An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored, but may be permitted in accordance with the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.
NO. COA13-1034 NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS
Filed: 1 July 2014
TIMBER INTEGRATED INVESTMENTS, LLC, A North Carolina limited liability company and MOUNTAIN WORKS ENTERPRISES, LLC, a North Carolina limited liability company, Plaintiffs,
v. Haywood County No. 06 CVS 905 LARRY WELCH, JOAN MISHKIN, RONALD MISHKIN and THE BALSAM GROUP, LLC, Defendants.
Appeal by defendants Joan Mishkin and Ronald Mishkin from
orders entered 29 April 2013 and 31 May 2013, and judgment
entered 9 May 2013 by Judge J. Thomas Davis in Haywood County
Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 5 February 2014.
Jeffrey W. Norris & Associates, PLLC, by Jeffrey W. Norris, for plaintiffs-appellees.
McGuire, Wood & Bissette, P.A., by Joseph P. McGuire, for defendants-appellants Joan Mishkin and Ronald Mishkin.
GEER, Judge.
Defendants Joan Mishkin and Ronald Mishkin appeal from a
judgment allowing plaintiffs to pierce the corporate veil of -2- Balsam Group, LLC and imposing joint and several liability on
the individual defendants for all sums owed by Balsam for its
unfair and deceptive practices as a result of a previous
judgment.1 On appeal, the Mishkin defendants contend that the
trial court erred in denying their motion to enforce a
settlement agreement entered into by all the parties, including
Balsam. The trial court denied their motion, concluding that
the parties never entered a valid settlement agreement and,
furthermore, that defendants were estopped from raising the
settlement issue.
We hold that the undisputed evidence establishes that the
parties entered an enforceable settlement agreement. The trial
court, therefore, erred in concluding otherwise. With respect
to the trial court's conclusion regarding estoppel, the trial
court's findings of fact do not support the application of any
estoppel doctrine recognized as part of North Carolina's common
law. Consequently, the trial court's denial of defendants'
motion to enforce the settlement agreement is not supported by
either basis relied upon in the trial court's order, and we,
therefore, reverse the order.
Plaintiffs, however, have argued on appeal that the order
may be supported by an alternative basis in law. Although
1 Defendant Larry Welch is not a party to this appeal. -3- plaintiffs also argued at the trial level that defendants'
motion should be denied based on the doctrine of laches, the
trial court did not address that argument. Our review of the
record reveals evidence from which the trial court should
determine whether defendants are precluded from seeking
enforcement of the settlement agreement based on laches.
Because it is within the province of the trial court to weigh
the equities of the case under the doctrine of laches, we remand
for the trial court to address whether enforcement of the
settlement agreement should be denied based on laches.
Facts
This dispute arose out of the sale by defendants to
plaintiffs of a tract of environmentally-contaminated land. On
27 July 2006, plaintiffs filed an action alleging fraud and
unfair or deceptive practices and seeking to pierce the
corporate veil of defendant Balsam and hold defendants Welch and
the Mishkins individually liable. Defendants, including the
individual defendants, denied the material allegations of the
complaint, asserted multiple affirmative defenses, and sought
attorneys' fees and costs. Defendant Welch also asserted a
counterclaim for breach of a promissory note in the amount of
$100,000.00 plus interest. The underlying facts of the case are -4- set forth in more detail in Timber Integrated Invs., LLC v.
Welch, ___ N.C. App. ___, 737 S.E.2d 809 (2013).
On 29 October 2010, the trial court entered an order
granting summary judgment to the individual defendants and
denying summary judgment as to defendant Balsam. Plaintiffs
filed a notice of appeal from this interlocutory order.
Subsequently, plaintiffs' counsel reached out to defendants'
counsel in an attempt to settle the litigation. Plaintiffs
offered to withdraw their appeal and dismiss their lawsuit as to
all defendants if defendant Welch would dismiss his
counterclaim. Plaintiffs indicated that their purpose in
attempting to reach a settlement was to avoid the time and
expense associated with pursuing the appeal.
After plaintiffs' counsel confirmed that the dismissals
would be with prejudice, defendants' counsel asked plaintiffs'
counsel to prepare the necessary documentation for his clients
to consider. On 9 March 2011, plaintiffs' counsel sent
defendants' counsel a proposed Joint Dismissal with Prejudice
and a Mutual Release and Settlement Agreement.
