[564]*564Opinion by
Mr. Commissioner Slater.
1. The first contention advanced by counsel for defendant in support of his demurrer is, that the complaint shows a several right of action, if any, in each of the plaintiffs, and not a joint one. Hence there was a misjoinder of parties plaintiff, and for that reason the demurrer should have been sustained. The first assignment in support of the demurrer is that there is a defect of parties plaintiff, but that, as a ground of demurrer, means too few, and not too many. A demurrer alleging this particular objection can be interposed, therefore, only in case of á nonjoinder of necessary plaintiffs or defendants, and never in case of misjoinder. Pomeroy’s Code Remedies (4 ed.) § 123; Paulson v. City of Portland, 16 Or. 450 (19 Pac. 450: 1 L. R. A. 673).
2. The second ground of demurrer is the one on which defendant chiefly relies. This is based on an alleged erroneous joinder of two distinct causes of action, each of which is vested severally in each plaintiff, and that the causes of action are distinct because they arise out of the separate nature of their interests. The goods are alleged to have been partnership property, and therefore the ownership thereof would be joint, and the proceeds would be held in the same right so long as the partnership relation continued. But the principle on which partners, after dissolution, can sue each other, in relation to what had been partnership funds or effects, is that, the joint interest as partners having ceased, a new contract had been made between the parties in their individual, as distinct from their partnership, characters. The joint interest can be terminated only by an agreement vesting a separate title or interest in the thing to which before that time there had been a joint title (Simpson v. Miller, 51 Or. 232 (94 Pac. 567) ; Riarl v. Wilhelm, 3 Gill [Md.] 356), and it is also said to be the rule that two or more partners cannot sue their co-partners jointly for their shares, unless he has expressly promised them [565]*565jointly (15 PI. & Pr. 1042). So that whether the plaintiffs may jointly sue to recover from a partner a share of what is alleged to have been partnership property depends upon the form of the alleged agreement of settlement between the parties.
3. The alleged promise on the part of the defendant relied upon in the complaint is “to account for and pay over to the plaintiffs their proportionate share of all moneys collected from said, box of merchandise,” etc. This is a promise to them jointly, and not severally, and hence the complaint is good as against the second, as well as the third, grounds of demurrer.
4. The defendant upon the trial testified that there had been no settlement of the partnership business, and offered to show that there were bills of the partnership still outstanding and their payment unprovided for, which evidence, on plaintiffs’ objection, the court refused to receive, and error is assigned on that account. Plaintiffs are not attempting to recover upon an implied promise to pay, arising from an alleged general settlement of the partnership business, but they allege an express promise to pay them their proportionate share of a particular item of alleged partnership property. By the alleged agreement the partners have dealt with one another as individuals in relation to a specific item of partnership property, which, it is claimed, they separated by their agreement from the rest of the partnership concerns, resulting in an express agreement by the defendant to pay them their proportionate share of the proceeds thereof. Under such circumstances, it is of no importance that the debts of the partnership are not all paid, if such were the fact. Creditors cannot object. They will have the responsibility of all partners still, and the payment of money by one partner to another is not to their prejudice. If it was, that could not prevent the partners from adjusting the concerns of the partnership between themselves, so as to create a liability from one to the other. Gibson v. Moore, 6 N. H. 547.
[566]*5665. The court instructed the jury: “If you find from the evidence that, in the formation of said partnership, Frank Ellias put into said firm, as his contribution to the stock thereof, * * the box that was lost, and if you further find that the defendant, Sachs, was then present and acquiesced therein, then I charge you that the defendant, Sachs, is estopped from now claiming any interest in said box other than such interest as agreed upon at the time of the dissolution of said partnership.” The defendant, having excepted at the time to the giving of the instruction, now bases a claim of error thereon. An estoppel, to be available, must be specially pleaded where an opportunity to plead has been presented. Union St. Ry. Co. v. First Nat. Bank, 42 Or. 606 (72 Pac. 586: 73 Pac. 341). The defendant in his answer alleged title in himself to an undivided one half interest in the lost box of goods by purchase from Frank Ellias, the admitted owner, prior to the formation of the partnership, and he offered testimony in support thereof; but the only reply plaintiffs saw fit to make to such averment of ownership was a denial, and hence an opportunity having been thus presented to plaintiffs to plead an estoppel, and not having done so, they were in no position to claim at the trial that defendant should be estopped by this conduct from now availing himself of his averment and proof of ownership of the subject of the action, and the giving of the instruction is reversible error.
