TMK IPSCO v. United States

222 F. Supp. 3d 1306, 2017 CIT 54, 2017 Ct. Intl. Trade LEXIS 55, 2017 WL 1960010

• Court: United States Court of International Trade
• Decided: May 3, 2017
• Docket: Consol. 10-00055
• Status: Published

Opinion

OPINION

Kelly, Judge:

Before the court for review is the U.S. Department of Commerce’s (“Department” or “Commerce”) Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand filed pursuant to the court’s decision in TMK IPSCO v. United States, 40 CIT -, -, 179 F.Supp.3d 1328 (2016). See Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand, Dec. 21, 2016, ECF No. 171 (“Remand Results”). The court remanded Commerce’s final determination in its countervailing duty (“CVD”) investigation of certain oil country tubular goods (“OCTG”) from the People’s Republic of China (“China”) to explain or reconsider its determinations: (1) to use China’s World Trade Organization (“WTO”) accession date as a cut-off for identifying and measuring countervailable subsidies; (2) to include two disparate freight rates in Commerce’s benchmark price for the benefit conferred by the provision of steel rounds for less than adequate remuneration (“LTAR”) as representative of what an importer would pay; (3) to attribute subsidies received by Changbao Precision Steel Tube Co., Ltd. (“Precision”) to its parent company Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube Co., Ltd. (“Changbao”) and to all of Changbao’s other subsidiaries; (4) to attribute subsidies received by four subsidiaries of Tianjin Pipe (Group) Corp. (“TPCO”) to sales of other subsidiaries of TPCO; (5) that the provision of steel rounds and billets at LTAR is tied to sales of seamless steel pipe; and (6) to include the Steel Business Briefing (“SBB”) “East Asia” benchmark data for billets in the benchmark calculation for the provision of steel rounds and billets. See TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1335; see generally Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods From the People’s Republic of China, 74 Fed. Reg. 64,045 (Dep’t Commerce Dec. 7, 2009) (final affirmative countervailing duty determination, final negative critical circumstances determination) (“Final Results”) and accompanying Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Determination in the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods (“OCTG”) from the People’s Republic of China, PD 318 (Nov. 23, 2009) (“Final Decision Memo”). 1 Commerce’s Remand Results adequately address the concerns raised in the court’s prior decision, and Commerce’s revised results are supported by substantial evidence. Therefore, the Remand Results are sustained.

BACKGROUND

The court presumes familiarity with the facts as discussed in TMK IPSCO. Never theless, the court briefly summarizes facts relevant to the discussion here for ease of reference. First, in its final determination, Commerce declined to identify and measure non-recurring subsidies alleged in the petition to have predated China’s accession to the WTO on December 11, 2001 because Commerce concluded that it could not identify and measure subsidies prior to that date. See Final Decision Memo at 53. The court held that Commerce did not articulate a relationship between China’s WTO accession date and the implementation of reforms that would enable Commerce to identify and measure countervail-able subsidies. TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1343. Therefore, the court held that Commerce failed to countervail all identifiable and measurable subsidies, as the statute requires it to do. See id.; see generally Section 701(f) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1671(f)(1)—(2) (2012). 2 The court remanded to Commerce to

investigate each subsidy program and allocate subsidies beginning on the first date it could identify and measure the subsidy considering the particular program in question and the impact of relevant economic reforms on that program.

TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1344.

Second, Commerce included ocean freight quotes from both Maersk and an unaffiliated freight forwarder used by mandatory respondent Zhejiang Jianli Enterprise Co., Ltd. (“Jianli”) to generate an average price for ocean freight in calculating its world market price benchmark to measure the adequacy of remuneration for steel rounds provided to Jianli in its final determination. See Final Decision Memo at 84. The court remanded the issue to Commerce to reconsider or further explain its decision to use an average of these two freight quotes because Commerce had inadequately explained how both quotes could be representative given the significant disparity between them. See TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1350-51.

Third, Commerce included monthly export pricing data for billets from SBB “East Asia” among the data included in its benchmark calculation for determining the adequacy of remuneration of the provision of steel rounds and billets in its final determination. See Final Decision Memo at 77. The court granted Commerce’s request for a remand to allow it to reconsider its determination to include the SBB “East Asia” series pricing data in its benchmark calculation. See TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1347.

Fourth, Commerce attributed subsidies received by Precision to Changbao, Precision’s parent company, and to all of Changbao’s other subsidiaries. See Final Decision Memo at 8. Commerce likewise attributed or cumulated subsidies received by four of TPCO’s subsidiaries to the consolidated sales of TPCO and all of its subsidiaries. See Final Decision Memo at 9 (citing Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods From the People’s Republic of China, 74 Fed. Reg. 47,210, 47,215 (Dep’t Commerce Sept. 15, 2009) (preliminary affirmative countervailing duty determination, preliminary negative critical circumstances deter mination) (“Prelim. Results”). The court held that 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iii) (2009) 3 does not give Commerce authority to attribute subsidies received by a subsidiary to the consolidated sales of the parent company’s other subsidiaries. TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1357. The court remanded to Commerce to explain what other authority allows it to attribute subsidies received by certain subsidiaries of Changbao and TPCO to the consolidated sales of all subsidiaries of each respective company or reconsider its determination. Id., 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1358.

Lastly, in its final determination, Commerce attributed the provision of steel rounds to TPCO’s consolidated sales of all merchandise, not just to its sales of seamless steel pipe products. See Final Decision Memo 128-29. The court held that Commerce’s attribution decision is not supported by substantial evidence because the court could not “discern whether Commerce determined that the provision of steel rounds at LTAR is tied to sales of seamless pipe.” TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1359. The court remanded Commerce’s determination to determine whether its tying regulation applies to TPCO and support its determination with record evidence. See id.

