Ladd, J.
Frederick Brummond died in 1900, seized of 207 acres of land, title thereto passing to Elise Kruse and William Brummond. A collateral inheritance tax in the sum of $179.95 was established as a lien on-this land, subsequent to the conveyances hereinafter mentioned, together with the costs of the action, amounting to $204.70. Brummond quit-[270]*270claimed his interest therein to Mrs. Kruse in February, 1901. Thereafter, her husband, Diedrich Kruse, negotiated a sale of the premises to the plaintiff, receiving $100 earnest money, and a written contract was entered into. This contract was dated Oct. 31, 1904, and recites the bargain to sell for the consideration of $11,150, and that possession should be given Mar. 1, 1906, on which date a warranty deed was to be delivered, “together with abstract of clear title to the purchaser”. The parties undertook, also, to make certain improvements and to keep the buildings insured.
“T. Thordson, on his part, agrees to pay for the above described farm the sum of eleven thousand one hundred and fifty dollars, as follows -. One hundred in cash at the signing of this contract, the receipt whereof parties of the first part hereby acknowledge; the balance of skid purchase price, to wit, eleven thousand and fifty dollars, he agrees to pay on March 1, 1906, when deed and .abstract as above provided are delivered to him. The purchase price is to be paid at the office of C. H. Mohland, in Burlington, Iowa, as follows: Five thousand dollars for Elise Kruse and the balance due for Mr. Diedrich Kruse.
“Signed on this 31st day of October, 1904.
“DIEDRICH KRUSE.
“ELISE KRUSE.
“THEO. THORDSON.”
Payment was made by plaintiff March 1,1906, and a deed to him executed by the Kruses, reciting that, upon receipt of the consideration: “We, Elise Kruse and Diedrich Kruse, her husband, . . . sell and convey” fhe land unto the plaintiff (describing it), and closing with the words: “And we hereby warrant the title to said premises against all persons whomsoever.” The abstract was not furnished until some time later, and then the lien of the inheritance tax was discovered, and some otlW defects in the title.. A suit to quiet title was prosecuted by plaintiff, and decree entered as prayed, [271]*271and the plaintiff seeks in this action recovery from defendant for the income tax and costs paid by him, the expenses of the suit in quieting title, and the value of plaintiff’s time lost in attending to perfecting the title. Judgment was entered as prayed, though it is said that, in so doing, several errors' were committed.
1. Husband and wife: conveyances: spouse releasing dower not boound by covenants: estoppel. I. The title was in the name of Mrs. Kruse, and appellant contends that, in joining in the conveyance, he was not bound by the warranty contained there, — relying on Section 2921 of the Code, which provides that “Where either ^ie h'us^an^- or wife joins in a conveyance real estate owned by the other, the husband or wife s0 joining shall.not be bound by the , n , * , covenants of such conveyance, unless it is expressly so stated on the face thereof.”
The evident design of -this statute was to relieve the husband and wife, in joining in a deed of the property of the other, from being bound otherwise than in releasing his or her interest therein, unless otherwise so stated in the instrument. But for this statute, the husband would be liable on a warranty in the deed of his wife, even though without interest therein except his distributive share in the property. Bellows v. Litchfield, 83 Iowa 36.
[272]*2722. Husband and wife: contract to convey: joint contract to convey land belonging to one only: breach: liability of non-owner. [271]*271At common law, the wife, though executing a warranty deed of her own property while under covertufe, would not be liable on its covenants. Childs v. McChesney, 20 Iowa 431. Under our statutes emancipating the wife from the restrictions of common law, however, she is liable on such covenants, but is not liable upon the covenants of warranty in the conveyance of land owned by her husband, the title to which is not in her name and in which she has no .interest. In so holding, the court, in Thompson v. Merrill, 58 Iowa 419, declared that “The purpose of this statute evidently is to exonerate the wife from liability upon the covenants in a deed, when the title is not in her, and she unites with her husband in a conveyance, for the purpose of surrendering [272]*272whatever rights accrued to her in the property by virtue of her marriage. ’ ’ See Erickson v. Johnson, 172 Iowa 12. But if either spouse has agreed to convey the land as his own and has executed a conveyance as such owner, he is estopped from so limiting his conveyance and the covenants of his deed. In other words, having undertaken to convey the land as his own, he is within the spirit of the section of the Code quoted, and is regarded as the owner of the land when attempting to convey. Thompson v. Merrill, supra. But estoppel was not pleaded and, for this reason, the decision may not be planted on that ground. The evidence shows that defendant negotiated the sale, and in the written contract, although signed by his wife also> expressly agreed that a'warranty deed should be delivered, with assuranee of a clear title to the purchaser, as exemplified in the abstract. Not only did he ' so agree, but the contract shows that he was to receive a part of the consideration derived from the sale of the land. The purchaser was not aware that the title of the land was in the wife, and had a right to rely upon the agreement of the defendant, as well as that of his wife, that the abstract would show a clear title and that he would warrant the title. Having undertaken, for a consideration represented by the contract as $6,500.00, to execute such a deed and furnish such abstract, on breach thereof he became liable for any consequential damages.
