This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A23-0149
Tina Marie Lund, as conservator of the Honorable Fred Karasov, Appellant,
vs.
Calhoun Orange, Inc. d/b/a Orange Theory Fitness Minneapolis-Uptown, Respondent,
Ultimate Fitness Group LLC, d/b/a Orangetheory Fitness, Respondent.
Filed December 4, 2023 Affirmed Schmidt, Judge Concurring in part and dissenting in part, Cleary, Judge
Hennepin County District Court File No. 27-CV-20-12141
Colin F. Peterson, Brandon Thompson, Kathleen Flynn Peterson, Rachel L. Barrett, Ciresi Conlin LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)
Julia J. Nierengarten, Michael D. Hutchens, Meagher & Geer, P.L.L.P., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent Calhoun Orange, Inc.)
Theodore J. Waldeck, Jason M. Stoffel, Waldeck & Woodrow, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent Ultimate Fitness Group LLC)
Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Schmidt, Judge; and
Cleary, Judge. ∗
∗ Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION
SCHMIDT, Judge
Fred Karasov (Karasov) suffered a cardiac arrest during an exercise class and
sustained a permanent brain injury. Appellant Tina Lund (Lund), Karasov’s wife and
conservator, brought various claims of negligence against respondents Calhoun Orange,
Inc. d/b/a Orange Theory Fitness Minneapolis-Uptown (Calhoun Orange) and Ultimate
Fitness Group LLC, d/b/a Orangetheory Fitness (Ultimate Fitness). Lund challenges the
district court’s (1) summary-judgment dismissal based on an exculpatory clause of her
claims for negligence, medical negligence, and negligent undertaking against Calhoun
Orange; (2) summary-judgment dismissal of her claims against Ultimate Fitness; and
(3) denial of her motion for a new trial based on Calhoun Orange’s alleged misstatements
of the law at trial. We affirm.
FACTS
Ultimate Fitness and Calhoun Orange
Ultimate Fitness is the parent company of Calhoun Orange and the franchisor of
various Orangetheory Fitness studios across the United States. Calhoun Orange is a fitness
studio operating under the name of Orange Theory Fitness. The franchise agreement
between Ultimate Fitness and Calhoun Orange grants Ultimate Fitness control over several
aspects of Calhoun Orange’s operations, including the location of the studio, the sale of
Orangetheory products, advertising, and marketing.
Ultimate Fitness also provided Calhoun Orange with a business policies guide. In
the “Health & Safety” portion of the guide, Ultimate Fitness requires every franchisee to
2 have an automated external defibrillator (AED), a fire extinguisher, and a first-aid kit on
the premises. Ultimate Fitness also requires that at least one person at the studio be trained
in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and how to properly administer an AED.
Calhoun Orange’s manager drafted its emergency protocol and noted that “a lot of
the language from that [protocol] is pulled from Orangetheory Fitness training, from the
franchisor[.]” The emergency protocol requires Calhoun Orange employees to fill out an
“incident/injury report.” The document also lists several “Emergency Response
Scenarios,” which require the staff to “call 911 immediately,” “start CPR immediately,”
and “have another staff member get the AED, bring [it] to the client and open the case.”
Karasov joins Calhoun Orange and suffers a permanent injury
When Karasov joined Calhoun Orange, he signed an intake form:
I (the “Client”) voluntarily desire to participate in physical exercise training classes conducted on behalf of Orangetheory Fitness Uptown 2640 Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis, MN. 55408 and understand [sic] agree to the following[:]
....