In its remand determination Commerce makes the following determinations. Under protest, Commerce no longer adopts China’s WTO accession date as a uniform date when subsidy programs were identifiable and measurable in China. 4 See Remand Results 11. Instead, Commerce identified four categories of programs alleged in the petition to assess when “a sufficiently developed legal framework relevant” to each existed such that Commerce could appropriately evaluate whether a subsidy had been bestowed. See Remand Results 11, 13-19. Commerce applies the benefit conferred on the earliest date when the government bestowal was identifiable or measurable. See id. at 31-35. Commerce continues to use the ocean freight quotes provided by Maersk and by Jianli’s freight forwarder. See id. at 42. Commerce reverses its prior conclusion regarding the attribution of subsidies received by TPCO’s and Changbao’s subsidiaries. See id. at 38-39, Commerce maintains its determination to attribute steel rounds and billets provided at LTAR program to TPCO’s applicable total sales and not solely to sales of seamless steel pipe. See id. at 46. Finally, Commerce excludes the SBB East Asia pricing data from its benchmark calculation for steel rounds. See id. at 48.

Commerce’s changes in approach resulted in revised subsidy rates for all mandatory respondents and for all respondents not individually investigated. See Remand Results 56. On remand, Commerce assigned mandatory respondents the following subsidy rates: (1) Changbao a subsidy rate of 28.70%; (2) Jianli a subsidy rate of 30.56%; (3) TPCO a subsidy rate of 21.48%; (4) Wuxi a subsidy rate of 29.48%. Id. For all other exporters not individually investigated, Commerce assigned a subsidy rate of 27.08%.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The court continues to have jurisdiction pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(i) and 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2006), which grant the court authority to review actions contesting the final determination in an investigation of a CVD order. See 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(i); 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2012). “The court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found ... to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). “The results of a redetermination pursuant to court remand are also reviewed ‘for compliance with the court’s remand order.’ ” Xinjiamei Furniture (Zhangzhou) Co. v. United States, 38 CIT -, -, 968 F.Supp.2d 1255, 1259 (2014) (quoting Nakornthai Strip Mill Public Co. v. United States, 32 C.I.T. 1272, 1274, 587 F.Supp.2d 1303, 1306 (2008)).

DISCUSSION

I. Commerce’s Evaluation of Non-Recurring Subsidy Programs

In TMK IPSCO, the court held that by cutting off its investigation and measurement of subsidies on December 11, 2001, the date China acceded to the WTO, Commerce had failed to countervail all identifiable and measurable subsidies, as the statute requires it to do. See id.; see generally 19 U.S.C. § 1671(f)(1)—(2). The court remanded to Commerce to investigate each subsidy program and allocate subsidies beginning on the first date it could identify and measure the subsidy considering the particular program in question and the impact of relevant economic reforms on that program. TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1344. Consolidated Plaintiff, United States Steel Corporation (“U.S. Steel”), contends that Commerce’s determination on remand to evaluate the subsidy programs in the petition by type of program does not comply with the court’s order that Commerce investigate “each subsidy program and allocate subsidies beginning on the first date it could identify and measure the subsidy considering the particular program in question.” United States Steel Corporation’s Comments Def.’s Final Results of Redetermi-nation Pursuant to Remand Order 3-6, Jan. 23, 2017, ECF. No. 174 (“U.S. Steel Remand Comments”). Alternatively, U.S. Steel argues even if Commerce’s approach of evaluating subsidy programs by type is legally supported, Commerce’s conclusions about when credit-oriented subsidy programs and land-oriented subsidy programs were first identifiable and measurable are unsupported by substantial evidence. U.S. Steel Remand Comments 6-7. Commerce’s evaluation of subsidy programs in this investigation is reasonable and consistent with its statutory obligations. Commerce’s conclusions as to when credit-oriented and land-oriented subsidy programs were first identifiable and measurable are also supported by substantial evidence.

Commerce generally must impose countervailing duties on merchandise from a non-market economy (“NME”) country if Commerce makes the findings necessary to countervail a subsidy more generally under the statute. See 19 U.S.C. § 1671(f)(1) (2012); see also 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677(5)-(5A) (2006) (setting forth the determinations Commerce must make before imposing a CVD generally). However, Commerce need not countervail a subsidy imported from a NME country if Commerce determines it cannot identify and measure the subsidy in question “because the economy of that country is essentially comprised of a single entity.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1671(f)(2) (2012). Commerce has significant discretion in determining whether it can identify and measure subsidies provided by the government or a public entity within the NME country because the statute is silent as to when Commerce can identify and measure a subsidy. See 19 U.S.C. § 1671(f)(1)—(2) (2012). Normally, a reviewing court should not disrupt the agency’s exercise of discretion in fashioning an approach to a problem delegated to it unless the agency has not supplied a reasoned basis for its action. See Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983) (citations omitted). Nonetheless, the “agency must cogently explain why it has exercised its discretion in a given manner.” Id. at 48, 103 S.Ct. 2856 (citations omitted).

On remand Commerce articulated a rational relationship between specific legal reforms in China and the effect of such reforms on Commerce’s ability to identify and measure subsidies. 5 See Remand Results 13-19. Commerce “assessed when a sufficiently developed legal framework relevant to th[e] particular type of subsidy existed that would enable [it] to identify the sphere of commercial activity involved, the economic actors involved and the government action required to bestow that type of subsidy.” Id. at 11. Commerce identified four types of subsidies alleged in the petition: grants, credit-oriented subsidies, tax-related subsidies and land-oriented subsidies. See id. at 11-19. Commerce explained that it evaluated each type of non-recurring subsidy to determine when China first developed a sufficient “legal framework relevant to that particular type of subsidy ... that would enable [it] to identify the sphere of commercial activity involved, the economic actors involved and the government action required to bestow that type of subsidy.” Remand Results 11.