3. Deeds : construction: merger of prior purchaser: intent. Appellant contends, however, that the contract was executory, and that the execution of the deed was such a performance of the contract that all provisions of the latter were merged in the deed, relying on Davenport v. Whisler, 46 Iowa 287, and Mathias v. Mathias, 167 Iowa 81. Such is the rule where the contract and deed can be said to relate to like covenants or conditions; but it does not necessarily extend to rights collateral to and independent of the conveyances. As said in Carey v. Walker, 172 Iowa 236:
[273]*273“We must not be understood as holding that, where the right claimed would vary, change or alter the agreement in the deed itself, or inheres in the very subject matter with which the deed deals, a prior contract, covering the same subject matter, can be shown as against the provisions of the deed; but we do hold that, where a contract provides for the conveyance of the real estate upon the payment of a certain sum, and gives to the purchaser certain rights, collateral to and independent of the conveyance, the making of the deed does not merge the collateral or independent agreement into the deed, so that they cannot be shown and enforced.”
The exception to the general rule is clearly stated in Morris v. Whitcher,
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Ladd, J.
Frederick Brummond died in 1900, seized of 207 acres of land, title thereto passing to Elise Kruse and William Brummond. A collateral inheritance tax in the sum of $179.95 was established as a lien on-this land, subsequent to the conveyances hereinafter mentioned, together with the costs of the action, amounting to $204.70. Brummond quit-[270]*270claimed his interest therein to Mrs. Kruse in February, 1901. Thereafter, her husband, Diedrich Kruse, negotiated a sale of the premises to the plaintiff, receiving $100 earnest money, and a written contract was entered into. This contract was dated Oct. 31, 1904, and recites the bargain to sell for the consideration of $11,150, and that possession should be given Mar. 1, 1906, on which date a warranty deed was to be delivered, “together with abstract of clear title to the purchaser”. The parties undertook, also, to make certain improvements and to keep the buildings insured.
“T. Thordson, on his part, agrees to pay for the above described farm the sum of eleven thousand one hundred and fifty dollars, as follows -. One hundred in cash at the signing of this contract, the receipt whereof parties of the first part hereby acknowledge; the balance of skid purchase price, to wit, eleven thousand and fifty dollars, he agrees to pay on March 1, 1906, when deed and .abstract as above provided are delivered to him. The purchase price is to be paid at the office of C. H. Mohland, in Burlington, Iowa, as follows: Five thousand dollars for Elise Kruse and the balance due for Mr. Diedrich Kruse.
“Signed on this 31st day of October, 1904.
“DIEDRICH KRUSE.
“ELISE KRUSE.
“THEO. THORDSON.”
Payment was made by plaintiff March 1,1906, and a deed to him executed by the Kruses, reciting that, upon receipt of the consideration: “We, Elise Kruse and Diedrich Kruse, her husband, . . . sell and convey” fhe land unto the plaintiff (describing it), and closing with the words: “And we hereby warrant the title to said premises against all persons whomsoever.” The abstract was not furnished until some time later, and then the lien of the inheritance tax was discovered, and some otlW defects in the title.. A suit to quiet title was prosecuted by plaintiff, and decree entered as prayed, [271]*271and the plaintiff seeks in this action recovery from defendant for the income tax and costs paid by him, the expenses of the suit in quieting title, and the value of plaintiff’s time lost in attending to perfecting the title. Judgment was entered as prayed, though it is said that, in so doing, several errors' were committed.
1. Husband and wife: conveyances: spouse releasing dower not boound by covenants: estoppel. I. The title was in the name of Mrs. Kruse, and appellant contends that, in joining in the conveyance, he was not bound by the warranty contained there, — relying on Section 2921 of the Code, which provides that “Where either ^ie h'us^an^- or wife joins in a conveyance real estate owned by the other, the husband or wife s0 joining shall.not be bound by the , n , * , covenants of such conveyance, unless it is expressly so stated on the face thereof.”
The evident design of -this statute was to relieve the husband and wife, in joining in a deed of the property of the other, from being bound otherwise than in releasing his or her interest therein, unless otherwise so stated in the instrument. But for this statute, the husband would be liable on a warranty in the deed of his wife, even though without interest therein except his distributive share in the property. Bellows v. Litchfield, 83 Iowa 36.