The following day, on 10 March 2011, plaintiffs' counsel
sent a fax, following up on the 9 March 2011 letter and a
subsequent phone call, in which counsel stated that "[i]t
appears that we are in agreement and that you are simply waiting -5- on the documents to be returned from your clients." Plaintiffs'
counsel asked that "in the event that your clients are delayed
in getting the papers back to you, would you at a minimum give
me the signed Dismissal for filing with the Court as your
clients' signatures are not necessary for that document?" The
Joint Dismissal with Prejudice was signed by both attorneys that
day. On 22 March 2011, defendants returned the Mutual Release
and Settlement Agreement, which defendants had signed.
Thereafter, on 1 April 2011, plaintiffs' counsel sent
defendants' counsel a letter stating that after receiving the
signed settlement agreement, plaintiffs "have taken more time to
consider the proposed settlement" and "have reconsidered their
previous position and wish to continue the appeal." Therefore,
the letter stated, "we will not be filing the dismissal, they
are not going to execute the Settlement Agreement, and we will
proceed with the appeal . . . ."
As represented, plaintiffs did not file the voluntary
dismissal and proceeded with their appeal. That appeal was
dismissed as interlocutory on 6 December 2011. Timber
Integrated Invs., LLC v. Welch, 217 N.C. App. 402, 720 S.E.2d
29, 2011 WL 6047094, 2011 N.C. App. LEXIS 2523 (2011)
(unpublished). A bench trial was then held as to plaintiffs'
claims against defendant Balsam on 23 January 2012. The trial -6- court concluded that Balsam "'committed fraud[,] . . . violated
the Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices statute[,] . . . [and]
made negligent misrepresentations.'" Timber, ___ N.C. App. at
___, 737 S.E.2d at 814. The trial court entered judgment
against Balsam on 22 February 2012 in the amount of
$5,442,785.12, which was trebled to $16,328,355.36.
Plaintiffs appealed the 2012 judgment "'to the extent that
the individual defendants Larry Welch, Joan Mishkin, and Ronald
Mishkin were not subject to the judgment because of the [2010
trial court order] granting summary judgment in [Defendants']
favor prior to the trial.'" Id. at ___, 737 S.E.2d at 814. On
19 February 2013, this Court reversed summary judgment for the
individual defendants and remanded for a trial on the issue of
Balsam's status as a legitimate limited liability company and
whether the individual defendants could be held individually
liable. Id. at ___, 737 S.E.2d at 818.
On 20 March 2013, defendants filed a motion to enforce the
settlement agreement. The motion asked for specific
performance, dismissal of all claims against the individual
defendants with prejudice pursuant to Rule 41 of the Rules of
Civil Procedure, sanctions against plaintiffs, and attorneys'
fees. On 29 April 2013, the trial court entered an order
denying defendants' motion, concluding that "a complete -7- settlement was never rendered between the parties and completed
and that the plaintiffs had the right to withdraw [their] offer.
Furthermore, the defendants are estopped from raising the
settlement issue at this point in light of the continued
litigation and trial of this matter and the resulting opinion of
the Court of Appeals."
A jury subsequently found that each of the individual
defendants controlled Balsam with regard to the acts or
omissions that damaged the plaintiffs. Based on the jury's
verdict, the trial court entered judgment against the individual
defendants jointly and severally for all sums set forth in the
22 February 2012 judgment against Balsam.
On 14 May 2013, defendants filed a Motion for Judgment
Notwithstanding the Verdict and Motion for New Trial, which the
trial court denied in an order filed 31 May 2013. On 27 June
2013, defendants Joan and Ronald Mishkin filed a notice of
appeal of the order denying their motion to enforce the
settlement agreement, the order denying their motion for
directed verdict, the final judgment, and the order denying
their motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and motion
for new trial.
Discussion -8- On appeal, defendants have chosen only to challenge the
trial court's denial of their motion to enforce the settlement
agreement, arguing that it was error for the trial court to
conclude (1) that a settlement was never reached between the
parties and (2) that defendants were estopped from raising the
settlement issue. Generally, "a settlement agreement may be
enforced by filing a new action or by filing a motion in the
cause, even if 'the parties and their settlement agreement [are]
still before the trial court.'" Currituck Assocs.-Residential
P'Ship v. Hollowell, 166 N.C. App. 17, 24, 601 S.E.2d 256, 261
(2004) (quoting State ex rel. Howes v. Ormond Oil & Gas Co., 128
N.C. App. 130, 137, 493 S.E.2d 793, 797 (1997)), aff'd, 360 N.C.
160, 622 S.E.2d 493 (2005). "'A motion to enforce a settlement
agreement is treated as a motion for summary judgment' for
purposes of appellate review." Williams v. Habul, ___ N.C. App.
___, ___, 724 S.E.2d 104, 109 (2012) (quoting Hardin v. KCS
Int'l, Inc., 199 N.C. App. 687, 695, 682 S.E.2d 726, 733
(2009)).