Commerce determined that grant programs could first be identified and measured as of 1994. Id. at 14. Commerce reasoned that the first Company Law took effect in 1994, which marks a point “where distinct economic actors were legally extended the flexibility to engage in commercial activity” for the first time. Id. Commerce concluded that credit-oriented subsidies could be identified and measured starting from 1996, which Commerce grounded in two economic reforms: the 1995 Commercial Bank Law and the 1996 General Rules on Loans. Id. at 15-16. Commerce deduced that the former reform defined a commercial bank, made commercial banks legally responsible for their own profits and losses, and afforded commercial banks legal autonomy from the state in certain matters. Id. at 15. Commerce resolved that the General Rules on Loans set out legal rights and obligations for lenders and borrowers. Id. at 15-16. Commerce concluded that both reforms were necessary to “identify distinct legal economic actors in the credit market as well as to examine specific loans and potential forgiveness of such loans.” Id. at 16. Commerce determined that “it may have been able to evaluate the coun-tervailability of tax-related subsidies” starting from 1994. Id. at 18. Commerce supported its decision by highlighting that before the entry into force of a series of tax laws, including regulations regarding the value-added tax, consumption taxes, business taxes, enterprise income taxes, individual income taxes, and resources, China lacked a comprehensive legal framework that would be necessary to identify tax payers and assess and collect taxes. Id. at 16. Commerce also explained that the adoption of the Foreign Trade Law on May 12, 1994 allowed all individuals and legal persons to engage in foreign trade, which had been restricted to a monopoly of state-trading enterprises managed by a Chinese government ministry before the Foreign Trade Law took effect. Remand Results 17. Therefore, Commerce implied that, prior to the adoption of the Foreign Trade Law, individual actors could not have taken advantage of certain tax-related subsidies. See id. Lastly, Commerce discerned that it could identify and measure land-oriented subsidies as of 1999. Id. at 19. Commerce resolved that until 1999, the year that both the Revised Land Administration Law and its implementing regulations came into effect, the Chinese government had not established the legal framework for the basic elements of land transactions. See id. Therefore, Commerce has articulated a logical relationship between specific types of Chinese reforms and the legal conditions necessary to permit Commerce to identify and measure countervailable subsidies for individual actors within the Chinese economy.

For programs that Commerce determined were established prior to December 11, 2001, Commerce next proceeded to consider each specific subsidy program alleged in the petition to determine the extent to which any investigated programs may have provided a benefit prior to December 11, 2001. 6 See id. at 19-35. Depending upon the extent of the information available on the record, Commerce determined that each program conferred a benefit either based on facts otherwise available or adverse facts available (“AFA”) because neither the Government of China (“GOC”) nor the mandatory respondents responded to additional questionnaires issued by Commerce. 7 See Remand Results 25-29. Although Commerce analyzed the programs by creating categories, Commerce grouped programs together by category because it concluded that the nature of the government bestowals are similar for the individual programs examined under each type. 8 See id. at 50. Commerce states that “[t]he next step in the process would have been to evaluate the counter-vailability of each program from the starting point or year established for a particular category.” Id, at 50. It is reasonably discernible that Commerce categorized the investigated programs by type in order to efficiently allocate its resources. See id.

Lacking information on the record for certain subsidy programs alleged in the petition, Commerce applied an adverse inference that they were in effect prior to December 11, 2001 and that the respondents benefited from the program. 9 Remand Results 31. Commerce used its standard AFA rate selection methodology to apply an AFA rate for these individual programs. 10 Id. at 31-35. For the State Key Technology Project Fund grant program, Commerce found it had adequate record information to determine that the program was established on September 10, 1999. Remand Results 32. Lacking any information on the usage of the program by individual mandatory respondents prior to December 11, 2001, Commerce inferred that the program conferred a benefit on all mandatory respondents for the years 1999-2001 and applied an AFA rate of 0.58 percent, the highest above de minimis rate calculated from any similar program in any CVD proceeding involving China, to mandatory respondents Changbao Jianli, and Wuxi Seamless Oil Pipe Co., Ltd. (“Wuxi”). Id. at 33. For mandatory respondent TPCO, although Commerce had information on the company’s use of this program from December 11, 2001 through the end of 2008, Commerce states it lacked information on TPCO’s use of the program from 1999 through December 11, 2001. Id. To fill in the missing information, Commerce added an AFA rate of 0.03 percent to the calculated rate from its final determination of 0.01 (i.e., a combined rate of 0.04 percent) to reflect the inferred benefit received diming the years TPCO had not provided a response. M. Commerce found that most of the preferences provided by the exemption of customs duties for the importation of instruments and equipment in the High-Tech Industrial Development Zones program were already properly allocated in its final determination because they represented recurring benefits allocated in the year received. 11 Remand Results 33. Nonetheless, Commerce applied an AFA rate of 9.71 percent to this program to reflect the exemption of customs duties for the importation of instruments and equipment aspect of the program, which Commerce found is a non-recurring benefit. Id. at 33-34.

U.S. Steel argues that the cut-off dates adopted by Commerce for each type of program are as arbitrary as Commerce’s use of China’s accession to the WTO in its final determination. See U.S. Steel Remand Comments 4-5. The court labeled Commerce’s selection of China’s WTO accession date as arbitrary because Commerce failed to identify specific economic reforms that occurred on China’s accession date and match those reforms to conditions it deemed necessary to identify and measure subsidies. TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1343. Here, the dates adopted for each type of subsidy program tie specific reforms to Commerce’s ability to identify the sphere of commercial activity involved, the economic actors involved, and the government action required to bestow the type of subsidy. See Remand Results 13-19. Therefore, Commerce identifies the dates that specific reforms are implemented and connects those reforms to the presence of legal conditions it reasonably deemed necessary to identifying and measuring a particular type of bestowal. U.S. Steel points to no reason or instance where one program of a particular type would be identifiable and measurable before another program of the same type. Therefore, Commerce’s determination to establish categories of programs and determine when each type of program would first be eountervailable and measurable is reasonable and consistent with the statutory obligations to countervail all identifiable and measurable subsidies in a NME country.

