State.” Manders v. Lee, 338 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 2003) (en banc). “Whether a defendant is an ‘arm of the State’ must be assessed in light of the particular function in which the defendant was engaged when taking the actions out of which liability is asserted to arise.” Id. We consider four factors in assessing whether an entity is an “arm of the State”: “(1) how state law defines the entity; (2) what degree of control the State main- tains over the entity; (3) where the entity derives its funds; and (4) who is responsible for judgments against the entity.” Myrick v. Fulton Cnty., Ga., 69 F.4th 1277, 1294 (11th Cir. 2023). The Georgia Constitution gives the state legislature the power to set the “qualifications, powers, and duties” of Georgia su- perior court clerks. Ga. Const. art. IX, § 1, para. III(a). Pursuant to this power, the Georgia state legislature has enacted statutes re- lated to the duties and powers of superior court clerks. See USCA11 Case: 23-11201 Document: 23-1 Date Filed: 12/28/2023 Page: 6 of 6
6 Opinion of the Court 23-11201
O.C.G.A. §§ 15-6-60, 15-6-61. Georgia state law also sets qualifica- tions for superior court clerks, and the governor of Georgia has the authority to form a committee to investigate a clerk’s alleged mis- conduct, which can result in her removal from office. See id. §§ 15-6-50, 15-6-82. Indeed, the Georgia Constitution prohibits counties in Georgia from taking actions that affect any elective county office . . . or the personnel thereof.” Ga. Const. art. IX, § 2, para. I(c)(1). In Georgia, superior court clerks are elected county officials. Id. art. IX, § 1, para. III(a). Here, we conclude that the district court did not err in dis- missing Cox’s complaint on immunity grounds. As for his individ- ual-capacity claims, the district court correctly found that Robinson was protected by absolute immunity, because her conduct was car- ried out in compliance with a valid and enforceable court order. The district court also correctly found that Robinson was protected by Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity against Cox’s offi- cial-capacity claims, because it correctly concluded that Robinson, as a superior court clerk, was acting as an “arm of the state.” Ac- cordingly, we affirm. AFFIRMED.