Summary judgment is appropriate where "the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." N.C.R. Civ. P. Rule -9- 56(c). "The moving party has the burden of demonstrating the
lack of any triable issue of fact and entitlement to judgment as
a matter of law." Hardin, 199 N.C. App. at 695, 682 S.E.2d at
733.
A. Formation of an Enforceable Settlement Agreement
"A settlement agreement is a contract governed by the rules
of contract interpretation and enforcement." Williams, ___ N.C.
App. at ___, 724 S.E.2d at 110.
"In the formation of a contract an offer and an acceptance are essential elements; they constitute the agreement of the parties. The offer must be communicated, must be complete, and must be accepted in its exact terms. Mutuality of agreement is indispensable; the parties must assent to the same thing in the same sense, idem re et sensu, and their minds must meet as to all the terms."
Washington v. Traffic Markings, Inc., 182 N.C. App. 691, 697,
643 S.E.2d 44, 48 (2007) (quoting Dodds v. St. Louis Union Trust
Co., 205 N.C. 153, 156, 170 S.E. 652, 653 (1933)).
Here, there are no material issues of fact. The record
establishes that plaintiffs' counsel sent defendants a proposed
Joint Dismissal with Prejudice and Mutual Release and Settlement
Agreement. In a follow-up letter referencing a subsequent phone
call between counsel, plaintiffs' counsel noted that "[i]t
appears that we are in agreement and that you are simply waiting
on the documents to be returned from your clients" and requested -10- that defendants' counsel return "the signed Dismissal for filing
with the Court as your clients' signatures are not necessary for
that document[.]" Both attorneys signed the Joint Dismissal
with Prejudice, and defendants signed the Mutual Release and
Settlement agreement, without modification, and returned it to
plaintiffs on 22 March 2011.
These undisputed facts show that a valid offer was made by
plaintiffs and accepted by defendants. See, e.g., Goldman v.
Parkland of Dallas, Inc., 277 N.C. 223, 226, 227, 176 S.E.2d
784, 787 (1970) (where defendant mailed document that
"constituted an offer," the "final act necessary to make it a
binding agreement was its acceptance, which was done by the
plaintiff by signing it"); Currituck Assocs., 166 N.C. App. at
26-27, 601 S.E.2d at 263 (finding correspondence between
parties' counsel containing settlement offers and counter-
offers, followed by counsel's statement that "'I received your
message and am pleased that we have reached an agreement'"
constituted valid offer and acceptance creating enforceable
settlement agreement).
The trial court's conclusion that "a complete settlement
was never rendered between the parties and completed and that
the plaintiffs had the right to withdraw that offer" was
apparently based upon its findings that (1) the dismissal was -11- never filed, and (2) plaintiffs did not sign the memorandum of
settlement. These findings, however, are not sufficient to
establish that no enforceable settlement agreement was entered
into between the parties.
In the analogous context of a mediation settlement
agreement, this Court has explained:
Although any agreement reached must be reduced to a signed writing, the failure of the parties to reduce their agreement to a signed writing does not preclude a finding that the parties indeed reached agreement at the mediated settlement conference. Indeed, it is well settled that parties may orally enter a binding agreement to settle a case. See 15A Am. Jur. 2d Compromise and Settlement § 10, at 782 (1976) ("[N]o particular form of agreement and no writing is ordinarily essential to a valid compromise."); cf. Manufacturing Co. v. Union, 20 N.C. App. 544, 548, 202 S.E.2d 309, 312 (noting that parties may orally consent to a consent judgment), cert. denied, 285 N.C. 234, 204 S.E.2d 24 (1974); Nickels v. Nickels, 51 N.C. App. 690, 693– 94, 277 S.E.2d 577, 579 ("[S]ignatures of parties or their attorneys [on a consent judgment are] not necessary if consent is made to appear."), disc. review denied, 303 N.C. 545, 281 S.E.2d 392 (1981).
Few v. Hammack Enters., Inc., 132 N.C. App. 291, 298-99, 511
S.E.2d 665, 671 (1999).
Because the undisputed facts show that defendants accepted
plaintiffs' offer to settle by signing and returning the
agreement prior to plaintiffs' withdrawal of their offer, the -12- parties entered into an enforceable settlement agreement.
Plaintiffs, therefore, did not have the right to withdraw their
offer.