[272]*2722. Husband and wife: contract to convey: joint contract to convey land belonging to one only: breach: liability of non-owner. [271]*271At common law, the wife, though executing a warranty deed of her own property while under covertufe, would not be liable on its covenants. Childs v. McChesney, 20 Iowa 431. Under our statutes emancipating the wife from the restrictions of common law, however, she is liable on such covenants, but is not liable upon the covenants of warranty in the conveyance of land owned by her husband, the title to which is not in her name and in which she has no .interest. In so holding, the court, in Thompson v. Merrill, 58 Iowa 419, declared that “The purpose of this statute evidently is to exonerate the wife from liability upon the covenants in a deed, when the title is not in her, and she unites with her husband in a conveyance, for the purpose of surrendering [272]*272whatever rights accrued to her in the property by virtue of her marriage. ’ ’ See Erickson v. Johnson, 172 Iowa 12. But if either spouse has agreed to convey the land as his own and has executed a conveyance as such owner, he is estopped from so limiting his conveyance and the covenants of his deed. In other words, having undertaken to convey the land as his own, he is within the spirit of the section of the Code quoted, and is regarded as the owner of the land when attempting to convey. Thompson v. Merrill, supra. But estoppel was not pleaded and, for this reason, the decision may not be planted on that ground. The evidence shows that defendant negotiated the sale, and in the written contract, although signed by his wife also> expressly agreed that a'warranty deed should be delivered, with assuranee of a clear title to the purchaser, as exemplified in the abstract. Not only did he ' so agree, but the contract shows that he was to receive a part of the consideration derived from the sale of the land. The purchaser was not aware that the title of the land was in the wife, and had a right to rely upon the agreement of the defendant, as well as that of his wife, that the abstract would show a clear title and that he would warrant the title. Having undertaken, for a consideration represented by the contract as $6,500.00, to execute such a deed and furnish such abstract, on breach thereof he became liable for any consequential damages.
3. Deeds : construction: merger of prior purchaser: intent. Appellant contends, however, that the contract was executory, and that the execution of the deed was such a performance of the contract that all provisions of the latter were merged in the deed, relying on Davenport v. Whisler, 46 Iowa 287, and Mathias v. Mathias, 167 Iowa 81. Such is the rule where the contract and deed can be said to relate to like covenants or conditions; but it does not necessarily extend to rights collateral to and independent of the conveyances. As said in Carey v. Walker, 172 Iowa 236:
[273]*273“We must not be understood as holding that, where the right claimed would vary, change or alter the agreement in the deed itself, or inheres in the very subject matter with which the deed deals, a prior contract, covering the same subject matter, can be shown as against the provisions of the deed; but we do hold that, where a contract provides for the conveyance of the real estate upon the payment of a certain sum, and gives to the purchaser certain rights, collateral to and independent of the conveyance, the making of the deed does not merge the collateral or independent agreement into the deed, so that they cannot be shown and enforced.”
The exception to the general rule is clearly stated in Morris v. Whitcher, 20 N. Y. 41:
“In all cases, then, where there are stipulations in a preliminary contract for the sale of land, of which the conveyance itself is not a performance, the true question must be whether the parties have intentionally surrendered those stipulations. The evidence of that intention may exist in or out of the deed. If plainly expressed in the very terms of the deed, the evidence will be decisive. If not so expressed, the question is open to other evidence; and I think, in absence of all proof, there is no presumption that either party, in giving or accepting a conveyance, intends to give up the benefit of covenants of which the conveyance is not a performance or satisfaction.”
In Reed v. Sycks, 27 Ohio State 285, the rule is well stated:
“In all eases of stipulations in a preliminary contract for the sale of land, of which the deed is not a performance, the true question is whether the parties have surrendered those stipulations. This is a question of intention of the parties. The evidence of that intention may exist in or out of the deed. There is no presumption that a party, in giving or accepting a deed, intends to give up the covenants of which the deed is not a performance or satisfaction. ’ ’
In that case, this principle was recognized, and has been [274]*274applied -uniformly and in a great variety of cases, among which are Close v. Zell, 141 Pa. 390; Disbrow v. Harris, 122 N. Y. 362; Green v. Batson, 71 Wis. 54 (5 Am. St. 194); Letchworth v. Vaughan, 77 Ark. 305.
