Wagner, Judge,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This was a proceeding under the statute to contest the validity of the will of John'Cowgill, deceased, which had been admitted to probate in the Probate Court of Livingston county. Prom the record it appears that the testator had been twice married, and had two sets of children, eight in all, four by the first marriage and the same number by the second. At the time of his death the children were all grown. By the disposition of his property made in his will, he devised and bequeathed all his property to his wife Rachel and her son Henry, and the remainder of the children were substantially disinherited, receiving nothing but mere nominal shares. The reasons stated in the petition for contesting the validity of the will are that the testator, when he made and executed the same, was not of sound and disposing mind,- and that it was obtained by fraud and undue influence exercised upon him by Rachel and Henry, the devisees. These allegations are explicitly denied in the answer. Upon the trial of the cause the defendants moved the court to have an issue made up and framed as to whether the writing produced was the will of the testator or not. This the court refused to do, and this refusal is assigned as the first ground of error. The statute is plain and express on [295]*295the subject. It provides that if any person, by petition to the Circuit Court, shall contest the validity of a will, an issue shall be made up to be tried, as to whether the writing produced is the will of the testator or not. (2 Wagn. Stat. 1868, § 29.) I think the court clearly erred in not complying with the request. Under a similar statute in Ohio the court say that the statute itself having prescribed the issue, it must be followed. (Green v. Green, 5 Ohio, 279.)
The defendants further requested that they should be allowed to open and close the case to the jury, but the court denied them that privilege and awarded the opening and close to the plaintiffs. Upon this point there is not an entire uniformity in the practice, and the decisions in this as' well as in other States are conflicting. The issue in these cases is whether the writing produced is the will of the testator or not, and the onus or burden of proof is cast upon the defendants who seek to establish its validity.
In the case of Cravens v. Falconer, 28 Mo. 19, it was decided by this court that, as the burden of proof rested upon the defendants, they had the right to open and close the case to the jury.
In Farrel’s Adm’r v. Brennan’s Adm’x, 32 Mo. 328, the judge delivering the opinion expressed doubts as to the correctness of the ruling in Cravens v. Falconer, and was inclined to the view that the plaintiffs, or the party attacking the will, should be allowed to open and close; but he said that an error in that respect furnished no ground for a new trial, unless the -party had been materially injured thereby. When the issue is made up, the defendants, endeavoring to establish or hold under the will, affirm that the paper writing is the last will and testament of the testator. They then have the affirmation of the issue to be tried, and are entitled to open and conclude.
In my judgment the case of Cravens v. Falconer enunciates the correct doctrine, and is supported by the best reasoned cases decided elsewhere.
Mrs. Tingley and Mrs. Hammond were married daughters of the testator, and they and their husbands were plaintiffs of record in the cause. An objection was raised that Mrs. Tingley and Mrs. Hammond being married women and joined with their [296]*296husbands, were incompetent to testify. But this objection was overruled, and they were permitted to give evidence. Whether their testimony was admissible depends upon a construction of our statute in reference to witnesses.
The first section of the statute removes the common-law disability in regard to parties to the record testifying in their own behalf. The fifth section provides that no married woman shall be disqualified as a witness in any civil suit or proceeding prosecuted in the name of or against her husband, whether joined or not with her husband as a party, in the following cases, to-wit: first, in actions upon policies of insurance of property, so far as relates to the amount and value of the property alleged to be injured or destroyed; second, in actions against carriers, so far as relates to the loss of property and the amount and value thereof; third, in all matters of business transactions where the transaction was had and conducted by such married woman as the agent of her husband. (2 Wagn. Stat. 1872-3, §§ 1-5.)
It is now contended that, as the witnesses do not come within either of the enumerations in section 6, which expressly authorize a married woman to give evidence when joined with her husband, they must necessarily be excluded. But I do not think that such a ruling would carry out either the meaning or spirit of the statute. The first section permits every party to the record to give evidence. Now, in the cáse at bar, the real parties are the married women, the cause of action rests in them, and without them the husbands would have no interest. They are the parties, and although the law authorizes the joinder of the husbands, still the husbands are merely nominal parties, as they are not heirs at law. Under such circumstance's I think that Mrs. Tingley and Mrs. Hammond were parties entitled to give evidence within the meaning of the first section of the statute, and such has been the ruling of the courts in the States having the same statutory provision. (Hooper v. Hooper, 48 Barb. 292 ; Barber v. Goddard, 9 Gray, 71; Gee v. Lewis, 20 Ind. 149; Robinson v. Hutchinson, 31 Verm. 509.)