In arguing that the trial court properly concluded that
they withdrew their settlement offer, plaintiffs point to two
cases involving consent judgments: Lee v. Rhodes, 227 N.C. 240,
41 S.E.2d 747 (1947), and Freedle v. Moorefield, 17 N.C. App.
331, 194 S.E.2d 156 (1973). The Supreme Court in Lee held that
the trial court did not have the authority to enter a consent
judgment "after one of the parties repudiated the agreement and
had withdrawn his consent thereto." 227 N.C. at 242, 41 S.E.2d
at 749. Freedle, applying Lee, vacated a consent judgment
entered by the trial court when, after reaching a settlement
agreement, one of the parties repudiated his acceptance of the
offer to settle. 17 N.C. App. at 332, 194 S.E.2d at 157.
The requirements for entry of a consent judgment are,
however, distinct from the requirements for the formation of a
valid and enforceable settlement agreement. In State ex rel.
Howes, 128 N.C. App. at 132, 493 S.E.2d at 794, the parties
entered a settlement agreement that provided, among other
things, that the parties would enter into a consent judgment.
After the proposed consent judgment was prepared, one of the
parties refused to sign it. Id. The trial court found that the -13- proposed consent judgment "'fully and fairly reflect[ed] the
agreed-upon terms of the Settlement'" and ordered the non-
consenting party to comply with its terms. Id. at 133, 493
S.E.2d at 795.
On appeal, this Court vacated the consent judgment, noting
that "a party may withdraw his consent from a consent judgment
at any time before a trial court sanctions the parties'
agreement and promulgates it as a judgment." Id. at 136, 493
S.E.2d at 796. Nevertheless, this Court held that, on remand,
"the trial court may consider whether the State is still
entitled to 'specific performance of the Settlement by entry of
Judgment implementing the terms of the Settlement.'" Id.
Thus, withdrawal of consent prior to entry of a consent
judgment has no effect on the formation of a valid settlement
agreement. The cases cited by plaintiff are, therefore,
inapposite. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred to
the extent that it based its decision on a conclusion that
plaintiffs withdrew their settlement offer.
B. Estoppel
Nevertheless, the trial court also concluded that the
defendants were "estopped from raising the settlement issue at
this point in light of the continued litigation and trial of
this matter and the resulting opinion of the Court of Appeals." -14- The trial court did not specify which doctrine of estoppel it
applied.
Our Supreme Court has explained:
Broadly speaking, "estoppel is a bar which precludes a person from denying or asserting anything to the contrary of that which has, in contemplation of law, been established as the truth." 28 Am. Jur. 2d Estoppel and Waiver § 1 (2000). As we noted over 150 years ago, it is a principle which "lies at the foundation of all fair dealing between [persons], and without which, it would be impossible to administer law as a system." Armfield v. Moore, 44 N.C. 157, 161 (1852). "Estoppel" is not a single coherent doctrine, but a complex body of interrelated rules, including estoppel by record, estoppel by deed, collateral estoppel, equitable estoppel, promissory estoppel, and judicial estoppel. 28 Am. Jur. 2d Estoppel and Waiver § 2 (2000).
Whitacre P'ship v. Biosignia, Inc., 358 N.C. 1, 13, 591 S.E.2d
870, 879 (2004).
Defendants address only equitable estoppel on appeal,
arguing that the trial court's findings of fact are insufficient
to establish the essential elements of equitable estoppel. We
agree. "The essential elements of estoppel are (1) conduct on
the part of the party sought to be estopped which amounts to a
false representation or concealment of material facts; (2) the
intention that such conduct will be acted on by the other party;
and (3) knowledge, actual or constructive, of the real facts."
State ex rel. Easley v. Rich Food Servs., Inc., 139 N.C. App. -15- 691, 703, 535 S.E.2d 84, 92 (2000). Additionally, "[t]he party
asserting the defense must have (1) a lack of knowledge and the
means of knowledge as to the real facts in question; and (2)
relied upon the conduct of the party sought to be estopped to
his prejudice." Id.
The trial court's sole finding regarding its application of
estoppel was that "defendants continued to participate with the
litigation, continued to participate in the Court of Appeals,
and the Court of Appeals has now reversed the summary judgment
motion in favor of the individual defendants, and also, a trial
has taken place in regard to Balsam Group, LLC." The trial
court did not make any findings specifically addressing the
elements of equitable estoppel, and we cannot infer the
necessary findings of fact from the findings actually made.
Therefore, the trial court could not have based its
application of estoppel on the doctrine of equitable estoppel.
In addition, neither party argues -- and the trial court's
limited findings do not suggest -- that the trial court was
applying any alternative estoppel doctrine. We, therefore, hold
that the trial court's findings are insufficient to support its
determination that defendants should be estopped from enforcing
the settlement agreement.
