Per Curiam.
Petitioner-appellant Richard Thompson (hereinafter appellant) appeals the order denying his petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus brought against respondent-appellees George Yuen, Director of Health, State of Hawaii, and Lee Wheeler, Director of the Hawaii State Hospital in Kaneohe, Hawaii (hereinafter appellees). We affirm.
Appellant was charged with Criminal Trespass in the First Degree in Honolulu District Court on May 4, 1976. Pursuant to appel
lant’s request for mental examination, a three-member sanity commission was appointed and a report was submitted to the court. The report concluded that appellant lacked substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct and to conform his conduct to the requirements of law at the time of the alleged offense. The report of the sanity commission was admitted into evidence by stipulation of the parties at a hearing on appellant’s motion for judgment of acquittal. Onjune 7,1976, the districtjudge rendered a judgment of acquittal against the appellant for lack of penal responsibility due to mental disease, disorder or defect. After the appellant was insanity-acquitted, a hearing on.commitment was held on the same day and the district court found that appellant was a danger to himself or to person or property of others and was not a proper candidate for conditional release. Appellant was committed to the custody of the Director of Health for placement in the State Hospital or other appropriate institution. Appellant remained in the State Hospital from May 4, 1976, to December 3, 1976. Then on December 8, 1976, appellant filed a petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, which was denied by the Circuit Court judge.
Appellant cites to three points of error: 1) that the commitment pursuant to HRS § 704-411(1) and (4)
denied him equal protection and due process of law by requiring a different burden of proof from that required under the civil commitment statute in HRS §
334-60(b)(4)(I)
; 2) that the State did not sustain its burden of proof such that the evidence presented was insufficient to commit; and 3) that appellant was denied the right of confrontation and cross-examination.
Appellant’s first point of error contends that the burden of proof in commitment proceedings subsequent to a judgment of acquittal by reason of insanity should be the same as that under the civil commitment statute. Appellant contends that failure to have the same burden of proof violates his rights under due process and equal protection. Civil commitment under HRS § 334-60(b)(4)(I) requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt while commitment subsequent to an insanity acquittal requires a preponderance of the evidence. We find
United States v. Brown,
478 F.2d 606 (D.C. Cir. 1973), dispositive of this issue.
In
Brown, supra,
defendant was insanity-acquitted of robbery and assault with a deadly weapon and was committed to a mental institution. The standard of commitment for one insanity-acquitted was a preponderance of the evidence which was different from the civil commitment standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. The court held that due process and equal protection were not violated in using the preponderance of the evidence standard to commit an insanity-acquitted defendant. The court said:
There is justification for the preponderance of proof standard for confinement of the insanity-acquitted even assuming a
higher standard is required prior to civil commitment for propensity.
* * * * *
The difference between the classes for purposes of burden of proof* is in the extent of possibility and consequence of error. If there is error in a determination of mental illness that results in a civil commitment, a person may be deprived of liberty although he never posed any harm to society. If there is an similar error in confinement of an insanity-acquitted individual, there is not only the fact of harm already done, but the substantial prospect that the same error, ascribing the quality of mental disease to a less extreme deviance, resulted in a legal exculpation where there should have been legal responsibility for the antisocial action.
478 F.2d at 611.
We hold that commitment of one insanity-acquitted by a preponderance of the evidence does not violate appellant’s rights under due process or equal protection where a higher burden of proof exists for civil commitment.
Next we consider whether there was sufficient evidence presented by the State to commit appellant. The State offered the sanity commission report as its evidence in the commitment hearing to sustain its burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence. The district court judge was required to commit appellant under HRS § 704-41 l(l)(a) where the sanity commission report prepared pursuant to section 704-404 went uncontested and the State met its burden of proof. The record reveals that the first condition was met when the district judge admitted into evidence the uncontroverted report. We also believe that the uncontested report was more than sufficient to meet the State’s burden of proof. Thus, the district judge had sufficient evidence before it and properly committed appellant under the statute.