4. Client has been informed that any fitness program includes possible risks and all exercises shall be undertaken at Client’s sole risk and discretion. Client assumes full responsibility for any and all damages, injuries or losses that may be sustained or incur, if any, while participating in any studio exercise program or physical activity. Client hereby waives all claims against the Studio, the Facility, the Studio instructors, officers, directors, employees or agents of either and/or any successor assigns or and all claims, demands, injuries, damages, actions or causes of action, whatsoever to my person or property arising out of or connected to the services, facilities, exercise classes, or the facility where same is located (including the Studio and/or the Facility, as
3 applicable). Client hereby agrees to indemnify[,] defend, hold harmless, release and discharge the Studio and Facility from all claims, demands, injuries, damage actions [sic] causes of action and from all acts of active or passive negligence on the part of the Studio, the Facility, the Studio instructors, their servants, agents, employees, and/or any successors and assigns, whatsoever, for any damages, injuries or losses that may be sustained by the Client arising from or in connection with the activities that Client voluntarily participates, including without limitation, attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses of any litigation, arbitration or other proceeding.
On September 7, 2019, Karasov attended a workout class at Calhoun Orange and
collapsed approximately 60 minutes into the 90-minute class. A class participant noticed
the collapse and alerted M.B., the Calhoun Orange trainer. M.B. was certified and trained
in CPR and how to properly administer an AED. M.B. yelled “[s]omebody grab the AED
and someone call 911.” Another Calhoun Orange employee brought the AED into the
workout classroom, and someone called 911.
After Karasov collapsed, two class participants—a nurse practitioner and a
registered nurse—began performing CPR and pulse checks. The Calhoun Orange
employee placed the AED on the ground near Karasov but did not inform the nurses that
the AED had arrived. The AED was not used by a Calhoun Orange employee or the nurses.
When the paramedics arrived approximately 15 minutes later, they took over
resuscitation efforts. The paramedics applied the AED and, after one shock, resuscitated
Karasov. The paramedics transferred Karasov to the Hennepin County Medical Center for
further care. By that time, Karasov had suffered a permanent brain injury. The injury
requires lifelong medical and rehabilitative home care, home care, and equipment.
4 Lawsuit and summary judgment orders
Following the injury, Lund sued Calhoun Orange, alleging (1) negligence,
(2) willful and wanton negligence, (3) negligent undertaking, (4) medical negligence, and
(5) deceptive-trade practices. 1 The district court later allowed Lund to amend the
complaint to add Ultimate Fitness. Lund alleged Ultimate Fitness, as the franchisor, should
be vicariously liable for the actions of Calhoun Orange and its employees.
Calhoun Orange moved for summary judgment, arguing the exculpatory clause in
the intake form barred Lund’s claims. The district court granted summary judgment as to
Lund’s claims for negligence, negligent undertaking, and medical negligence, but denied
summary judgment as to Lund’s willful and wanton negligence claim.
Ultimate Fitness moved for summary judgment on Lund’s vicarious-liability claims
under the theories of apparent authority, respondeat superior, and joint enterprise. The
district court granted the entire motion and dismissed Ultimate Fitness from the lawsuit.
Trial
Lund proceeded to trial on her remaining claim for willful and wanton negligence
against Calhoun Orange. During the opening statement, Calhoun Orange’s counsel told
the jury, “By the way[,] this is not a negligence claim. The claim in this case is willful and
wanton negligence[,] which is a much higher burden on the plaintiffs . . . .” Lund objected
and requested a curative instruction regarding the definition of willful and wanton
negligence. The district court reserved ruling until the following day. After discussing the
1 Lund elected to forgo her deceptive trade practices claim at trial.
5 issue with the attorneys at length, the district court noted that both attorneys had used
specific legal terms in their opening statements. The district court then instructed the jury
to disregard each party’s comments on the legal standards that apply to the case and that
the court would provide instructions on the law that applies to the case.
During closing arguments, Calhoun Orange’s counsel stated: “[B]ut if you think of
the normal definitions of willful and wanton, you know, conjures up intentional, deliberate,
indifference, don’t care. Did you see any of that through [M.B.’s] testimony? Absolutely
not.” Lund made an objection, which the district court overruled.
Following closing arguments, the district court instructed the jury, “To the extent
you believe the attorney’s discussions of the legal standards differed from the instructions
I gave you, you should disregard the attorney[’s] comments and follow my instructions.”
After deliberation, the jury returned a verdict for Calhoun Orange.