The evidence admitted, of bad treatment of the children of the first marriage by Rachel, at the time and shortly after her mar[297]*297riage with the testator, will now be noticed. This evidence was of facts transpiring many years previous, whilst the parties lived in Indiana. The testimony tended to show that Rachel discriminated against her husband’s children by his first marriage, in favor of her own, and that she treated them harshly and rudely. But it is not shown that she acquired an undue influence over her husband’s mind, or that she succeeded in alienating his affections from his elder children. Bad treatment of the children exerted or exercised many years previous to the making of the will, taken singly and disconnected, does not necessarily furnish a reason for impeaching its validity. Such conduct by a stepmother would operate on different persons in different ways. On some it might have a tendency to produce an injurious influence, whilst on others it would have a directly opposite effect. But it may be presumed as a pretty correct proposition that general bad treatment alone is not sufficient; it should be followed up by proof showing the effect it had on the testator’s mind. The essential characteristic of a good testament is that the mind of the testator in making it should be free and not influenced or moved by fear, fraud, or undue flattery. The constraint or unfairness, to avoid a will, must be operative on the mind of the testator at the time of making the will. Therefore harsh treatment, or even an exertion of influence long past and gone, and in no way connected with the testamentary act, cannot be allowed as evidence to impeach a will. Something more must appear: that undue influence was acquired in consequence of it, and that that influence continued down to the time the will was executed.
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Wagner, Judge,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This was a proceeding under the statute to contest the validity of the will of John'Cowgill, deceased, which had been admitted to probate in the Probate Court of Livingston county. Prom the record it appears that the testator had been twice married, and had two sets of children, eight in all, four by the first marriage and the same number by the second. At the time of his death the children were all grown. By the disposition of his property made in his will, he devised and bequeathed all his property to his wife Rachel and her son Henry, and the remainder of the children were substantially disinherited, receiving nothing but mere nominal shares. The reasons stated in the petition for contesting the validity of the will are that the testator, when he made and executed the same, was not of sound and disposing mind,- and that it was obtained by fraud and undue influence exercised upon him by Rachel and Henry, the devisees. These allegations are explicitly denied in the answer. Upon the trial of the cause the defendants moved the court to have an issue made up and framed as to whether the writing produced was the will of the testator or not. This the court refused to do, and this refusal is assigned as the first ground of error. The statute is plain and express on [295]*295the subject. It provides that if any person, by petition to the Circuit Court, shall contest the validity of a will, an issue shall be made up to be tried, as to whether the writing produced is the will of the testator or not. (2 Wagn. Stat. 1868, § 29.) I think the court clearly erred in not complying with the request. Under a similar statute in Ohio the court say that the statute itself having prescribed the issue, it must be followed. (Green v. Green, 5 Ohio, 279.)
The defendants further requested that they should be allowed to open and close the case to the jury, but the court denied them that privilege and awarded the opening and close to the plaintiffs. Upon this point there is not an entire uniformity in the practice, and the decisions in this as' well as in other States are conflicting. The issue in these cases is whether the writing produced is the will of the testator or not, and the onus or burden of proof is cast upon the defendants who seek to establish its validity.
In the case of Cravens v. Falconer, 28 Mo. 19, it was decided by this court that, as the burden of proof rested upon the defendants, they had the right to open and close the case to the jury.
In Farrel’s Adm’r v. Brennan’s Adm’x, 32 Mo. 328, the judge delivering the opinion expressed doubts as to the correctness of the ruling in Cravens v. Falconer, and was inclined to the view that the plaintiffs, or the party attacking the will, should be allowed to open and close; but he said that an error in that respect furnished no ground for a new trial, unless the -party had been materially injured thereby. When the issue is made up, the defendants, endeavoring to establish or hold under the will, affirm that the paper writing is the last will and testament of the testator. They then have the affirmation of the issue to be tried, and are entitled to open and conclude.
In my judgment the case of Cravens v. Falconer enunciates the correct doctrine, and is supported by the best reasoned cases decided elsewhere.
Mrs. Tingley and Mrs. Hammond were married daughters of the testator, and they and their husbands were plaintiffs of record in the cause. An objection was raised that Mrs. Tingley and Mrs. Hammond being married women and joined with their [296]*296husbands, were incompetent to testify. But this objection was overruled, and they were permitted to give evidence. Whether their testimony was admissible depends upon a construction of our statute in reference to witnesses.
