Brady, J.:
This action was brought to charge a parcel of real estate with the burden of a legacy given by Nathan Thorp, deceased, who was a resident of New Jersey, and died at Bahway, in that State. He left him surviving a widow and an only child, Albert G. Thorp, Jr., whom he made his sole executor. The will directed the payment of debts, made provision for the widow by the appropriation to her use for life of the homestead in Bahway, the u'se of the household furniture and of the rents of realty in New Jersey, and the payment to her of the dividends on fifty shares of New Jersey railroad and transportation stock, and, also, on stock of the National Bank of Bahway. It then directed the investment of $1,000 to the use of his brother, L>. Lyon Thorp, the interest of which was to be paid to him during his natural life, and upon his death the principal was directed to be paid to his son or sons then living; if none living, the same was to become part of his residuary estate. He also bequeathed to Albert G. Merchant the sum of $500, and made bequests to persons named, engravings and portraits and his gold watch, none of which, however, were to take effect during the lifetime of his wife. By the seventh clause of his will, the contents of which present the question to be considered, he made a specific devise of the house and lot No. 31 West Twenty-second street, in the city of New [248]*248York, to Albert G. Tborp, Jrl, together with all the furniture therein belonging to him. That clause is as follows:
“Seventhly. I give, bequeath and devise to my son, Albert G. Thorp, Junior, Esquire, counsellor-at-law in New York, his heirs and assigns forever, the house and lot of land situate at 31 "West Twenty-second street, New York, where he now resides, together with all the furniture therein belonging to me. Also all other real and personal estate which I may own or possess in New York, New Jersey or anywhere else, subject to the foregoing provisions in this, my will, and also all the rest and residue of my estate, whatsoever and wheresoever the same may be.”
It appeared upon the trial that the personalty amounted to about $30,000, all of which had been disposed of by the executor in unfortunate operations; that he never invested the sum of $1,000, as directed by the will, and that he was insolvent; and, further, that the last piece of property conveyed by him,-which was a part of the residuary estate, was that described in the complaint and upon which the judgment rendered herein rests. The theory of the plaintiffs case is that the intention to charge the residuary estate with the payment of the legacy mentioned appears beyond all peradventure. The defendant contests the accuracy of this, and insists that the action was prematurely brought, for the reason that it is not alleged and does not appear that the executor ever made or rendered any account of his proceedings, or had ever been called upon to make such accounting, and that the complaint does not contain any allegation to the effect that he has not in his hands sufficient funjs or pi’operty of the estate to pay it, contending further that the allegation of the insolvency of the executor, and that he has expended the personal property of the estate, is not sufficient to establish insolvency. It is not disputed that-the premises mentioned in the complaint form a part of the residuary estate. It will have been observed that except that part of it, the income of which was given to the testator’s widow, and the two bequests, one to D. Lyon Thorp and the other to Albert G. Merchant, and the engravings and portraits to which reference has been made, there was no disposition of the- personal estate. , It was, therefore, blended with the real estate not specifically mentioned, and formed a part of the residuary estate, which was given, as will also have been seen, to Albert G. [249]*249Thorp, Jr., tbe executor, but, according to tbe language of tbe1 gift, “subject to the foregoing provisions in this, my will;” tbe following words in tbe clause being, beyond all question, surplusage.
It is undoubtedly tbe rule that tbe personal estate is tbe primary fund out of which legacies are payable, and that tbe real estate is not charged with tbe payment of them, unless tbe testator intended it to be, which must be either expressly declared or fairly and satisfactorily inferred from tbe language and disposition of the will; (Leigh v. Savidge, 14 N. J. Eq., 129, and cases cited), or, as stated in tbe case of Wiltsie v. Shaw (100 N. Y., 194), it is not controverted that in tbe absence of directions by tbe testator, or some manifest intention on bis part, tbe general rule requires that legacies shall be paid out of tbe personal estate, and whether the legacy is a hen or charge upon tbe real estate must be gathered from tbe words of tbe will or found in some provision of law. This rule is also shown in Roper on Legacies (p. 610, note 1) to have been declared in many cases in this country, viz., that tbe intention to charge tbe payment of legacies upon real estate arises only when tbe intention so to charge it is expressly declared or fairly to be inferred from tbe language of tbe will. Tbe executor, having been made tbe recipient of all tbe other real and personal estate owned by tbe testator in New York, New Jersey or elsewhere, “subject to tbe foregoing provisions of the will,” and no specific appropriation of any part of bis estate having been made for tbe payment of tbe legacies, took tbe gift subject to such payment, and tbe real estate was thus charged. Tbe words “ subject to tbe foregoing provisions of this, my will,’.’ leave no doubt upon tbe question. Tbe lexicographers definé the word “ subject ” as meaning “ to make hable; to bring under tbe control or action of; to make subservient.” No other interpretation can be given to tbe language thus employed, which, indeed, may be regarded without perversion of its meaning as an express direction to that effect. This brings it within tbe rule stated.