Based on Calhoun Orange’s alleged misstatements of the law, Lund moved for a
new trial, arguing counsel’s remarks in opening statements and closing argument
constituted misconduct. The district court denied Lund’s motion, determining that the
court’s repeated instructions to the jury cured any prejudice.
After the posttrial motion hearing, Lund filed a letter with the district court arguing
that the recent decision in Justice v. Marvel, 979 N.W.2d 894, 902 (Minn. 2022), is relevant
to the new-trial motion. In denying the motion, the district court disagreed that Justice had
relevance to Lund’s motion because the only basis for the new trial motion was counsel’s
“alleged misstatements of the law . . . in opening and closing statements.”
This appeal follows.
6 DECISION
I. The district court properly granted summary judgment on Lund’s negligence claims.
Lund argues that the Minnesota Supreme Court’s decision in Justice requires this
court to reverse the district court’s summary-judgment order on her negligence claims. We
review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Franklin v. Evans, 992 N.W.2d 379, 384
(Minn. 2023). In doing so, we determine whether the district court correctly applied the
law and whether any genuine issues of material fact preclude summary judgment. Id.
The law disfavors exculpatory and indemnification clauses. Schlobohm v. Spa
Petite, Inc., 326 N.W.2d 920, 923 (Minn. 1982). Clauses that exonerate a party from
liability are strictly construed against the benefitted party. Id. An exculpatory clause that
purports to release a party from intentional, willful, or wanton acts or is ambiguous in scope
will not be enforced. Id.
In granting summary judgment, the district court relied on this court’s decision in
Justice v. Marvel, in which we held the exculpatory clause’s purported release of “any and
all claims” was overly broad. 965 N.W.2d 335, 347-48 (Minn. App. 2021), rev’d,
979 N.W.2d 894 (Minn. 2022). We held, however, that the clause was enforceable to the
extent the plaintiff asserted a claim of ordinary negligence but unenforceable against claims
of “greater-than-ordinary negligence.” Id.
In reversing, the Minnesota Supreme Court clarified that “[t]o withstand strict
construction . . . an exculpatory clause ‘must use specific, express language that clearly
and unequivocally states the contracting parties’ intent,’ regardless of whether the
7 provision ‘is so broad that it necessarily includes the [released party’s] own negligence.’”
Justice, 979 N.W.2d at 901-02 (quoting Dewitt v. London Rd. Rental Ctr., Inc.,
910 N.W.2d 412, 417 (Minn. 2018) (internal quotations omitted)). The supreme court held
that the waiver at issue did not “specifically provide that it released Marvel from liability
for its own negligent acts.” Id. at 902.
In ruling on Calhoun Orange’s summary judgment motion, the district court did not
have the benefit of the Minnesota Supreme Court’s decision. The district court—relying
on this court’s decision upholding a waiver—dismissed Lund’s negligence claims based
upon the following clause:
4. . . . . Client hereby waives all claims against the Studio, the Facility, the Studio instructors, officers, directors, employees or agents of either and/or any successor assigns or and all claims, demands, injuries, damages, actions or causes of action, whatsoever to my person or property arising out of or connected to the services, facilities, exercise classes, or the facility where same is located (including the Studio and/or the Facility, as applicable).
We agree with Lund that, after the Minnesota Supreme Court’s decision in Justice,
the above language cannot release Calhoun Orange from liability for its own negligence.
This clause, strictly construed, fails to mention Calhoun Orange’s own negligence and,
instead, attempts to release Calhoun Orange from “all claims.” While the language could
technically encompass claims for negligence, it fails to specifically and clearly state the
parties’ intent to release Calhoun Orange from liability for its own negligence as the
supreme court required in Justice. See 979 N.W.2d at 901-03.
8 Although the sentence within paragraph 4 that the district court relied upon to grant
summary judgment is unenforceable to release Calhoun Orange from its own negligence, 2
we “may affirm a grant of summary judgment if it can be sustained on any grounds.”
Doe v. Archdiocese of St. Paul, 817 N.W.2d 150, 163 (Minn. 2012); see also
Winkler v. Magnuson, 539 N.W.2d 821, 827 (Minn. App. 1995) (stating a district court’s
summary-judgment order may be affirmed if the decision is correct on other grounds).