U.S. Steel also argues that Commerce’s adoption of a uniform cut-off date for each type of subsidy is arbitrary because it is inconsistent with Commerce’s conclusion that the process of economic reform is uneven and may take hold in some sectors before others. U.S. Steel Comments 4. But the court faulted Commerce’s adoption of the December 11, 2001 cut-off date as arbitrary because Commerce failed to identify reforms that occurred on December 11, 2001 or explain how any such reforms permitted it to identify and measure subsidies. See TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1343. Even if reforms identified are uneven and take hold in different sectors of the economy or areas of the country before others, as U.S. Steel contends, Commerce’s investigation of types of programs focused on the most basic legal conditions that would be necessary to identify a specific type of subsidy program. See Remand Results 13-19. Commerce cannot, for example, identify and measure the benefit provided by a specific loan to a specific party before it is possible to identify a loan as a legal, binding contract between distinct parties generally. Based on Commerce’s logic, it is possible that a specific program could be identifiable and measurable later than the category of program to which it belongs, but not earlier. Commerce has articulated a logical relationship between specific types of reforms and the legal conditions necessary to permit Commerce to identify and measure countervailable subsidies for individual actors within the Chinese economy. See Remand Results 13-19. Therefore, in this investigation Commerce’s adoption of a uniform cut-off date for each category of subsidy program is reasonable.

In the alternative, U.S. Steel argues that, even if Commerce’s practice of examining subsidy programs by type is reasonable, the specific cut-off dates adopted for land-oriented subsidies and credit-oriented subsidies are not supported by substantial evidence. 12 U.S. Steel Remand Comments 6-7. For credit-oriented subsidies, U.S. Steel “disagrees with Commerce’s conclusion that the earliest it could evaluate the countervailability of credit-oriented subsidies is 1996.” Id. at 6 (citing Remand Results 16). U.S. Steel focuses on Commerce’s acknowledgment that specific economic actors involved in providing credit in China could be identified as of 1993, and U.S. Steel contends this evidence renders Commerce’s conclusion that credit-oriented subsidies could not be identified and measured until 1996 unsupported by substantial evidence. Id. at 7. Commerce notes that before a credit-oriented subsidy can be considered countervailable in an NME, Commerce “needs to be able to identify the loan as a legal, binding contract between distinct parties.” Remand Results 15. Although Commerce says that it could identify specific actors involved in the provision of credit as early as 1993, it is reasonably discernible that Commerce determined the banking sector reforms leading up to 1993 did not permit the identification of a binding contract between distinct parties. See id. Commerce notes that, until the passage of the 1995 Commercial Bank Law, commercial banks were not responsible for their own profits and losses, and banks lacked legal autonomy from the state. See id. In addition, Commerce states that the General Rules on Loans, enacted in 1996, regulated activities related to loans and protected the lawful rights and interests of all parties. Id. at 15-16. In particular, Commerce credited the 1996 General Rules on Loans as setting the legal rights and obligations for both lenders and borrowers as providing the legal basis for defining the legal terms of a given loan. Id. at 16. Commerce reasonably determined that both the identification of distinct legal actors and the legal underpinnings required to render a loan legally binding are necessary to identifying and measuring credit-oriented subsidies. See id. at 15-16. U.S. Steel offers no evidence that the legal requirements to render a loan legally binding between independent economic actors occurred earlier than 1996. The court declines to reweigh the evidence.

Likewise, for land-oriented subsidies, U.S. Steel argues that Commerce’s own analysis indicates that it can identify and measure these subsidies from 1986 when the Land Administration Law first “allowed for the ownership of land-use rights and, in certain circumstances, their transfer.” U.S. Steel Remand Comments 7 (citing Remand Results 18). U.S. Steel contends, that, although subsequent reforms may have provided additional incentive, it is unreasonable for Commerce to conclude that those reforms were necessary to first identify and measure such subsidies. Id. Commerce justified its assessment that the conditions were insufficient to allow for the identification and measurement of land-oriented subsidies in 1986 by highlighting: (1) the fact that the Land Administration law of 1986 conflicted with China’s constitution, which banned selling, leasing, and transferring land; and (2) that land-use rights were vague and ill-defined until the legal framework for basic elements of land transactions took effect in 1999. Remand Results 18-19. The court defers to Commerce’s reasonable determination that the legal framework for the basic elements of property transactions is necessary for identifying and measuring subsidies. U.S. Steel highlights no record evidence indicating that the necessary legal conditions were in place prior to 1999.

II. Continued Inclusion of the Ocean Freight Quote from Jianli’s Freight Forwarder

The court remanded to Commerce to reconsider or further explain its decision to use an average of two freight quotes from Maersk and Jianli’s freight-forwarder because Commerce had not adequately explained how two such disparate quotes could be representative of freight prices available to respondents. See TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1350-51. U.S. Steel continues to challenge Commerce’s explanation. See U.S. Steel Remand Comments 10-12. Commerce has now adequately explained how both quotes could be reflective of market rates and, as a result, its determination is supported by substantial evidence.

If Commerce determines that the government of a country or any public entity is providing, directly or indirectly, a countervailable subsidy, then Commerce shall impose a duty equal to the amount of the benefit conferred by the subsidy subject to certain adjustments. See 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671(a),1677(6). Where a good or service is provided to a recipient by a government or state-owned entity, if such goods are provided for less than adequate remuneration, a benefit shall normally be treated as conferred. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(E)(iv). Commerce generally seeks to measure the adequacy of remuneration by comparing the government price to a market-determined price for the good from actual transactions in the country in question (he., a tier i benchmark). 19 C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2)(i). However, if there is no useable market-determined price with which to make the comparison, Com merce will measure the adequacy of remuneration by comparing the government price to a world market price “where it is reasonable to conclude that such price would be available to purchasers in the country in question” (i.e., a tier ii benchmark). 19 C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2)(ii). Further, when measuring the adequacy of remuneration, Commerce must adjust the benchmark price to reflect the price that a firm actually paid or would pay if it imported the product, including delivery charges. 19 C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2)(iv). Commerce has broad discretion to determine how to adjust the world market benchmark price to reflect delivery charges, such as freight charges that may be incurred by purchasers so long as such adjustments are reasonable.