Appellant further contends that receipt of the sanity commission report into evidence denied appellant’s right of confrontation and cross-examination. The right of confrontation is a fundamental constitutional guarantee of the accused.
State v. Adrian,
51 Haw. 125, 453 P.2d 221 (1969);
State v. Casey,
51 Haw. 99, 451 P.2d 806 (1969). This constitutional right can be waived, but waiver is never presumed and there must be an express and intelligent consent by the accused on the record.
State v. Casey, supra
at 100, 451 P.2d at 808.
However, defense counsel can waive certain aspects of the right of an accused to be confronted with witnesses against him where such waiver is considered a matter of trial tactics and procedure.
Id.
at 101, 451 P.2d at 808. But where waiver goes beyond tactics and procedure, and significantly impinges on a constitutionally guaranteed right, the defendant must make the decision with regard to waiver.
The instant case involves trial tactics employed by defense counsel in waiving appellant’s right to confront witnesses.
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Per Curiam.
Petitioner-appellant Richard Thompson (hereinafter appellant) appeals the order denying his petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus brought against respondent-appellees George Yuen, Director of Health, State of Hawaii, and Lee Wheeler, Director of the Hawaii State Hospital in Kaneohe, Hawaii (hereinafter appellees). We affirm.
Appellant was charged with Criminal Trespass in the First Degree in Honolulu District Court on May 4, 1976. Pursuant to appel
lant’s request for mental examination, a three-member sanity commission was appointed and a report was submitted to the court. The report concluded that appellant lacked substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct and to conform his conduct to the requirements of law at the time of the alleged offense. The report of the sanity commission was admitted into evidence by stipulation of the parties at a hearing on appellant’s motion for judgment of acquittal. Onjune 7,1976, the districtjudge rendered a judgment of acquittal against the appellant for lack of penal responsibility due to mental disease, disorder or defect. After the appellant was insanity-acquitted, a hearing on.commitment was held on the same day and the district court found that appellant was a danger to himself or to person or property of others and was not a proper candidate for conditional release. Appellant was committed to the custody of the Director of Health for placement in the State Hospital or other appropriate institution. Appellant remained in the State Hospital from May 4, 1976, to December 3, 1976. Then on December 8, 1976, appellant filed a petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, which was denied by the Circuit Court judge.
Appellant cites to three points of error: 1) that the commitment pursuant to HRS § 704-411(1) and (4)
denied him equal protection and due process of law by requiring a different burden of proof from that required under the civil commitment statute in HRS §
334-60(b)(4)(I)
; 2) that the State did not sustain its burden of proof such that the evidence presented was insufficient to commit; and 3) that appellant was denied the right of confrontation and cross-examination.
Appellant’s first point of error contends that the burden of proof in commitment proceedings subsequent to a judgment of acquittal by reason of insanity should be the same as that under the civil commitment statute. Appellant contends that failure to have the same burden of proof violates his rights under due process and equal protection. Civil commitment under HRS § 334-60(b)(4)(I) requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt while commitment subsequent to an insanity acquittal requires a preponderance of the evidence. We find
United States v. Brown,
478 F.2d 606 (D.C. Cir. 1973), dispositive of this issue.
In
Brown, supra,
defendant was insanity-acquitted of robbery and assault with a deadly weapon and was committed to a mental institution. The standard of commitment for one insanity-acquitted was a preponderance of the evidence which was different from the civil commitment standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. The court held that due process and equal protection were not violated in using the preponderance of the evidence standard to commit an insanity-acquitted defendant. The court said:
There is justification for the preponderance of proof standard for confinement of the insanity-acquitted even assuming a
higher standard is required prior to civil commitment for propensity.
* * * * *
The difference between the classes for purposes of burden of proof* is in the extent of possibility and consequence of error. If there is error in a determination of mental illness that results in a civil commitment, a person may be deprived of liberty although he never posed any harm to society. If there is an similar error in confinement of an insanity-acquitted individual, there is not only the fact of harm already done, but the substantial prospect that the same error, ascribing the quality of mental disease to a less extreme deviance, resulted in a legal exculpation where there should have been legal responsibility for the antisocial action.
