Mitchell, J.
This action was brought on an account for goods, wares, and merchandise sold and delivered in Chicago, Ill., by plaintiff to defendant and one Thompson. Thompson was a nonresident, and was not served with process, and never appeared, so that the action proceeded against Palmer alone. His principal defense was that the account had been paid by promissory notes executed by Thompson and indorsed by himself, and which he alleged plaintiff received and accepted as payment of the account. The giving and receiving of the notes for the amount of the account (a pre-existing debt) was not disputed.
Although casually signed in Missouri, the notes were delivered and were payable in Illinois; and it is not questioned but that they were Illinois contracts, and, as respects their nature and obligatory force, governed by the laws of that state; the only contention being as to whether the law of that state or that of Minnesota applied in determining whether they operated to pay and extinguish the original debt.
On the trial there was no evidence of an express agreement, one way or other, on the subject, and no circumstances (at least none favorable to plaintiff) from which any agreement could be implied, unless it was the mere fact that the notes had been given and received. Upon the motion for a new trial the court below, contrary to his rulings on the trial, held that the law of Illinois applied; and that the law of that state, differing from that of Minnesota, was that, in the absence of any agreement of the parties to the contrary, the giving and receiving of the debtor’s promissory note for a pre-existing debt due on simple contract constituted payment and extinguishment of the original debt. As the evidence as to the law of Illinois consisted entirely of the judicial opinions of that state, the question of their construction and effect was one for the court alone. Di Sora v. Phillipps, 10 H. L. Cas. 624; Kline v. Baker, 99 Mass. 255.
Neither is there anything in plaintiff’s point that the law of Illinois should have been specially pleaded. Having pleaded payment, [178]*178the defendant was entitled to introduce evidence of any facts tending to prove that plea. The rule, of course, is that courts will not take judicial notice of the laws of another state or country, differing from our own, but that they must be pleaded and proved the same as any other facts. But this rule does not require such laws to be pleaded when they consist of mere matters of evidence. They stand on the same footing as any other fact, to be pleaded only when they are issuable, as distinguished from probative or evidential facts.
It is urged that the trial court misconstrued the judicial decisions of Illinois, and that in fact the law of that state is the same as that of Minnesota. In determining this question we have necessarily had to confine our consideration to the particular decisions introduced in evidence. As the court below very correctly remarked, if the law of that state was to be determined by the obiter dicta in the numerous decisions of its courts, there might be very grave doubt and uncertainty as to what the law of Illinois is.
This is shown by the fact that several of their decisions are cited, carelessly perhaps, by text writers, as authority for the common-law rule which obtains in this and most of the other states; and we are by no means certain what the courts of that state will decide the law to be when they are squarely confronted with the question after full argument. But, like the court below, we think that White v. Jones, 38 Ill. 159, lays down what is often called the “Massachusetts rule,” and is an authority in favor of defendant’s contention, and that, keeping in mind the difference in the facts, and the distinction between what was essential to the decision of the-respective eases and what is mere dictum, this case is not overruled by Wilhelm v. Schmidt, 84 Ill. 187.
We therefore 'conclude that the law of Illinois is that the taking of the debtor’s promissory note for a pre-existing debt is prima facie payment, — that is, operates as payment and extinguishment of the the original debt, — unless the parties have agreed to the contrary; while the law of this state is that it does not, unless the parties have agreed that it shall have that effect.:* Of course, we do not mean that the agreement to make the ease exceptional must be express, for in either state such an ag.eement may be implied from cireuru[179]*179stances; but what we do mean is that where, as in this case, there is no express agreement on the subject, and no circumstances from which an agreement can be implied, — nothing but the bare fact that the note was given and received, — then, in Illinois, the note extinguishes the debt, while in this state it would not, unless the note itself is paid.