On remand, Commerce continued to find that the ocean freight quotes provided by Maersk and by Jianli’s freight forwarder are both reflective of market rates that the importer would have paid to import steel rounds and billets notwithstanding the pricing disparity. Remand Results 42. Commerce explained that the pricing disparity results from the avenue the importer chooses to import the products, but both paths reflect market rates for ocean freight and are representative of the rates an importer would have paid. See id, at 43. Commerce reasoned that working directly with a shipping company may result in a different freight cost than contracting with a freight forwarder that works with a shipping company. Id. Commerce supports its conclusion that both the Maersk rate and that of Jianli’s freight forwarder are representative of market rates by relying upon a statement from Jianli’s freight forwarder explaining that “most shipping companies and freight forwarders that work with them arrange for the shipment of goods from China to the destinations identified ... and then offer lower rates on the China-bound leg of their voyage.” Id. at 42 (citing Jianli Group Submission of Factual Information at Attach. 1, CD 87 (Oct. 5, 2009) (“Jianli Freight Quote”)). Moreover, Commerce concluded that this “deadfr-eight rate” is negotiated between the freight forwarder and the shipping company because the service contracts submitted by Jianli reflect the practice of offering lower rates on the China-bound leg. 13 Id. at 43. Commerce found that record evidence demonstrates that the prices provided to Jianli by its freight forwarder are actual shipping charges paid by the freight forwarder’s customers, and not solely by Jianli, during the calendar year 2008, see id. at 54, which coincides with the period of investigation (“POI”). See id. at 3. Therefore, Commerce’s determination that Jian-li’s freight forwarder’s freight pricing reflects market rates that an importer would have paid is supported by substantial evidence.

U.S. Steel implies that it is unreasonable to conclude that two freight options available in the marketplace could be so disparate because no importer would choose the higher-priced route in such an environment. See U.S. Steel Remand Comments 11, It is reasonably discernible that Commerce concluded both the Maersk price quote data and that of Jianli’s freight forwarder are market prices available to importers of steel billets because no evidence indicates these rates were not available to importers other than Jianli and market-driven reasons other than price could motivate some importers to contract with a freight provider directly rather than through a freight forwarder for a “deadfr- eight” rate. See Remand Results 43. U.S. Steel offers no evidence importers always prefer a “deadfreight” rate that represents the lowest aggregate price at the expense of any other considerations driven by the needs of their business or of their customers. The court declines to speculate why an importer may have selected a shipping path that may result in a higher aggregate rate or to reweigh the evidence. The existence of market-driven reasons to prefer either option renders Commerce’s determination that both freight rates are market rates supported by substantial evidence.

U.S. Steel also questions the reliability of the rate of Jianli’s freight forwarder, implying that it “is not normal market price, but rather a sweetheart deal.” U.S. Steel Remand Comments 11. However, Commerce references the affidavit provided by Jianli’s freight forwarder, which indicates that the prices provided are actual shipping charges paid by the freight forwarder’s customers from multiple countries to Shanghai throughout the PO. Remand Results 54 (citing Jianli Freight Quote at 2-3, Attach. 1). U.S. Steel provides no record evidence supporting its speculation that the prices reflect a special deal not available to other importers. In fact, Defendant points out that Jianli’s pricing data, which is relied upon by Commerce, reflects a series of transactions from more than one customer throughout the POI. See Def.’s Resp. United States Steel Corporation’s Comments Remand Redetermination 14, Mar. 7, 2017, ECF No. 182.

III. Exclusion of SBB East Asia Pricing Data From Tier ii Benchmark

The court remanded Commerce’s determination to include the SBB East Asia pricing from its tier ii benchmark price for steel rounds and billets because Commerce’s inclusion of this pricing data in its benchmark calculation is not supported by substantial evidence. See TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1347. On remand, Commerce determined that the SBB East Asia pricing data should be excluded from its tier ii benchmark pricing for steel rounds. Remand Results 48.

As already discussed, if there is no useable market-determined price with which to make the comparison, Commerce will measure the adequacy of remuneration by comparing the government price to a world market price “where it is reasonable to conclude that such price would be available to purchasers in the country in question” (he., a tier ii benchmark). 14 19 C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2)(ii). Here, Commerce concludes that the fact that the SBB East Asia pricing data could include Chinese import prices presents “a more compelling rationale for removing the data source from [its] benchmark.” Remand Results 48. To support its determination to move from a tier i benchmark, based on actual transactions in China, to a tier ii benchmark, based on world market prices, Commerce relies on the potential that Chinese prices for steel rounds and billets could distort the SBB East Asia data. See id. Commerce reasonably concluded that it could not reconcile including distorted prices in a world market price benchmark. See id. No party challenges the exclusion of the SBB East Asia pricing data from Commerce’s tier ii benchmark for steel billets and rounds. Commerce has complied with the court’s remand order.

IV. Subsidy Attribution

The court held that Commerce did not explain what authority allowed it to attribute steel rounds and billets received by one subsidiary of TPCO or Changbao for LTAR to the consolidated sales of all of each respective parent company’s subsidiaries in its final determination. TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1357-58. The court remanded to Commerce to explain its attribution methodology or reconsider its determination. Id., 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1358. On remand, Commerce reconsidered its determination and agreed it should not have attributed subsidies received by certain TPCO and Changbao subsidiaries to all of each company’s respective subsidiaries. See id. at 38. In its Remand Results, Commerce attributed subsidies received by Precision to the combined unconsolidated sales of Changbao and to Precision’s sales under 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(ii). Id. Commerce likewise revisited its attribution of subsidies for the TPCO entities, and declined to attribute subsidies received by TPCO’s subsidiaries Tianguan Yuantong Pipe Product Co., Ltd. (“TPCO Yuantong”), Tianjin Pipe Iron Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (“TPCO Iron”), Tianjin Pipe International Economic and Trading Co., Ltd. (“TPCO IETC”), and TPCO Charging Development Co., Ltd. (“TPCO Charging”) to all of TPCO’s subsidiaries. See Remand Results 38-39. Commerce’s determinations on remand comply with the court’s remand order.