Paragraph 4 of the intake form, when read in its entirety, states:
Client has been informed that any fitness program includes possible risks and all exercises shall be undertaken at Client’s sole risk and discretion. Client assumes full responsibility for any and all damages, injuries or losses that may be sustained or incur, if any, while participating in any studio exercise program or physical activity. Client hereby waives all claims against the Studio, the Facility, the Studio instructors, officers, directors, employees or agents of either and/or any successor assigns or and all claims, demands, injuries, damages, actions or causes of action, whatsoever to my person or property arising out of or connected to the services, facilities, exercise classes, or the facility where same is located (including the Studio and/or the Facility, as applicable). Client hereby agrees to indemnify [sic] defend, hold harmless, release and discharge the Studio and Facility from all claims, demands, injuries, damage actions [sic] causes of action and from all acts of active or passive negligence on the part of the Studio, the Facility, the Studio instructors, their servants, agents, employees, and/or any successors and
2 At the summary judgment stage, the parties only focused on one sentence within paragraph 4 of the intake form. On appeal, the parties dispute the effect of the entire language of paragraph 4. Although we could remand to the district court to consider the parties’ developing arguments in the first instance, we choose to address the purely legal issue now rather than remand to the district court and further prolong this litigation. See Harms v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 300, 450 N.W.2d 571, 577 (Minn. 1990) (“An appellate court may decide an issue not determined by a trial court where that question is decisive of the entire controversy and where there is no possible advantage or disadvantage to either party in not having a prior ruling on the question.”).
9 assigns, whatsoever, for any damages, injuries or losses that may be sustained by the Client arising from or in connection with the activities that Client voluntarily participates, including without limitation, attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses of any litigation, arbitration or other proceeding.
(Emphasis added.)
The parties disagree as to whether the emphasized language acts as an indemnity or
an exculpatory clause. But the clause’s characterization does not change our analysis
because both indemnity and exculpatory clauses are strictly construed. See Schlobohm,
326 N.W.2d at 923 (holding that exculpatory clauses are strictly construed against the
benefited party); Dewitt, 910 N.W.2d at 416 (“[W]e strictly construe . . . indemnity
clauses.”). We also note that, even if the clause is definitionally an indemnity clause, the
result would be the same. See Justice, 979 N.W.2d at 901 (“an indemnification clause
shifts liability ‘back to the injured party, thus producing the same result as an exculpatory
provision’”) (quoting 57A Am. Jur. 2d Negligence § 43 (2022)). We conclude that the
emphasized language, strictly construed, meets the requirements from the supreme court’s
decision in Justice—the waiver “specifically provide[s] that it released [Calhoun Orange]
from liability for its own negligent acts.” 979 N.W.2d at 902.
Notably, the Minnesota Supreme Court distinguished the broad waiver that did not
release the party’s own negligence in Justice with waivers in other cases that had specific
language that released the party from its own negligence. See 979 N.W.2d at 902 (citing
Schlobohm, 326 N.W.2d at 922 and Anderson v. McOskar Enters., 712 N.W.2d 796, 799
(Minn. App. 2006)). In Schlobohm, the supreme court enforced strikingly similar waiver
10 language as in Calhoun Orange’s intake form. 326 N.W.2d at 922. The relevant portion
of the waiver in Schlobohm read:
member does hereby expressly forever release and discharge the said Spa Petite from all such claims, demands, injuries, damages, actions or causes of action, and from all acts of active or passive negligence on the part of such company, corporation, club, its servants, agents, or employees.
Id. at 922 (emphasis added). The supreme court upheld the exculpatory clause as
exonerating Spa Petite from negligence. Id. at 926.
Paragraph 4 in Calhoun Orange’s client intake form includes the exact same
language as Schlobohm, namely: “all acts of active or passive negligence[.]” Since
Schlobohm remains good law, 3 we conclude that paragraph 4, as a whole, withstands strict
construction as it “clearly and unequivocally” states the parties’ intent to release Calhoun
Orange from its own acts of negligence. See Justice, 979 N.W.2d at 902. Because the
clause is enforceable, we affirm—though on different grounds—the district court’s order
granting summary judgment as to Lund’s negligence claims against Calhoun Orange.