The question, then, remains, which applies to this ease, — the law of Illinois or the law of Minnesota ? There is no controversy as to the general rule on the subject, the only difficulty being as to its application. In respect to all question as to forms or methods or conduct of process or remedy, including mere rules of evidence, the law of the forum governs; but the settled doctrine of public law is that personal contracts are to have the same validity, interpretation, and obligatory force in every other country (unless against its public policy) which they have in the country w'here they were made. 2 Kent, Comm. 257, 258. The lex loci contractus (referring to the place of the seat of the contract, as distinguished from the place where it may casually happen to have been signed, and which may govern in mere matters of form of solemnization) is prima facie that which the parties intended to apply, and therefore the law which, in the absence of circumstances indicating a different intention, ought to prevail in all matters pertaining to the right and merit of the contract, or what the civilians called “naturalia contractus.” This doctrine is perhaps as clearly and tersely stated by Tindall, C. J., as any one, as follows: “So much of the law as affects the rights and merit of the contract — all that relates ad lites decisionem — is adopted from the foreign country; and so much of the law as affects the remedy only — all that relates ad lites ordinationem — is taken from the lex fori, where the action is brought.” Huber v. Steiner, 2 Scott, 304. Of course he was speaking of personal contracts. The law of the place of making the contract, if it is to be there performed, enters into and forms a part of the contract as to all questions touching its obligation and interpretation; as, for example, whom it binds, and to what extent; what is included and what is excluded. Whoever contracts in a country is presumed to know its law, and whatever he does not express plainly he refers to the interpretation of [180]*180the law, and wills and intends that which the law itself wills and intends. This is included in the contract, without being expressly mentioned, by operation of law. Applying these principles to the case in hand, we are of opinion that the question whether the giving of these promissory notes operated as a payment and extinguishment of the antecedent debt is one which goes to the force and effect of the contract itself, and is not a mere rule of evidence, and therefore the law of Illinois applies. To hold otherwise would, it seems to us, be to make a contract for parties different from that which they made for themselves.
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Mitchell, J.
This action was brought on an account for goods, wares, and merchandise sold and delivered in Chicago, Ill., by plaintiff to defendant and one Thompson. Thompson was a nonresident, and was not served with process, and never appeared, so that the action proceeded against Palmer alone. His principal defense was that the account had been paid by promissory notes executed by Thompson and indorsed by himself, and which he alleged plaintiff received and accepted as payment of the account. The giving and receiving of the notes for the amount of the account (a pre-existing debt) was not disputed.
Although casually signed in Missouri, the notes were delivered and were payable in Illinois; and it is not questioned but that they were Illinois contracts, and, as respects their nature and obligatory force, governed by the laws of that state; the only contention being as to whether the law of that state or that of Minnesota applied in determining whether they operated to pay and extinguish the original debt.
On the trial there was no evidence of an express agreement, one way or other, on the subject, and no circumstances (at least none favorable to plaintiff) from which any agreement could be implied, unless it was the mere fact that the notes had been given and received. Upon the motion for a new trial the court below, contrary to his rulings on the trial, held that the law of Illinois applied; and that the law of that state, differing from that of Minnesota, was that, in the absence of any agreement of the parties to the contrary, the giving and receiving of the debtor’s promissory note for a pre-existing debt due on simple contract constituted payment and extinguishment of the original debt. As the evidence as to the law of Illinois consisted entirely of the judicial opinions of that state, the question of their construction and effect was one for the court alone. Di Sora v. Phillipps, 10 H. L. Cas. 624; Kline v. Baker, 99 Mass. 255.
Neither is there anything in plaintiff’s point that the law of Illinois should have been specially pleaded. Having pleaded payment, [178]*178the defendant was entitled to introduce evidence of any facts tending to prove that plea. The rule, of course, is that courts will not take judicial notice of the laws of another state or country, differing from our own, but that they must be pleaded and proved the same as any other facts. But this rule does not require such laws to be pleaded when they consist of mere matters of evidence. They stand on the same footing as any other fact, to be pleaded only when they are issuable, as distinguished from probative or evidential facts.
It is urged that the trial court misconstrued the judicial decisions of Illinois, and that in fact the law of that state is the same as that of Minnesota. In determining this question we have necessarily had to confine our consideration to the particular decisions introduced in evidence. As the court below very correctly remarked, if the law of that state was to be determined by the obiter dicta in the numerous decisions of its courts, there might be very grave doubt and uncertainty as to what the law of Illinois is.
This is shown by the fact that several of their decisions are cited, carelessly perhaps, by text writers, as authority for the common-law rule which obtains in this and most of the other states; and we are by no means certain what the courts of that state will decide the law to be when they are squarely confronted with the question after full argument. But, like the court below, we think that White v. Jones, 38 Ill. 159, lays down what is often called the “Massachusetts rule,” and is an authority in favor of defendant’s contention, and that, keeping in mind the difference in the facts, and the distinction between what was essential to the decision of the-respective eases and what is mere dictum, this case is not overruled by Wilhelm v. Schmidt, 84 Ill. 187.
We therefore 'conclude that the law of Illinois is that the taking of the debtor’s promissory note for a pre-existing debt is prima facie payment, — that is, operates as payment and extinguishment of the the original debt, — unless the parties have agreed to the contrary; while the law of this state is that it does not, unless the parties have agreed that it shall have that effect.:* Of course, we do not mean that the agreement to make the ease exceptional must be express, for in either state such an ag.eement may be implied from cireuru[179]*179stances; but what we do mean is that where, as in this case, there is no express agreement on the subject, and no circumstances from which an agreement can be implied, — nothing but the bare fact that the note was given and received, — then, in Illinois, the note extinguishes the debt, while in this state it would not, unless the note itself is paid.