Tbe pursuit of knowledge upon this subject has not resulted in tbe discovery of any adjudication directly in point. Tbe decisions which are germane are perplexing and difficult to reconcile. Tbe observation attributed to Sir "Willam Jones, uttered more than 200 years ago and recalled in Rathbone v. Dyckman (3 Paige, 26), [250]*250that a case upon a will has no brother, is strongly applicable here. Authorities in point, therefore, cannot reasonably be expected. Bowen J., in Reynolds v. Reynolds (16 N. Y., 257), grouping together the causes which make the payment of legacies a chargé upon the real estate gives the result as follows: “ Where a testator directs his debts and legacies to be first paid and then devises real estate; or where he devises the remainder of his estate, real and personal, after payment of debts and legacies, or devises real estate after payment of debts and legacies it has been held that the real estate was charged. So, too, where the devisee of real estate is appointed executor and is expressly directed to pay debts and legacies the charge will be created.” This case, though not perhaps expressly within this group, is embraced within the observation of Johnson J., in the opinion rendered by him in the same case, as a reason why the realty was not charged with the payment of the legacies, nor is the devise of the real estate made subject to the payment of the legacies or after their payment. It is thought that the language of the seventh clause, to which attention has been called, is equivalent to that above quoted.
In Ragan v. Allen
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Brady, J.:
This action was brought to charge a parcel of real estate with the burden of a legacy given by Nathan Thorp, deceased, who was a resident of New Jersey, and died at Bahway, in that State. He left him surviving a widow and an only child, Albert G. Thorp, Jr., whom he made his sole executor. The will directed the payment of debts, made provision for the widow by the appropriation to her use for life of the homestead in Bahway, the u'se of the household furniture and of the rents of realty in New Jersey, and the payment to her of the dividends on fifty shares of New Jersey railroad and transportation stock, and, also, on stock of the National Bank of Bahway. It then directed the investment of $1,000 to the use of his brother, L>. Lyon Thorp, the interest of which was to be paid to him during his natural life, and upon his death the principal was directed to be paid to his son or sons then living; if none living, the same was to become part of his residuary estate. He also bequeathed to Albert G. Merchant the sum of $500, and made bequests to persons named, engravings and portraits and his gold watch, none of which, however, were to take effect during the lifetime of his wife. By the seventh clause of his will, the contents of which present the question to be considered, he made a specific devise of the house and lot No. 31 West Twenty-second street, in the city of New [248]*248York, to Albert G. Tborp, Jrl, together with all the furniture therein belonging to him. That clause is as follows:
“Seventhly. I give, bequeath and devise to my son, Albert G. Thorp, Junior, Esquire, counsellor-at-law in New York, his heirs and assigns forever, the house and lot of land situate at 31 "West Twenty-second street, New York, where he now resides, together with all the furniture therein belonging to me. Also all other real and personal estate which I may own or possess in New York, New Jersey or anywhere else, subject to the foregoing provisions in this, my will, and also all the rest and residue of my estate, whatsoever and wheresoever the same may be.”
It appeared upon the trial that the personalty amounted to about $30,000, all of which had been disposed of by the executor in unfortunate operations; that he never invested the sum of $1,000, as directed by the will, and that he was insolvent; and, further, that the last piece of property conveyed by him,-which was a part of the residuary estate, was that described in the complaint and upon which the judgment rendered herein rests. The theory of the plaintiffs case is that the intention to charge the residuary estate with the payment of the legacy mentioned appears beyond all peradventure. The defendant contests the accuracy of this, and insists that the action was prematurely brought, for the reason that it is not alleged and does not appear that the executor ever made or rendered any account of his proceedings, or had ever been called upon to make such accounting, and that the complaint does not contain any allegation to the effect that he has not in his hands sufficient funjs or pi’operty of the estate to pay it, contending further that the allegation of the insolvency of the executor, and that he has expended the personal property of the estate, is not sufficient to establish insolvency. It is not disputed that-the premises mentioned in the complaint form a part of the residuary estate. It will have been observed that except that part of it, the income of which was given to the testator’s widow, and the two bequests, one to D. Lyon Thorp and the other to Albert G. Merchant, and the engravings and portraits to which reference has been made, there was no disposition of the- personal estate. , It was, therefore, blended with the real estate not specifically mentioned, and formed a part of the residuary estate, which was given, as will also have been seen, to Albert G. [249]*249Thorp, Jr., tbe executor, but, according to tbe language of tbe1 gift, “subject to the foregoing provisions in this, my will;” tbe following words in tbe clause being, beyond all question, surplusage.
