Tobiczyk v. United States

381 F. Supp. 345, 1974 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6867
CourtDistrict Court, E.D. Michigan
DecidedSeptember 6, 1974
DocketCiv. A. No. 39006
StatusPublished
Cited by2 cases

This text of 381 F. Supp. 345 (Tobiczyk v. United States) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering District Court, E.D. Michigan primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Tobiczyk v. United States, 381 F. Supp. 345, 1974 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6867 (E.D. Mich. 1974).

Opinion

MEMORANDUM OPINION

FEIKENS, District Judge.

This is a habeas corpus proceeding in which petitioner asks the court to set aside an involuntary activation order of the Department of the Army. This order activates petitioner under authority of 10 U.S.C. § 673a for unsatisfactory performance in the “ready reserve” of which he is a member. Specifically, the Army claims that Tobiczyk consistently missed drills and meetings of his reserve unit. Petitioner does not deny the fact of his absences, but contends that the activation order is illegal for several reasons. First, petitioner claims that the order is improper because it was issued by an unauthorized officer. Second, he claims that the due process clause of the fifth amendment entitles him to a full hearing before he can be activated. Finally, he argues that due process was violated when the Army failed to follow its own regulations requiring certain medical examinations. Though much is made of his physical condition, it is important to note that the court is not asked to review the military’s factual determination of petitioner’s fitness.

Two of petitioner’s contentions can be dealt with at the outset. It is well settled that though there are punitive aspects to involuntary activation, a full due process hearing is not required. Antonuk v. United States, 445 F.2d 592 (6th Cir. 1971) and eases cited therein. This court is bound by that line of precedent and declines petitioner’s strained invitation to avoid their impact. Nor can the court accept the argument that the Secretary of the Army is not authorized to order involuntary activations. No case has been cited to support petitioner's position, and analogy to the exclusionary rule of evidence is not appropriate. Resolution of the remaining issue is more complicated, however, and will require a close examination of the facts surrounding this controversy.

Bernard Tobiczyk enlisted in the Army Reserve in 1968. Even before his enlistment, he apparently had orthopedic problems with his knee. These were severe enough to require leaves of absence from his civilian job, and have prompted [347]*347him to consult army doctors on various occasions during his military career. At basic training he was given a period of physical therapy, and was placed on light duty restriction. After training, and prior to 1971, he complained about knee problems to his reserve unit officer at weekend drills. On several occasions he was referred to an army doctor and sent home for the remainder of the drill. It is not possible to tell the extent of these examinations since the Army routinely destroys the records of all but the most recent medical evaluation. Though petitioner was sent home on these occasions, no permanent light duty restriction was imposed, nor was any change made in his assignment as truck driver.1

In 1971 petitioner attended summer camp with his unit where he was also a truck driver. He complained of pain and was referred to an army doctor who prescribed light duty. (The records of this visit have also been destroyed.) Nevertheless, petitioner was put on “K.P.” which included carrying heavy loads, stooping and scrubbing floors. This work aggravated his knee, so he complained to the mess sergeant who referred him to one Sergeant Williams. When this complaint was not acted on he approached his acting commanding officer, Lieutenant Henry, who told him to go back to “K.P.”

About this time petitioner filled out a form, DD 220, in which he stated that he did not believe himself medically qualified to perform military service. As to this Army Regulation 140-120 10 c (2)(b) 2 provides:

“As a part of the processing for relief from active duty for training, reservists will complete in duplicate Medical Statement No. 2 on DD Form 220 . Reservists who have been injured or have been hospitalized for illness during their tour, or, if they request it, will be given a, medical examination of the scope prescribed for relief from active duty in chapter 10, AR 40-501. Special consideration will be given to recording details of the condition which required the examination.” (Emphasis added.)

However, no examination was given. Following summer camp petitioner attended either one or two weekends of drill, continuing in his duties as truck driver. He then stopped attending, though for a time he turned in medical excuses based on his knee problem.

In June, 1972 petitioner’s commanding officer, Colonel Boyle, recommended the involuntary activation and petitioner filed an intra-army appeal. On August 29, before any action was taken on the appeal, petitioner received the challenged order. On October 5, 1972, after the order and in connection with the involuntary activation, petitioner was seen by an army physician and given a complete physical. Most of the report of this examination was supplied to the court by defendant in illegible form, but the recommendation section does reveal that the doctor recommended back care with minimal stooping or lifting. The reports concludes, however, that petitioner is fit for active duty.

Faced with activation, not having been afforded his appeal, and in doubt about his physical condition, Tobiczyk filed this petition for habeas corpus. At that time, Chief Judge Kaess of this court stayed the activation order pending resolution of the suit. Several delays then occurred. First, the Army acknowledged that the appeal had not been properly processed, and further court action was stayed pending resolution of the appeal. The Appeal Board affirmed the activation order, and the parties returned to court. The trial was held and testimony received, but before a decision was made by the court the parties stipu[348]*348lated to remanding the case to the Army for another physical and reconsideration.

In a somewhat confusing series of events, the Army again examined petitioner on April 24, 1974. This report is in some portions also illegible, but it is clear that the examining doctor found petitioner unfit for active duty. On reviewing the record, the Surgeon General of the Army determined that the examining doctor had used the wrong standard in making his evaluation. Then, without seeing petitioner, he decided that Tobiczyk would be fit under the correct standard so long as duty restrictions were imposed. These include no crawling, stooping, running, jumping, marching or standing in excess of thirty minutes. In this posture the parties returned to the court for a decision on petitioner’s claims.

In arguing that the government failed to follow its regulations, petitioner relies on the theory of Antonuk v. United States, 445 F.2d 592 (6th Cir. 1971):

“. . . violation by the military of its own regulations constitutes a violation of an individual’s right to due process of law .... Accordingly, the due process clause here requires us not to measure the Army regulations against some constitutional standard, but instead to determine whether the regulations were followed.” 445 F.2d at 595.

See also Schatten v. United States, 419 F.2d 187 (6th Cir. 1969) in which the court held:

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Bluebook (online)
381 F. Supp. 345, 1974 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6867, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/tobiczyk-v-united-states-mied-1974.