II. The district court properly granted summary judgment to Ultimate Fitness.
Lund argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment for Ultimate
Fitness on her claims for direct and vicarious liability based on the doctrines of apparent
authority, respondeat superior, and joint enterprise. We review the grant of summary
judgment de novo to determine whether there are genuine issues of material fact and
3 Because the supreme court did not overrule Schlobohm and, instead, distinguished the waiver in that case from the one in Justice, we decline to address the parties’ arguments regarding whether the supreme court’s decision in Justice applies retroactively or prospectively.
11 whether the district court erred in its application of the law. Franklin, 992 N.W.2d at 384.
We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id.
A. Apparent authority
Lund argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment for Ultimate
Fitness on Lund’s negligence claims based upon apparent authority, contending the district
court imposed a standard of affirmative reliance. Under the doctrine of apparent authority,
a principal is vicariously liable for the actions of the agent when (1) the principal either
“held the agent out as having authority or knowingly permitted the agent to act on its
behalf,” and (2) the plaintiff relied upon the apparent authority. Popovich v. Allina Health
Sys., 946 N.W.2d 885, 895 (Minn. 2020) (quotations omitted).
The sole dispute before this court is whether knowledge alone satisfies the reliance
prong. The supreme court in Popovich stated that “reliance” means “the plaintiff was
aware of [the] representations of authority by the principal.” Id. Lund contends the court’s
language means that knowledge alone satisfies the reliance prong. We disagree.
In Popovich, a medical-malpractice action, the supreme court addressed the
application of apparent authority to hospitals and their independently contracted-for
doctors. Id. at 890. Read in isolation, the sentence from Popovich seemingly equates
knowledge with reliance. But the supreme court’s full opinion holds that something more
than mere knowledge is required. The supreme court held:
“[R]eliance” focuses on the beliefs of patients and considers whether the patient looked to the hospital, rather than to a particular doctor, to provide care. Specifically, the fact-finder should determine if the plaintiff relied on the hospital to select the physician and other medical professionals to provide the
12 necessary services. This reliance standard reflects the reality that most people who go to the emergency room do not know which medical professionals will treat them once they arrive. Instead, they rely on the hospital to select the professionals for them.
Id. at 898 (footnotes omitted). Popovich does not limit the analysis of reliance to the
plaintiff’s knowledge. Id. Instead, the supreme court instructed fact-finders to determine
whether a plaintiff relied on the hospital to select a physician and other medical
professionals to provide care. Id.
A review of pre-Popovich Minnesota caselaw confirms that knowledge alone cannot
satisfy the reliance prong. See, e.g., Bloomingdale v. Cushman, 159 N.W. 1078, 1080
(Minn. 1916) (“[O]nly those who have acted in reliance upon the apparent authority of the
agent are entitled to recover.”); Cauger v. Gray Motor Co., 217 N.W. 347, 348
(Minn. 1928) (“The doctrine of apparent authority can be invoked only by those who had
knowledge that the agent had been permitted to exercise such authority and who act in
reliance thereon.”); Karon v. Kellogg, 261 N.W. 861, 862 (Minn. 1935) (“In the absence
of knowledge on the plaintiffs’ part . . . [t]hey could not have relied on the facts unknown
to them.”); Truck Crane Serv. Co. v. Barr-Nelson, Inc., 329 N.W.2d 824, 827 (Minn. 1983)
(“[P]laintiff failed to establish any awareness of or reliance on it at the time the agreement
was reached.”) (emphasis added). Each case defines knowledge as a prerequisite to
reliance rather than defining the terms as interchangeable. 4 The district court correctly
4 This court has also applied Popivich as requiring more than mere knowledge. See, e.g., Rock v. Abdullah, No. A21-1716, 2022 WL 2794053, at *2 (Minn. App. July 18, 2022) (“The supreme court noted that its newly adopted standard ‘mirrors’ the traditional
13 determined that “apparent authority reliance requires more than simply whether or not
plaintiff was aware of the representations of authority by the principal.”