The question, then, remains, which applies to this ease, — the law of Illinois or the law of Minnesota ? There is no controversy as to the general rule on the subject, the only difficulty being as to its application. In respect to all question as to forms or methods or conduct of process or remedy, including mere rules of evidence, the law of the forum governs; but the settled doctrine of public law is that personal contracts are to have the same validity, interpretation, and obligatory force in every other country (unless against its public policy) which they have in the country w'here they were made. 2 Kent, Comm. 257, 258. The lex loci contractus (referring to the place of the seat of the contract, as distinguished from the place where it may casually happen to have been signed, and which may govern in mere matters of form of solemnization) is prima facie that which the parties intended to apply, and therefore the law which, in the absence of circumstances indicating a different intention, ought to prevail in all matters pertaining to the right and merit of the contract, or what the civilians called “naturalia contractus.” This doctrine is perhaps as clearly and tersely stated by Tindall, C. J., as any one, as follows: “So much of the law as affects the rights and merit of the contract — all that relates ad lites decisionem — is adopted from the foreign country; and so much of the law as affects the remedy only — all that relates ad lites ordinationem — is taken from the lex fori, where the action is brought.” Huber v. Steiner, 2 Scott, 304. Of course he was speaking of personal contracts. The law of the place of making the contract, if it is to be there performed, enters into and forms a part of the contract as to all questions touching its obligation and interpretation; as, for example, whom it binds, and to what extent; what is included and what is excluded. Whoever contracts in a country is presumed to know its law, and whatever he does not express plainly he refers to the interpretation of [180]*180the law, and wills and intends that which the law itself wills and intends. This is included in the contract, without being expressly mentioned, by operation of law. Applying these principles to the case in hand, we are of opinion that the question whether the giving of these promissory notes operated as a payment and extinguishment of the antecedent debt is one which goes to the force and effect of the contract itself, and is not a mere rule of evidence, and therefore the law of Illinois applies. To hold otherwise would, it seems to us, be to make a contract for parties different from that which they made for themselves. Suppose, for' example, as in this case, the contract is made in Illinois, and the party’ gives his note for an existing debt, without any express agreement as to its effect on the original debt, and in the absence of any circumstances from which any agreement to make the case exceptional can be implied. By the laws of that state, with reference to which he presumably contracts, it extinguishes the original debt, and thereafter his only liability is on his note. But if he is sued in this state on the original debt, if our law is to apply, he is liable notwithstanding his implied contract to the contrary. Suppose, on the other hand, the contract is made in Minnesota, and, the note not being paid, the creditor sues on the original debt in Illinois. If the law of that state applies, his action must fail, although he took the note in reliance on the laws of this state, without any intention thereby to discharge or release the original debt. It seems to us that this is more than a question of remedy, but goes to the right of the contract. So far as we can find, New Hampshire is the only state in which the question in this precise form has ever been passed on. It is there held that it is the law of the state where the note was given which applies. Ward v. Howe, 38 N. H. 35. See, also, Pecker v. Kennison, 46 N. H. 488, and Gilman v. Stevens, 63 N. H. 342, (1 Atl. Rep. 202.) The doctrine of these cases is cited approvingly in Pars. Cont. 719. Ely v. James, 123 Mass. 36, although not an authority on the question, is suggestive, for the reason that some of the points raised would naturally have been otherwise disposed of had the court considered that they involved merely a rule of evidence, to be determined by the law of the forum.
Counsel for plaintiff relies greatly on Hoadley v. Northern Trans[181]*181portation Co., 115 Mass. 304, and at first sight it would seem more nearly an authority in his favor than any other ease cited. But, without considering whether that case was rightly decided, we think it is clearly distinguishable from the present. The question there was merely one of evidence of plaintiff’s assent to the terms of the bill’of lading.
With reference to another trial, we may add that we are of opinion that sufficient foundation was laid for the introduction of secondary evidence of the contents of the letters from plaintiff to Thompson. Plaintiff had done all .that it could do to procure the originals in Thompson’s possession. He was beyond the jurisdiction of the court, and could not be reached by process. When his deposition was being taken in Kansas, on his cross-examination, plaintiff called for the production of the letters, which Thompson positively refused to do, and in such terms as to indicate clearly that he was acting in the interest of the defendant. It is not material that his deposition was being taken on motion of defendant, and not of plaintiff. Steph. Dig. Ev. art. 71 b.
Order affirmed.
(Opinion published 53 N. W. Rep. 1137.)