In general, Commerce “calculate[s] an ad valorem subsidy rate by dividing the amount of the benefit allocated to the period of investigation ... by the sales value during the same period of the product or products to which [Commerce] attributes the subsidy.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(a). Ordinarily, Commerce divides the subsidies received by a company only by the sales of that company. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(i). However, if two or more corporations are cross-owned, Commerce’s regulations provide a number of exceptions to its default attribution rule. 15 See 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(ii)-(v). If two cross-owned corporations produce the same subject merchandise, Commerce will attribute subsidies received by either or both corporations to the products produced by both corporations. 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(h). If the firm that received a subsidy is a holding company, including a parent company with its own operations, Commerce will attribute the subsidy to the consolidated sales of the holding company and its subsidiaries. 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iii). If an input supplier and a downstream producer are cross-owned, and production of the input product is primarily dedicated to production of the downstream product, Commerce will attribute subsidies received by the input producer to the combined sales of the input and downstream products produced by both corporations (excluding sales between the two corporations). 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv). Where the other attribution exceptions do not apply, “if a corporation producing non-subject merchandise received a subsidy and transferred the subsidy to a corporation with cross-ownership, [Commerce] will attributed the subsidy to products sold by the recipient of the transferred subsidy.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(v). Commerce also cumulates subsidies provided to a trading company exporting subject merchandise with benefits from subsidies provided to a firm producing subject merchandise that is sold through a trading company regardless of whether those firms are affiliated. 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(c).

Here, Commerce attributed subsidies received by Precision to the combined unconsolidated sales of Changbao and to sales of Precision under 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(ii) because it' found that both corporations are cross-owned and produce subject merchandise. See Remand Results 38; see also Final Decision Memo at 7-8 (citing Prelim Results, 74 Fed. Reg. at 47,214 (stating that Changbao and Precision are cross-owned and that Precision is a producer of subject merchandise just like Changbao, a mandatory respondent in this investigation). Commerce applied the same attribution rule to attribute subsidies received by TPCO Yuantong to TPCO because it found that TPCO and its cross-owned subsidiary, TPCO Yuantong, both produced subject merchandise. Remand Results 38. In addition, Commerce included service sales in TPCO Yuantong’s sales value of subject merchandise because Commerce credited TPCO Yuantong’s description of the sales as related to “heat treatment processing.” Id. at 38-39 (citing TPCO Verification Report at 13, PD 271 (Oct. 29, 2009)). Commerce supported its determination to attribute the steel rounds and billets provided to TPCO Iron under 19 C.F.R § 351.525(b)(6)(iv) to the combined sales of TPCO Iron, TPCO Yuan-tong, and TPCO, less intercompany sales, by noting that all three companies are cross-owned and TPCO Iron was identified in the investigation as a producer of inputs primarily dedicated to producing downstream products produced by TPCO and TPCO Yuantong. Id. at 39. Commerce supported its determination to attribute the steel rounds provided at LTAR to TPCO Charging to the unconsolidated sales of TPCO by noting that TPCO Charging does not meet any attribution method under 19 C.F.R. §§ 351.525(b)(6)(ii)-(iv) and that TPCO Charging, which does not produce subject merchandise, provided steel rounds to TPCO. Id.; see also Prelim. Results, 74 Fed. Reg. at 47, 215 (stating that TPCO stated that Charging acts as a trading company and does not produce any merchandise). Lastly, Commerce cumulated steel rounds and billets provided for LTAR to TPCO IETC, which was identified as a trading company, with those received by TPCO as well benefits received by TPCO’s other subsidiaries TPCO Yuan-tong, and TPCO Charging. Id. at 39-40. Therefore, Commerce used TPCO IETC’s total unconsolidated sales value without removing inter-company sales. Id. at 39-40.

No party challenges Commerce’s attribution methodology. Commerce has explained its attribution methodology and supports its attribution methodology by referring to uncontroverted record evidence. Therefore, Commerce has complied with the court’s order.

V. Provision of Steel Rounds Tied to Production of Subject Merchandise

The court remanded Commerce’s decision to attribute the benefit received by TPCO from the provision of steel rounds at LTAR because the court could not “discern whether Commerce determined that the provision of steel rounds at LTAR is tied to sales of seamless pipe.” TMK IPSCO, 40 CIT at -, 179 F.Supp.3d at 1359. On remand, Commerce finds no record evidence as to the purpose or intended use of the steel rounds and billets under the subsidy program. See Remand Results 46. Therefore, Commerce again attributes the subsidies at issue to TPCO’s applicable total sales, not just sales of seamless pipe. See id. U.S. Steel continues to challenge that substantial evidence supports Commerce’s determination. U.S. Steel Remand Comments 8-10. The court disagrees with U.S. Steel.

Commerce attributes the benefits of subsidies to all products exported by a firm. 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(3). However, if a firm produces more than one product, Commerce will attribute the subsidy only to sales of a particular product if the subsidy is tied to the production or sale of only that product. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(5). If Commerce cannot determine that the subsidy is tied to the production or sale of a particular product, then Commerce follows its default rule of attributing subsidies to all products exported by the firm. See 19 C.F.R. §§ 351.525(b)(3), (b)(5). Commerce has discretion in determining how to evaluate whether a subsidy is tied to the production or sale of a particular product because neither the statute nor Commerce’s regulation defines when a subsidy is tied to the production or sale of a particular product. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(E)(iv); 19 C.F.R. §§ 351.525(b)(2), (b)(5). As a matter of practice Commerce evaluates the purpose of the subsidy based on information available at the time of bestowal and does not trace how the subsidy is actually used by companies. See id. at 45 (citing Large Residential Washers From the Republic of Korea, 77 Fed. Reg. 75,975 (Dep’t Commerce Dec. 26, 2012) (final affirmative CVD determination); and accompanying Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Determination in the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Large Residential Washers from the Republic of Korea at 41, C-580-869, (Dec. 18, 2012), available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/korea-south/2012-31078-l.pdf (last visited Apr. 28, 2017) (“Large Residential Washers from Korea I & D”)).