Lund points to no evidence, and our review of the record finds none, reflecting that
Karasov relied on Ultimate Fitness’s representations of authority when choosing Calhoun
Orange as his fitness studio. Because knowledge alone cannot satisfy the reliance element,
the district court properly granted summary judgment on Lund’s apparent authority claim.
B. Respondeat superior
Lund next challenges the district court’s grant of summary judgment for Ultimate
Fitness on Lund’s claims under the doctrine of respondeat superior. Courts impose
vicarious liability when either a master-servant or principal-agent relationship exists
between a tortfeasor and a third party. Nadeau v. Melin, 110 N.W.2d 29, 34 (Minn. 1961).
“A principle-agent relationship results from the manifestation of consent by one person to
another that the other shall act on his behalf and subject to his control, and consent by the
other to so act.” Urb. ex rel. Urb. v. Am. Legion Post 184, 695 N.W.2d 153, 160 (Minn.
App. 2005) (quotation omitted), aff’d, 723 N.W.2d 1 (Minn. 2006). The doctrine requires
that the principle or master had “the right to control” the agent or servant. Id.
The only issue under Lund’s respondeat superior claim is whether Ultimate Fitness
had the right to control Calhoun Orange. “The determinative right of control is not merely
over what is to be done, but primarily over how it is to be done.” Frankie v. Twedt,
47 N.W.2d 482, 487 (Minn. 1951). Put differently, the supreme court described the control
elements of apparent authority: holding out and reliance.”) (citation omitted), rev. denied (Minn. Oct. 18, 2022). Rock is a nonprecedential opinion, cited for its persuasive value.
14 element as “the right to control the action of the person doing the alleged wrong in respect
to the manner in which the work shall be done.” Gahagan v. Aerometer Co., 69 N.W. 914,
915 (Minn. 1897).
Lund argues that the control prong is satisfied because Ultimate Fitness required
Calhoun Orange to have an AED, a first aid kit, and a fire extinguisher on the premises.
But when determining control, Ultimate Fitness must have had control over “how” Calhoun
Orange is to perform during medical emergencies. Frankie, 47 N.W.2d at 487 (emphasis
added). While Ultimate Fitness mandated certain equipment be on Calhoun Orange’s
premises, it did not mandate how Calhoun Orange must respond to medical emergencies
or even whether Calhoun Orange needed to use the emergency equipment.
Lund points to Calhoun Orange’s emergency-response document and argues that
the right-to-control element is satisfied because it borrowed language directly from
Ultimate Fitness’s training documents. But Calhoun Orange independently created the
document and voluntarily borrowed language from Ultimate Fitness’s training documents.
The record contains no evidence that Ultimate Fitness had control over whether Calhoun
Orange decided to borrow its language.
Lund also contends that Ultimate Fitness’s right to control is established through
the required marketing plan, vendors for retail items, hours of operation, and studio
location. Although these facts support the idea that Ultimate Fitness exercised some
control over Calhoun Orange’s day-to-day operations, the right to control must be tied to
the asserted claim. See Gahagan, 69 N.W. at 255 (holding that principal is liable for
agent’s negligence only if principal had right to control actions that led to harm). Ultimate
15 Fitness’s right to control some of Calhoun Orange’s marketing and business operations
have no connection to Calhoun Orange’s emergency-response protocols.
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Lund, there are no genuine issues
of material fact as to the element of control. The record lacks evidence to show that
Ultimate Fitness had a right to control Calhoun Orange’s emergency-response protocols.
We conclude the district court properly granted summary judgment to Ultimate Fitness on
Lund’s claim under the doctrine of respondeat superior.