It is undoubtedly tbe rule that tbe personal estate is tbe primary fund out of which legacies are payable, and that tbe real estate is not charged with tbe payment of them, unless tbe testator intended it to be, which must be either expressly declared or fairly and satisfactorily inferred from tbe language and disposition of the will; (Leigh v. Savidge, 14 N. J. Eq., 129, and cases cited), or, as stated in tbe case of Wiltsie v. Shaw (100 N. Y., 194), it is not controverted that in tbe absence of directions by tbe testator, or some manifest intention on bis part, tbe general rule requires that legacies shall be paid out of tbe personal estate, and whether the legacy is a hen or charge upon tbe real estate must be gathered from tbe words of tbe will or found in some provision of law. This rule is also shown in Roper on Legacies (p. 610, note 1) to have been declared in many cases in this country, viz., that tbe intention to charge tbe payment of legacies upon real estate arises only when tbe intention so to charge it is expressly declared or fairly to be inferred from tbe language of tbe will. Tbe executor, having been made tbe recipient of all tbe other real and personal estate owned by tbe testator in New York, New Jersey or elsewhere, “subject to tbe foregoing provisions of the will,” and no specific appropriation of any part of bis estate having been made for tbe payment of tbe legacies, took tbe gift subject to such payment, and tbe real estate was thus charged. Tbe words “ subject to tbe foregoing provisions of this, my will,’.’ leave no doubt upon tbe question. Tbe lexicographers definé the word “ subject ” as meaning “ to make hable; to bring under tbe control or action of; to make subservient.” No other interpretation can be given to tbe language thus employed, which, indeed, may be regarded without perversion of its meaning as an express direction to that effect. This brings it within tbe rule stated.
Tbe pursuit of knowledge upon this subject has not resulted in tbe discovery of any adjudication directly in point. Tbe decisions which are germane are perplexing and difficult to reconcile. Tbe observation attributed to Sir "Willam Jones, uttered more than 200 years ago and recalled in Rathbone v. Dyckman (3 Paige, 26), [250]*250that a case upon a will has no brother, is strongly applicable here. Authorities in point, therefore, cannot reasonably be expected. Bowen J., in Reynolds v. Reynolds (16 N. Y., 257), grouping together the causes which make the payment of legacies a chargé upon the real estate gives the result as follows: “ Where a testator directs his debts and legacies to be first paid and then devises real estate; or where he devises the remainder of his estate, real and personal, after payment of debts and legacies, or devises real estate after payment of debts and legacies it has been held that the real estate was charged. So, too, where the devisee of real estate is appointed executor and is expressly directed to pay debts and legacies the charge will be created.” This case, though not perhaps expressly within this group, is embraced within the observation of Johnson J., in the opinion rendered by him in the same case, as a reason why the realty was not charged with the payment of the legacies, nor is the devise of the real estate made subject to the payment of the legacies or after their payment. It is thought that the language of the seventh clause, to which attention has been called, is equivalent to that above quoted.
In Ragan v. Allen (7 Hun, 537), it was held that “ where a testator gave several legacies and then, without creating any express fund or trust for their payment, made a general residuary disposition of the rest, residue and remainder of his real and personal estate, blending the real and personal together in one fund, the real estate is to be charged with the legacies upon the ground that in such case the rest, residue and remainder can only mean what remains after satisfying the previous legacies.” The words used in the will under consideration are equivalent to if they do not exceed in significance the words “ rest, residue and remainder.” In Tracy v. Tracy (15 Barb., 503), the same rule was declared. (See also McLoughlin v. McLoughlin, 30 Barb., 458; Shulters v. Johnson, 38 id., 80.)
In Hoyt v. Hoyt (85 N. Y., 149), this rule was referred to in combination with the cases bearing upon it, and it was said to prevail in some of the States of the Union and in the Federal Supreme Court, and it was further said “ we were urged to adopt this rale in deciding Bevcm v. Cooper, but while we did not undertake to question the soundness of the reasoning in the decisions there cited, we had in mind the remarks of the Chancellor in Lupton v. Lupton (2 [251]*251Johns. Ch. R., 623), and of Potter, J., in Myers v. Eddy (47 Barb., 263), and as we could dispose of tbe case then without adopting 'or rejecting the rule, we did neither.”
This adjudication is referred to as one which, though it does not decide the question or adopt the rule, nevertheless by not undertaking to question the soundness of the reasoning of which it is predicate, virtually intimates its propriety and justice. The right of the plaintiff to recover therefore, seems to be sustained not only by the intention of the testator, plainly expressed, to charge the residuary estate with the payment of the legacies, but also upon the construction to be placed upon his will resulting from the blending of the real and personal estate together as one gift.
The determination of this question substantially disposes of this appeal, inasmuch as there can be no doubt under the authorities that a specific devise of real estate relieves it from the burden of any legacy, unless it be expressly charged therewith by the testator. (1 Roper on Legacies, m. p., 680.) Here the charge seems to be expressly of the residue for the reasons assigned. It is given subject to the provisions of the will. Nor is there any doubt that in a case distinguished by the facts and circumstances of this, it is not necessary that there should be an accounting. To require it where the executor admits that the whole estate is squandered and that there is nothing left of it, would be a futile and idle ceremony, a vain thing, and vain things are condemned in legal maxims, as was observed in Perkins v. Stimmel (42 Hun, 522).
The judgment should be affirmed.
Yan Brunt, P. J., and Daniels, J., concurred.
Judgment affirmed.