Here, Commerce attributed the provision of steel rounds and billets at LTAR to all sales of TPCO rather than to only sales of seamless pipe tubes because record evidence does not establish that the GOC intended the subsidy to benefit or knew that the subsidy would benefit the production of seamless pipe and tube at the time of bestowal. Remand Results 46. Commerce evaluated the subsidy based upon information at the time of bestowal and there were no documents or statements from the GOC or from state-owned producers and suppliers on the purpose or intended use of steel rounds and billets under the program. Id. at 46. U.S. Steel points to no evidence demonstrating that the GOC inténded the subsidy to benefit or knew that the subsidy would benefit the production of seamless pipe and tube at the time of bestowal.

U.S. Steel contends that the GOC’s statement in its response to Commerce’s request for a list of industries. in China that directly purchase steel rounds that “[s]teel rounds (billets in round shape that can be used to produce OCTG) are [purchased] by the OCTG industry,” renders Commerce’s conclusion unreasonable. U.S. Steel Remand Comments 9 (citing Response of the Government of the People’s Republic of China to the Department’s Initial Questionnaire at 49, PD 107 (July 20, 2009)). However, Commerce reasoned that “the mere fact that a good ‘can be used’ does not demonstrate that the provision of that good is tied to a particular product within the meaning of 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(5).” Remand Results 53. In its final determination, Commerce noted that the GOO states that steel billet was used “in a number of industries, including rebar, plain bar, merchant bar, light sections, narrow strip, wire rod, and seamless tubes.” Final Decision Memo at 75. Moreover, Commerce states that its practice is to only “find that a subsidy is tied to a particular product when the intended use is known to the subsidy giver (in this case the GOC) and so acknowledged prior to [or] concurrent with the bestowal of the subsidy.” Remand Results 46 (citing Coun tervailing Duties, 63 Fed. Reg. 65,348, 65,403 (Dep’t Commerce Nov. 25, 1998) (final rule) (explaining that Commerce looks at information available at the time of bestowal to analyze the purpose of the subsidy) ). The POI for Commerce’s investigation of OCTG from China is January 1, 2008 through December 31,2008. See id. at 3. It is therefore reasonably discernible that Commerce concluded that that the GOC’s questionnaire response is not an acknowledgment that the purpose of the subsidy is to benefit producers of OCTG prior to or concurrent with the bestowal of the subsidy because the statement was made in response to Commerce’s questionnaire issued in 2009. See id. (citing Countervailing Duties, 63 Fed. Reg. at 65,403).

U.S. Steel also argues that Commerce’s statement that the GOC has a policy of “supporting and promoting the production of innovative and high-value added products, including OCTG” contradicts Commerce’s tying determination. U.S. Steel Remand Comments 9 (citing Prelim. Results, 74 Fed. Reg. at 47,217). It is also reasonably discernible that Commerce did not consider this statement inconsistent with its tying determination because the GOC’s acknowledgment of support for one of several products does not mean that it knew and acknowledged prior to or concurrent with the bestowal of the subsidy that the program was intended to benefit any one of those products. See Remand Results 46 (citing Countervailing Duties, 63 Fed. Reg. at 65,403 (stating that Commerce analyzes the purpose of the subsidy based on information available at the time of bestowal)).

Lastly, U.S. Steel argues that Commerce’s tying determination is unsupported because there is no affirmative evidence suggesting that the steel rounds and billets provided at LTAR are used to produce any products other than OCTG. See U.S. Steel Remand Comments 10. However, Commerce makes clear that its practice does not consider the actual use of the products provided under the subsidy program in evaluating whether the subsidy program is tied to the production of subject merchandise. See Remand Results 45 (citing Large Residential Washers from Korea I & D at 41). Commerce has explained this practice in the past by noting that tracing funds only establishes whether funds are actually used for their stated purpose or the purpose Commerce evinces from record evidence and not whether a benefit is conferred or what specific products the grantor intended to benefit. See Countervailing Duties, 63 Fed. Reg. at 65,403. U.S. Steel highlights no reason this practice is unreasonable generally or as applied here. Commerce’s determination is therefore supported by substantial evidence.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, for the reasons discussed, the court sustains the Remand Results. Judgment will enter accordingly.

1 . On May 12, 2010, Defendant submitted indi-ces to the public and confidential administrative records for its final results, which identify the documents that comprise the public and confidential administrative records to the Commerce's final determination. The indices to the public and confidential administrative records to Commerce's final determination can be located at ECF No. 40. On January 3, 2017, Defendant submitted indices to the public and confidential administrative records for its Remand Results, which identify documents that comprise the public and confidential administrative records to Commerce's Remand Results. Those indices can be located at ECF Nos. 173-1 and 173-2, respectively. All further references to the documents from the administrative records to the final results and the remand results are identified by the numbers assigned by Commerce in these administrative records.

2 . Although this countervailing duty investigation was initiated on April 28, 2009, the 2012 version of 19 U.S.C. § 1671(f) applies here because the March 13, 2012 amendment to the statute applies to all countervailing duty proceedings initiated on or after November 20, 2006 and all civil actions relating to such proceedings. See Section 701 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1671 note (2012) (Effective and Applicability Provisions 2012 Acts). All further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant provisions of Title 19 of the U.S. Code, 2006 edition unless otherwise indicated.

3 . Further references to the Code of Federal Regulations are to the 2009 edition.

4 . The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit held that Defendant may preserve its standing to pursue an appeal even though Defendant may technically be the prevailing party by adopting a position “under protest”. See Viraj Grp., Ltd. v. United States, 343 F.3d 1371, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

5 . Commerce only evaluated the countervaila-bility of programs that provided a non-recurring benefit as early as 1994 because it only allocates the benefit conferred of a non-recurring subsidy program over the average useful life of the assets involved. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.401(a)-(b). The average useful life of the assets used in the production of subject merchandise was 15 years. Remand Results 12.

6 . Commerce did not change its determination with respect to the identification and measurement of certain non-recurring subsidy programs that it determined based on record information had been established after December 11, 2001 because the full benefit conferred by such programs had already been assessed and applied in Commerce’s final determination. See Remand Results 20-25.