6. Error is also predicated upon the giving of instruction numbered 5, to which defendant excepted. This instruction is to the general effect that if the jury found that, as a part of the settlement of the affairs and assets of said firm, it was agreed by all of the partners that the lost box of merchandise, if received, should be divided equally among them, or that the proceeds of the claim should be divided equally, and that if defendant had received the money upon the claim and had not paid plaintiffs their proportionate share thereof,- then plain[567]*567tiffs were entitled to recover. This would appear to authorize a recovery by the plaintiffs based solely upon the alleged dissolution agreement, irrespective of the question whether these goods were partnership property, and the jury may have so understood it; but that interpretation of the instruction would make it inconsistent and contradictory of the seventh instruction, which was given upon defendant’s theory of the case, and which is to the effect that he would not be liable upon such a promise, if made, “unless the lost box of merchandise was a part of the business of the affair.” The latter instruction in our view states the true measure of defendant’s liability.
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[564]*564Opinion by
Mr. Commissioner Slater.
1. The first contention advanced by counsel for defendant in support of his demurrer is, that the complaint shows a several right of action, if any, in each of the plaintiffs, and not a joint one. Hence there was a misjoinder of parties plaintiff, and for that reason the demurrer should have been sustained. The first assignment in support of the demurrer is that there is a defect of parties plaintiff, but that, as a ground of demurrer, means too few, and not too many. A demurrer alleging this particular objection can be interposed, therefore, only in case of á nonjoinder of necessary plaintiffs or defendants, and never in case of misjoinder. Pomeroy’s Code Remedies (4 ed.) § 123; Paulson v. City of Portland, 16 Or. 450 (19 Pac. 450: 1 L. R. A. 673).
2. The second ground of demurrer is the one on which defendant chiefly relies. This is based on an alleged erroneous joinder of two distinct causes of action, each of which is vested severally in each plaintiff, and that the causes of action are distinct because they arise out of the separate nature of their interests. The goods are alleged to have been partnership property, and therefore the ownership thereof would be joint, and the proceeds would be held in the same right so long as the partnership relation continued. But the principle on which partners, after dissolution, can sue each other, in relation to what had been partnership funds or effects, is that, the joint interest as partners having ceased, a new contract had been made between the parties in their individual, as distinct from their partnership, characters. The joint interest can be terminated only by an agreement vesting a separate title or interest in the thing to which before that time there had been a joint title (Simpson v. Miller, 51 Or. 232 (94 Pac. 567) ; Riarl v. Wilhelm, 3 Gill [Md.] 356), and it is also said to be the rule that two or more partners cannot sue their co-partners jointly for their shares, unless he has expressly promised them [565]*565jointly (15 PI. & Pr. 1042). So that whether the plaintiffs may jointly sue to recover from a partner a share of what is alleged to have been partnership property depends upon the form of the alleged agreement of settlement between the parties.
3. The alleged promise on the part of the defendant relied upon in the complaint is “to account for and pay over to the plaintiffs their proportionate share of all moneys collected from said, box of merchandise,” etc. This is a promise to them jointly, and not severally, and hence the complaint is good as against the second, as well as the third, grounds of demurrer.
4. The defendant upon the trial testified that there had been no settlement of the partnership business, and offered to show that there were bills of the partnership still outstanding and their payment unprovided for, which evidence, on plaintiffs’ objection, the court refused to receive, and error is assigned on that account. Plaintiffs are not attempting to recover upon an implied promise to pay, arising from an alleged general settlement of the partnership business, but they allege an express promise to pay them their proportionate share of a particular item of alleged partnership property. By the alleged agreement the partners have dealt with one another as individuals in relation to a specific item of partnership property, which, it is claimed, they separated by their agreement from the rest of the partnership concerns, resulting in an express agreement by the defendant to pay them their proportionate share of the proceeds thereof. Under such circumstances, it is of no importance that the debts of the partnership are not all paid, if such were the fact. Creditors cannot object. They will have the responsibility of all partners still, and the payment of money by one partner to another is not to their prejudice. If it was, that could not prevent the partners from adjusting the concerns of the partnership between themselves, so as to create a liability from one to the other. Gibson v. Moore, 6 N. H. 547.