C. Laches -16- Plaintiffs, however, point to the doctrine of laches and
appear to argue that the trial court, when it referenced
estoppel, was actually concluding that laches worked to estop
defendants from enforcing the settlement agreement. This Court
has recognized that "[t]he defenses of estoppel and laches are
both equitable in nature and there is often substantial overlap
in their application." Abernethy v. Town of Boone Bd. of
Adjustment, 109 N.C. App. 459, 463, 427 S.E.2d 875, 877 (1993)
(emphasis added).
Nevertheless, when our Supreme Court provided a
comprehensive review of the "broader spectrum of estoppel and
preclusion doctrines customarily used" in North Carolina common
law, it did not mention the doctrine of laches. Whitacre
P'Ship, 358 N.C. at 13, 591 S.E.2d at 879. Moreover, as the
United States Supreme Court recently explained:
The test for estoppel is more exacting than the test for laches, and the two defenses are differently oriented. The gravamen of estoppel, a defense long recognized as available in actions at law, is misleading and consequent loss. Delay may be involved, but is not an element of the defense. For laches, timeliness is the essential element.
Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., ___ U.S. ___, ___, 188 L.
E. 2d. 979, 997, 134 S. Ct. 1962, 1977 (2014) (internal
citations omitted). -17- Because estoppel and laches constitute separate and
distinct equitable defenses, we decline to assume that the trial
court, without mentioning the doctrine of laches, applied that
doctrine in reaching its conclusion that defendant was estopped
from seeking enforcement of the settlement agreement.
Plaintiffs, however, alternatively assert, pursuant to Rule
28(c) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure, that the trial
court's failure to address laches "deprived the appellee of an
alternative basis in law for supporting the judgment, order, or
other determination from which appeal has been taken."
Plaintiffs specifically argued laches to the trial court in
their brief in opposition to defendants' motion to enforce the
settlement agreement. Defendants, however, contend that because
plaintiffs did not raise the issue of laches in their proposed
issues on appeal as provided in Rule 10(c) of the Rules of
Appellate Procedure, plaintiffs have failed to preserve the
issue for appellate review. We disagree.
Rule 10(c) provides:
Without taking an appeal, an appellee may list proposed issues on appeal in the record on appeal based on any action or omission of the trial court that was properly preserved for appellate review and that deprived the appellee of an alternative basis in law for supporting the judgment, order, or other determination from which appeal has been taken. An appellee's list of proposed issues on appeal shall not preclude an -18- appellee from presenting arguments on other issues in its brief.
(Emphasis added.)
Thus, although the better practice would be for an appellee
to list alternative bases in law in the appellee's proposed
issues on appeal, the plain language of Rule 10(c) does not
limit the issues an appellee may argue in its brief to those
issues listed in the record on appeal. Furthermore, Rule 28(c)
expressly allows an appellee to set forth in its appellee brief
an alternate basis in law to support an order. Because
plaintiffs' brief argued the doctrine of laches and plaintiffs
had also asserted laches in the trial court, plaintiffs'
arguments regarding the applicability of laches are properly
before us.
This Court has explained that
1) the doctrine [of laches] applies where a delay of time has resulted in some change in the condition of the property or in the relations of the parties; 2) the delay necessary to constitute laches depends upon the facts and circumstances of each case; however, the mere passage of time is insufficient to support a finding of laches; 3) the delay must be shown to be unreasonable and must have worked to the disadvantage, injury or prejudice of the person seeking to invoke the doctrine of laches; and 4) the defense of laches will only work as a bar when the claimant knew of the existence of the grounds for the claim. -19- MMR Holdings, LLC v. City of Charlotte, 148 N.C. App. 208, 209-
10, 558 S.E.2d 197, 198 (2001). The burden of proof is on the
party asserting laches. Taylor v. City of Raleigh, 290 N.C.
608, 622, 227 S.E.2d 576, 584 (1976).
We hold that there is evidence in the record from which the
trial court should make findings to determine whether or not the
doctrine of laches applies in this case. It is well settled
that "it is the province of the trial court, not the appellate
court, to weigh the evidence and decide the equities." In re
Bradburn, 199 N.C. App. 549, 556, 681 S.E.2d 828, 833 (2009).
Consequently, because laches is an equitable defense, it is for
the trial court -- and not this Court -- to decide in the first
instance whether laches should be applied in this case to bar
defendants from enforcing the settlement agreement.
We, therefore, reverse the trial court's order and remand
to the trial court for consideration whether laches would
prevent the enforcement of the settlement agreement.
Reversed and remanded.
Judges ROBERT C. HUNTER and McCULLOUGH concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).