Reverting to the contract, it will be observed that defendant merely undertook ‘ ‘ a good and sufficient warranty deed to. be delivered”. The warranty deed delivered was executed in the performance of this stipulation and, as it related to the specific undertaking in the contract, must have been accepted in performance thereof. In accepting same, parties construed the contract with reference to the warranty stipulated. The plaintiff, having accepted warranty deed in the form tendered, is not in the situation, in the absence of any showing of fraud or mistake, to assert that it was not such a warranty as was contemplated in the contract, — in other words, that, part of the contract having been performed by the execution of the deed, it is merged therein, and neither party may rely upon it save as found in the deed.
The defendant also undertook to furnish an “abstract showing clear title to the purchaser”. This undertaking was an agreement collateral to anything contained in the deed and, therefore, not necessarily merged therein. Ordinarily, the abstract is submitted to the purchaser long enough before consummation of the agreement to sell to afford him sufficient time for examination of the same. But here the submission of the abstract was exacted at the same time the deed was to be furnished; but this was not done until long after the payment of the consideration and the execution of the deed upon an understanding had that the abstract should be furnished later and, if there was anything wrong, it was to be fixed up as soon as the vendor could get around to it, and according to the terms of the contract.
Whether a deed has been accepted as performance of a collateral stipulation contained in a contract to convey land always depends upon the intention of the parties. Sometimes this -is manifest from an examination of the written [275]*275instruments; but frequently, to ascertain this, resort must be had to extrinsic evidence, written or oral. Slocum v. Bracy, 55 Minn. 249 (43 Am. St. 499) ; Loftus v. Reed, (Kans.) 31 L. R. A. (N. S.) 457. By postponing performance of this stipulation and agreeing to remedy any defect, the parties clearly evidenced an intention that the receipt of the deed was not to be regarded as performance thereof. When the abstract was presented, it disclosed the existence of unpaid inheritance taxes as an incumbrance- against the land, and also other defects; and, in order to render the abstract of title such as grantors had undertaken to furnish, it was necessary to pay these taxes, and also to procure quit claim deeds from or quiet title against persons hereinafter indicated. Expenses so incurred were necessary to make the abstract such as defendant had agreed to furnish, and in consequence of the breach of such stipulation. Not having title to the land, defendant was not' bound by the warranty in the de'ed, but was liable on the breach of the stipulation to furnish an abstract showing clear title; and the measure of damages manifestly is the reasonable expense of doing whatever was necessary to be done in perfecting such an abstract. .
4. Husband and rnce:: ‘^nvey"contractdto convey” not synonymous. II. It is argued, however, that the word “conveyance”, as found in the statute quoted, should be given a broad construction, so as to include contracts for the sale of land, and appellant seems to rely upon Gregg v. Owens, (Minn.) 33 N. W. 216. There, the statute construed provided that “No conveyance or contract for the sale ox real estate or of any interest therein by a married woman . . . shall be valid, unless her husband join with her in such conveyance.” The court held that the term “such conveyance” referred to the word “contract”, as well as “conveyance”. This was evident from the language of the statute. As the word is ordinarily used, in statutes in relation to real estate, “conveyance” means the deed or act or instrument by which property in real estate is transferred. Dudley v. Sumner, 5 Mass. 438, 470; [276]*276Brown v. Fritz, 13 N. H. 283. The meaning of the word necessarily depends somewhat on the context and the connection in which it is employed. The connection in which this Section 2921 is found leaves no doubt that by 1 ‘ conveyance ’ ’ was meant the transfer of the land or some interest therein from one person to another, and not the promise or agreement to transfer.
5. Vendor and purchaser: quieting title: defects justifying: reasonable cost. IY. It is said that there was no proof of defects in the title, and therefore the expense in quieting the title and in perfecting the abstract ought not to have been allowed. Counsel evidently have overlooked the testi- . mony of Beckman, disclosing that one defect was *n ^at a w^e did not join in the exeeution of a deed in the chain of title; another, that there was a failure to state that the grantor was a single man; another, that, in partition proceedings, the petition had failed to state that the parties defendant were the only heirs,' or whether they were minors, and omitted to state names of their spouses; that there appears to have been no proper service on minors; and that there was a misdescription in one deed.
6. Vendor and purchaser quieting title: expense: defense. 6. Vendor and purchaser : quieting title: If plaintiff included lands owned by himself, in order to save expense to both parties in an action to quiet title, it is not a matter of complaint, as it was for defendant’s benefit. The testimony as to the value of services rendered is undisputed. Mohland testified that, for seryiees as an attorney and his expenses fa ^ matf;er 0f quieting title, $150 was reasonable, and we have no reason to interfere with the district court’s conclusion that this was the fact.
Discovering no error in the record, the judgment is— Affirmed.
Deemer, C. J., Gaynor and Salinger, JJ., concur.