Specifically, the subsidy programs that Commerce determined were unaffected by its application of the December 11, 2001 cut-off date include: (1) Tianjin Binhai New Area; (2) the Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (Science and Technology Fund); (3) the Sub-central Government Programs to Promote Famous Export Brands and China World Top Brands; (4) the Jiangsu Province Brands; (5) the Stamp Exemption on Share Transfers Under Non-Tradeable Share Reform: (6) the Foreign Trade Development Fund (Northeast Revitalization Program); (7) the Five Points, One Line Program; (8) the Forgiveness of Tax Arrears For Enterprises in the Old Industrial of Northeast China; (9) the Debt-to-Equity Swap for Pan-gang; (10) the Bohai Fund’s equity infusion in TPCO; (11) the Exemptions for State Owned Enterprises from Distributing Divi-dents to the State; (12) all lending programs offered through government entities; and (13) the VAT and Tariff Exemptions for the Purchase of Fixed Assets Under the Foreign Trade Development Fund, See id,

7 . Although 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)-(b) and 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(a)-(c) each separately provide for the use of facts otherwise available and the subsequent application of an adverse inference to those facts, Commerce uses the shorthand term "adverse facts available” or "AFA” to refer to Commerce’s use of such facts otherwise available with an adverse inference. See, e.g„ Remand Results 27-35.

Commerce requested information regarding the alleged subsidy programs for other programs alleged in the petition for which it lacked information to determine whether they had begun prior to December 11, 2001 by sending questionnaires to the Government of China ("GOC”) and to the mandatory respondents. See ich at 4 (citing Letter Pertaining to GOC Questionnaire, Rem. PD 2, bar code 3490597-01 (July 25, 2016); Letter Pertaining to Jianli Questionnaire, Rem PD 3, bar code 3490598-01 (July 25, 2016); Letter Pertaining to TPCO Questionnaire, Rem. PD 4, bar code 3490600-01 (July 25, 2016); Letter Pertaining to Wuxi Questionnaire, Rem. PD 5, bar code 3490602-01 (July 25, 2016)). Commerce states that it received no responses to its request for information. Remand Results 19 (citing Memorandum Pertaining to Chang-bao, Jianli, TPCO, Wuxi Status of Respondent Representation, Rem. PD 7, bar code 3591043-01 (July 27, 2016)). As a result, Commerce based its CVD rates for these programs on AFA in its Remand Results.

8 . For example, Commerce first determined identifying and measuring grants does not require a "specific legal framework guiding government action,” but does require that Commerce can “identify distinct economic actors.” Remand Results 13. Commerce then identified that the entry into force of the first Company Law in 1994, which recognized the legal standing of privatized firms and "setting forth principles of business autonomy, responsibility for profits and losses, and right to own assets,” represents the threshold where China transitioned "to a phase of economic development where distinct economic actors were legally extended the flexibility to engage in commercial activity.” See id. at 14-15. Therefore, it is reasonably discernible that Commerce concludes that identifying and measuring all grants requires it to identify benefits to distinct economic actors and match such benefits to individual economic actors. See id.

9 . Specifically, Commerce applied an adverse inference that the following individual nonrecurring subsidy programs were countervail-able from the time the category of bestowal was first identifiable and measurable: (1) Export Assistance Grants, Program to Rebate Antidumping Fees, and Grants to Loss-Making SOEs; and (2) Provision of Land and/or Land Use Rights for SOEs for LTAR. See Remand Results 31-32; 34-35.

10 .For purposes of calculating the AFA rate, Commerce found all alleged programs for which it requested a questionnaire response countervailable because respondents withheld requested information and significantly impeded the proceeding. See Remand Results 28. Because the GOC and the mandatory respondents failed to participate, Commerce applied the following hierarchy to select appropriate subsidy rates for the subsidy programs for which it applied AFA;

(a) [Commerce] first applied, where available, the highest above de minimis subsidy rate calculated for an identical program from any segment of this proceeding; (b) absent such a rate, [Commerce] applied, where available, the highest above de minimis subsidy rate calculated for a similar program for any segment of this proceeding; (c) absent an above de minimis subsidy rate calculated for the same or similar program in any segment of proceeding, [Commerce] applied the highest above de minimis calculated subsidy rate for identical, or if not available, a similar program from any CVD proceeding involving the country in which the subject merchandise is produced (i.e., [China]), provided the producer of the subject merchandise or the industry to which it belongs could have used the program for which the rates were calculated. Absent an above de minimis rate for the same or similar program from any CVD proceeding involving [China], [Commerce] applied the highest calculated rate from any program in any CVD proceeding for [China].

Id. at 28-29.

11 . For recurring benefits, Commerce allocates those benefits or expenses to the year in which the benefit is received. 19 C.F.R. § 351.524(a). In other words, only recurring benefits bestowed during the POI could possibly be eountervailable. See id. Therefore, recurring programs were unaffected by Commerce’s determination to apply a cut-off date for identifying and measuring non-recurring subsidies.

12 . The court considers any substantial evidence challenges to Commerce's determinations of when it could identify and measure other alleged subsidy programs waived because U.S. Steel challenges the specific cut-off dates selected for only land-oriented subsidies and credit-oriented subsidies. See U.S. Steel Remand Comments 6-7.

13 . Commerce specifically notes that the contracts between Jianli and its freight forwarder include the line item “3.) DEADFREIGHT APPLIES IF FINAL CGO QTTY IS LESS THAN OR CGO DIMENSION IS DIFFERENT FROM DESCRIBED IN PARA2.)” Remand Results 42 (citing Jianli Freight Quote at Attach. 1).

14 . Commerce generally seeks to measure the adequacy of remuneration by comparing the government price to a market-determined price for the good from actual transactions in the country in question (i.e„ a tier i benchmark). 19 C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2)(i).

15 . Commerce's regulations define cross ownership as ‘'existing] between two or more corporations where one corporation can use or direct the individual assets of the other corporation(s) in essentially the same ways it can use its own assets.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(6)(vi).