[566]*5665. The court instructed the jury: “If you find from the evidence that, in the formation of said partnership, Frank Ellias put into said firm, as his contribution to the stock thereof, * * the box that was lost, and if you further find that the defendant, Sachs, was then present and acquiesced therein, then I charge you that the defendant, Sachs, is estopped from now claiming any interest in said box other than such interest as agreed upon at the time of the dissolution of said partnership.” The defendant, having excepted at the time to the giving of the instruction, now bases a claim of error thereon. An estoppel, to be available, must be specially pleaded where an opportunity to plead has been presented. Union St. Ry. Co. v. First Nat. Bank, 42 Or. 606 (72 Pac. 586: 73 Pac. 341). The defendant in his answer alleged title in himself to an undivided one half interest in the lost box of goods by purchase from Frank Ellias, the admitted owner, prior to the formation of the partnership, and he offered testimony in support thereof; but the only reply plaintiffs saw fit to make to such averment of ownership was a denial, and hence an opportunity having been thus presented to plaintiffs to plead an estoppel, and not having done so, they were in no position to claim at the trial that defendant should be estopped by this conduct from now availing himself of his averment and proof of ownership of the subject of the action, and the giving of the instruction is reversible error.
6. Error is also predicated upon the giving of instruction numbered 5, to which defendant excepted. This instruction is to the general effect that if the jury found that, as a part of the settlement of the affairs and assets of said firm, it was agreed by all of the partners that the lost box of merchandise, if received, should be divided equally among them, or that the proceeds of the claim should be divided equally, and that if defendant had received the money upon the claim and had not paid plaintiffs their proportionate share thereof,- then plain[567]*567tiffs were entitled to recover. This would appear to authorize a recovery by the plaintiffs based solely upon the alleged dissolution agreement, irrespective of the question whether these goods were partnership property, and the jury may have so understood it; but that interpretation of the instruction would make it inconsistent and contradictory of the seventh instruction, which was given upon defendant’s theory of the case, and which is to the effect that he would not be liable upon such a promise, if made, “unless the lost box of merchandise was a part of the business of the affair.” The latter instruction in our view states the true measure of defendant’s liability. As a ground for recovery, plaintiffs have alleged ownership by the co-partnership of the lost goods at the inception of the business by and through a contract with Frank Ellias, one of the partners, by which contract he transferred the title to the co-partnership as part of his contribution to the capital, and inferentially they contend that the ownership of the proceeds followed that of the goods and was in the partnership when the alleged special agreement was made, and hence all that the final settlement amounts to, is an acknowledgment by defendant of that ownership and an agreement on his part to partition the same and pay to the plaintiffs their proportionate share. This, then, is not an action to recover a share of alleged profits, nor to indemnify plaintiffs in respect to some particular partnership transaction, nor for contribution in respect to a particular loss, in each of which cases some fact must be alleged amounting to an express or implied promise based upon a sufficient consideration to pay the amount claimed to be due; but this proceeding is in the nature of an action for money had and received by the defendant to plaintiffs’ use, and is necessarily based upon a title theretofore existing in plaintiffs.' Russell v. Grimes, 46 Mo. 410. And if they are entitled to recover at all, it must be only by and through proof of the previous joint ownership as alleged, [568]*568and not otherwise. It would not be sufficient, having-failed in proof of that averment, to establish merely a voluntary promise on the part of the defendant to divide with plaintiffs property in which they have not shown that they possessed some legal interest sufficient to entitle them in good conscience to share. The burden is upon, plaintiffs to establish all of the material averments of the complaint, and it is not sufficient to entitle them to recover to sustain only a part of them.
From these considerations, it follows that the judgment should be reversed, and the cause remanded to the lower court for a new trial. Reversed.