The first section of the statute removes the common-law disability in regard to parties to the record testifying in their own behalf. The fifth section provides that no married woman shall be disqualified as a witness in any civil suit or proceeding prosecuted in the name of or against her husband, whether joined or not with her husband as a party, in the following cases, to-wit: first, in actions upon policies of insurance of property, so far as relates to the amount and value of the property alleged to be injured or destroyed; second, in actions against carriers, so far as relates to the loss of property and the amount and value thereof; third, in all matters of business transactions where the transaction was had and conducted by such married woman as the agent of her husband. (2 Wagn. Stat. 1872-3, §§ 1-5.)
It is now contended that, as the witnesses do not come within either of the enumerations in section 6, which expressly authorize a married woman to give evidence when joined with her husband, they must necessarily be excluded. But I do not think that such a ruling would carry out either the meaning or spirit of the statute. The first section permits every party to the record to give evidence. Now, in the cáse at bar, the real parties are the married women, the cause of action rests in them, and without them the husbands would have no interest. They are the parties, and although the law authorizes the joinder of the husbands, still the husbands are merely nominal parties, as they are not heirs at law. Under such circumstance's I think that Mrs. Tingley and Mrs. Hammond were parties entitled to give evidence within the meaning of the first section of the statute, and such has been the ruling of the courts in the States having the same statutory provision. (Hooper v. Hooper, 48 Barb. 292 ; Barber v. Goddard, 9 Gray, 71; Gee v. Lewis, 20 Ind. 149; Robinson v. Hutchinson, 31 Verm. 509.)
The evidence admitted, of bad treatment of the children of the first marriage by Rachel, at the time and shortly after her mar[297]*297riage with the testator, will now be noticed. This evidence was of facts transpiring many years previous, whilst the parties lived in Indiana. The testimony tended to show that Rachel discriminated against her husband’s children by his first marriage, in favor of her own, and that she treated them harshly and rudely. But it is not shown that she acquired an undue influence over her husband’s mind, or that she succeeded in alienating his affections from his elder children. Bad treatment of the children exerted or exercised many years previous to the making of the will, taken singly and disconnected, does not necessarily furnish a reason for impeaching its validity. Such conduct by a stepmother would operate on different persons in different ways. On some it might have a tendency to produce an injurious influence, whilst on others it would have a directly opposite effect. But it may be presumed as a pretty correct proposition that general bad treatment alone is not sufficient; it should be followed up by proof showing the effect it had on the testator’s mind. The essential characteristic of a good testament is that the mind of the testator in making it should be free and not influenced or moved by fear, fraud, or undue flattery. The constraint or unfairness, to avoid a will, must be operative on the mind of the testator at the time of making the will. Therefore harsh treatment, or even an exertion of influence long past and gone, and in no way connected with the testamentary act, cannot be allowed as evidence to impeach a will. Something more must appear: that undue influence was acquired in consequence of it, and that that influence continued down to the time the will was executed. In these cases, it is true, a wide range is permitted,• as undue influence is seldom susceptible of direct proof, but must be gathered from facts and circumstances. But the bad treatment alone, when it occurred many years prior to the making of the testament, will not be sufficient.
It appears that the testator was addicted to the excessive use of opium, and that the opinions of medical witnesses were introduced for the purpose of showing the influence it had upon his mind.
This evidence, although objected to, was admitted. The [298]*298opinions of medical men, as men of science and as experts, are admissible in certain cases to show the nature, cause and influence of disease; but when they are called as scientific witnesses they cannot give their opinions as to the merits of the cause, but only their opinions on the facts proved; and where the facts are doubtful the witness may be asked his opinion upon a case hypothetically stated. The deposition of Dr. Barnes in respect to the influence, effect and mental derangement caused by the use of opium, was inadmissible. It was not founded on any hypothetical statement or agreement of facts in the case. It was the opinion of the deponent as to the incapacity of any man who should use opium a certain number of years. It was more in the nature of a medical treatise, general in its statements and manner of discussion, than an opinion of. skill and science founded on facts either real or assumed.
A question has been made in regard to receiving the declarations of the testator made before the making of the will, but we do not deem it necessary to go into a discussion of that subject. The general doctrine was thoroughly considered by this court in the case of Gibson v. Gibson, 24 Mo. 227, and we see no reason for reviewing the elaborate decision there rendered.
As these views are decisive of the present disposition to be made of the case, it becomes unimportant to notice the misconduct of the juror and the audience attending upon court at the trial. As the judgment was for the plaintiffs, the result is that the same must be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial in conformity with this opinion.
The other judges concur.