478 F.2d at 611.
We hold that commitment of one insanity-acquitted by a preponderance of the evidence does not violate appellant’s rights under due process or equal protection where a higher burden of proof exists for civil commitment.
Next we consider whether there was sufficient evidence presented by the State to commit appellant. The State offered the sanity commission report as its evidence in the commitment hearing to sustain its burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence. The district court judge was required to commit appellant under HRS § 704-41 l(l)(a) where the sanity commission report prepared pursuant to section 704-404 went uncontested and the State met its burden of proof. The record reveals that the first condition was met when the district judge admitted into evidence the uncontroverted report. We also believe that the uncontested report was more than sufficient to meet the State’s burden of proof. Thus, the district judge had sufficient evidence before it and properly committed appellant under the statute.
Appellant further contends that receipt of the sanity commission report into evidence denied appellant’s right of confrontation and cross-examination. The right of confrontation is a fundamental constitutional guarantee of the accused.
State v. Adrian,
51 Haw. 125, 453 P.2d 221 (1969);
State v. Casey,
51 Haw. 99, 451 P.2d 806 (1969). This constitutional right can be waived, but waiver is never presumed and there must be an express and intelligent consent by the accused on the record.
State v. Casey, supra
at 100, 451 P.2d at 808.
However, defense counsel can waive certain aspects of the right of an accused to be confronted with witnesses against him where such waiver is considered a matter of trial tactics and procedure.
Id.
at 101, 451 P.2d at 808. But where waiver goes beyond tactics and procedure, and significantly impinges on a constitutionally guaranteed right, the defendant must make the decision with regard to waiver.
The instant case involves trial tactics employed by defense counsel in waiving appellant’s right to confront witnesses. The record shows that the district court was willing to continue the hearing so that appellant could subpoena and then cross-examine the members of the sanity commission with regard to its findings. Appellant’s counsel made a tactical decision in not calling and cross-examining the doctors. Counsel believed the State’s evidence,' which solely consisted of the written findings of the commission, was insufficient for the State to sustain its burden of proof, even though defense counsel erred in applying the proper standard of proof. Thus, appellant’s right of confrontation was waived by defense counsel. This waiver did not go beyond the bounds of trial tactics and did not impinge significantly on a constitutional right. Therefore under
State v. Casey, supra,
we hold that defense counsel waived appellant’s right of confrontation where such waiver was a matter of trial tactics. Furthermore, we will not second guess the judgment of counsel on whether or not to call a witness in a criminal proceeding.
State v. McNulty,
60 Haw. 259, 588 P.2d 438 (1978),
cert. denied
441 U.S. 961 (1979).
It is also contended that the admission of the sanity commission report violated the rule against hearsay. However, in pre and post trial proceedings, the rules of evidence are much relaxed.
See e.g., Bates v. Ogata,
52 Haw. 573, 482 P.2d 153 (1971) (hearsay is admissible in bail hearings);
Williams v. New York,
337 U.S. 241 (1949) and
State v. Davis,
60 Haw. 100, 588 P.2d 409 (1978) (hearsay is admissible in sentencing). We note the distinction between the adversary, proceedings to determiné guilt or innocence and the disposition phase of the proceeding which allows for different application of the rules of evidence.
See State v. Nobriga,
56 Haw. 75, 527 P.2d 1269 (1974).
This Court in
State v. Davis, supra,
held that consideration of a presentence report pursuant to statute was permissible use of hear
say. In the instant case, the statute provides that the court may consider the sanity commission report in determining commitment of one insanity-acquitted. Applying the principles of
Davis
here, the court’s use of the report was permissible.
Patricia McManaman (Myles T. Yamamoto Shelton Jim On
on the briefs), Deputy Public Defenders, for petitioner-appellant.
Herbert Hamada (Melvyn M. Miyagi
on the brief), Deputy Attorneys General, for respondents-appellees.
We find no error in the circuit court’s denial of appellant’s petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus.
Affirmed.