C. Joint enterprise
Lund argues that the district court imposed a heightened standard of control when
it granted summary judgment to Ultimate Fitness on Lund’s claims under the doctrine of
joint enterprise. Joint enterprise liability exists when there is “(1) a mutual understanding
for a common purpose, and (2) a right to a voice in the direction and control of the means
used to carry out the common purpose.” Delgado v. Lohmar, 289 N.W.2d 479, 482
(Minn. 1979). Each member of the enterprise is an agent of the other members.
Ruth v. Hutchinson, 296 N.W.2d 136, 141 (Minn. 1941).
The sole dispute on appeal is whether Ultimate Fitness had an equal right to control
the emergency-response protocols. “The right to control means that all involved in the
undertaking must have a joint or mutual right to direct the agency used to carry out the
common purpose.” Pierson v. Edstrom, 174 N.W.2d 712, 714 (Minn. 1970). This prong
does not require that “the right to control actually be exercised.” Id. Courts have often
imposed joint enterprise liability to automobile cases and have required an equal right to
control the means necessary to carry out the common purpose. See, e.g., Ruth, 296 N.W.
16 at 141 (“The testimony is explicit that each one of them had an equal voice in the running
of the trip.”); Feeser v. Emery, 134 N.W.2d 23, 26 (Minn. 1965) (finding joint enterprise
existed when both parties shared expenses, management, and control of road trip).
In granting summary judgment to Ultimate Fitness, the district court determined that
Ultimate fitness “did not control how Calhoun Orange responded to emergencies[.]” Lund
contends that the district court’s language suggests that Ultimate Fitness needed to actually
exercise control over Calhoun Orange. We disagree.
As noted above, the parties did not have an equal right to determine
emergency-response protocols. Calhoun Orange did not have an equal say in whether to
keep an AED on the premises. And Ultimate Fitness did not have the equal authority to
draft emergency-response guidelines for Calhoun Orange. The record establishes that
Ultimate Fitness did not have an equal or mutual right to control Calhoun Orange’s
emergency-response plan. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Lund, we
conclude there are no genuine issues of material fact as to whether the parties had an equal
right of control, and the district court did not err in granting summary judgment on Lund’s
claims under joint enterprise.
III. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Lund’s new-trial motion.
Lund argues the district court abused its discretion in denying her motion for a new
trial. Whether to grant a new trial because of attorney misconduct is “not governed by
fixed rules, but instead rests wholly within the discretion of the trial court.”
Johnson v. Washington Cnty., 518 N.W.2d 594, 600 (Minn. 1994). In deciding whether to
17 grant a new trial, the primary consideration is prejudice. Wild v. Rarig, 234 N.W.2d 775,
785 (Minn. 1975).
The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Lund’s motion for a new
trial. Even if we assume that counsel for Calhoun Orange misstated the law, the district
court twice told the jury—after opening statements and following closing arguments—to
ignore any reference by the attorneys to the legal standard governing Lund’s willful and
wanton negligence claim and to instead follow the instructions provided by the court. The
district court’s jury instructions accurately reflected the legal standard, and we presume
“juries follow the instructions they are given.” Frazier v. Burlington N. Santa Fe Corp.,
811 N.W.2d 618, 630 (Minn. 2012). Because the jury instructions sufficiently cured any
potential prejudice, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Lund’s motion
for a new trial.
Affirmed.
18 CLEARY, Judge (concurring in part, dissenting in part)
While I concur with the majority’s opinion on parts II and III, I respectfully dissent
from the majority’s decision that respondent Calhoun Orange’s second exculpatory clause
is enforceable.
The majority concludes that although the first exculpatory clause analyzed by the
district court is unenforceable under the supreme court’s decision in Justice v. Marvel, 979
N.W.2d 894 (Minn. 2022), the second exculpatory clause is enforceable because it
mentions “active or passive negligence.” I disagree. The first and second exculpatory
clauses, when read together, contradict one another and must be interpreted against
Calhoun Orange.
Paragraph four of the intake form states:
Client has been informed that any fitness program includes possible risks and all exercises shall be undertaken at Client’s sole risk and discretion. Client assumes full responsibility for any and all damages, injuries or losses that may be sustained or incur, if any, while participating in any studio exercise program or physical activity. Client hereby waives all claims against the Studio, the Facility, the Studio instructors, officers, directors, employees or agents of either and/or any successor assigns or and all claims, demands, injuries, damages, actions or causes of action, whatsoever to my person or property arising out of or connected to the services, facilities, exercise classes, or the facility where same is located (including the Studio and/or the Facility, as applicable). Client hereby agrees to indemnify[,] defend, hold harmless, release and discharge the Studio and Facility from all claims, demands, injuries, damage actions[,] causes of action and from all acts of active or passive negligence on the part of the Studio, the Facility, the Studio instructors, their servants, agents, employees, and/or any successors and assigns, whatsoever, for any damages, injuries or losses that may be sustained by the Client arising from or in connection with the activities that Client voluntarily
C/D-1 participates, including without limitation, attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses of any litigation, arbitration or other proceeding.
The intake form contains two separate clauses with exculpatory language. The first clause
attempts to release Calhoun Orange from liability for “all claims.” I agree with the majority
that this exculpatory clause is unenforceable under the supreme court’s decision in Justice
v. Marvel, 979 N.W.2d at 901-03 (requiring exculpatory clauses to use specific and clear
language expressing the intent to discharge a party for its own negligent acts). I also agree
with the majority that the second exculpatory clause on its own satisfies the supreme
court’s requirements by limiting itself to Calhoun Orange’s “acts of active or passive
negligence.”
My divergence with the majority lies in the fact that the exculpatory clauses
contradict one another. One clause seeks to discharge Calhoun Orange from “all claims,”
while the other limits the waiver to “acts of active or passive negligence.” As a general
rule, when two provisions of a contract conflict, “it is this court’s duty to find harmony
between them and to reconcile them if possible.” Nat’l City Bank v. Engler, 777 N.W.2d
762, 765 (Minn. App. 2010) (citation omitted), rev. denied (Minn. Apr. 20, 2010); see also
17A C.J.S. Contracts § 324 (1999) (“Apparently conflicting provisions must be reconciled
so as to give meaning to both, rather than nullifying any contractual provision, if
reconciliation can be effected by any reasonable interpretation of the entire instrument.”).
But the supreme court in Justice explicitly dismissed this theory of construction when
analyzing exculpatory clauses in favor of strict construction. 979 N.W.2d at 899 (“We have
since turned away from the rule of fair construction in cases involving exculpatory clauses
C/D-2 in favor of strictly construing such clauses.”). Strict construction requires the parties to
“clearly and unequivocally express the contracting parties’ intent.” Id. at 899-900.
I fail to see how Calhoun Orange’s intake form meets this stringent standard when
the contract provides contradicting scopes of waiver. The contract cannot expressly state
the parties’ intent to release Calhoun Orange from its acts of negligence when it expressly
provides otherwise in a separate clause. While no Minnesota court has had the chance to
address this issue, other jurisdictions have agreed that when one of the contradicting
clauses is an exculpatory clause, it takes no effect. See, e.g., Madrid v. Roth, 10 P.3d 751,
755-56 (Idaho App. 2000) (determining that the exculpatory clause took no effect because
it contradicted another part of the contract), rev. denied (Idaho Sept. 15, 2000); Dynair
Tech of Fla., Inc. v. Cayman Airways Ltd., 558 So. 3d 30, 32 (Fla. 3d DCA 1989) (holding
that because one clause of the agreement limited the defendant’s liability to its “sole
negligence” while another clause limited the defendant’s liability to “gross negligence or
willful misconduct,” the subject exculpatory clause took no effect).
In sum, I disagree with the majority’s holding that the intake form’s exculpatory
clause is enforceable. While in a vacuum the second exculpatory clause meets strict
construction, it directly contradicts the first exculpatory clause. The clauses read together
fail to meet the strict construction’s requirements, and the contract must be interpreted
against Calhoun Orange. I would reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment
based on the exculpatory clause, allowing Lund to proceed to trial on her claims for
negligence, medical negligence, and negligent undertaking against Calhoun Orange.
C/D-3