Porter, /.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The plaintiff’s claims as for a total loss, under a policy of insurance upon the schooner Rebecca and Eliza, on a voyage from New-Orleans to Tampico. There is • a warranty annexed to the policy freeing the assurers from any loss, damage or charge, which may arise in consequencejof having been engaged in illicit or prohibited trade, at any time whatsoever.
The 'defendants pleaded their exemption from responsibility.
Because the captain, for whose use the suit is brought, suffered to be shipped on board the schooner a variety of [233]*233merchandise, produce or provisions, which were contraband 1 1 and prohibited by the Mexican government.
Because he attempted to trade or sell the same on his arrival at Tampico, to the royal forces then at war with the † • 1 , Mexican government. In consequence oí which, the vessel was exposed to seizure and condemnation by the laws oí Mexico.
And because the plaintiff did not labour, sue for, or travel, as he was bound to do by the terms of the policy, for the preservation, safeguard and recovery of the vessel.
During the late invasion of the republic of Mexico by the Spaniards, the port of Tampico fell into their possession, and the commander in chief issued a proclamation, declaring it free for provisions, with the exception of flour, which was made subject to a duty. The plaintiffs, profiting by this permission, loaded-the schooner named in the policy, and despatched her for that place. Before she reached there the fortune of war had made' it change masters. The Mexican forces had recaptured it. The Spanish flag, however, was «still left flying, and served as a decoy to vessels which approached the harbour with cargoes of provisions. Deceived by it, the captain of the Rebecca & Eliza attempted to enter. She was immediately seized. The cargo was taken out and sold ; the captain and crew imprisoned, and the schooner herself disposed of by auction, under the sanction and by the direction of the Mexican authorities.
On these facts, quite novel in this court, and ript very common any where, the present case has arisen. A number of points have been made, and the cause has been carefully argued. We abstain from following counsel over the whole of the ground traversed by them, it is not necessary to do so, to arrive at a correct conclusion on the rights of the parties.
Before we can reach the merits, a bill of exceptions, which stands in the way, must be disposed of.
On the 12th of December, 1830, a commission was ob-[234]*234tamed by the defendants to take evidence in Tampico, returnable m forty days. Depositions were taken under it an¿ returned into court on the 13th of February. On the 17th of the same month, a rule was taken on the plaintiffs, to shew cause why a second commission should not issue. This application was supported by the affidavit of "the president of the Insurance Company, who swore that the testimony of witnesses, whose names were unknown to him, was material in the defence. The court made the rule absolute, and directed the commission to be returned in six weeks.
A cause will not continue without party°that due dU-used °e haS been
The 11th of May, the cause came on for trial, and the defendants moved for a continuance, on the allegation (unsupported by affidavit) that the commission had not been returned, though due dilligence had been used in forwarding it. The court below refused to continue on this ground, and, in our judgment, did not err. The dilligence should have been J ° . ,«.7 shewn by affidavit, and the oath of the party ought to have afforded a reasonable prospect, through his belief of the ^ac*’ testimony sought for would hereafter be procured, and within a reasonable time.
No judicial proceedings took place in relation to either cargo or vessel. They were taken possession of by military force, and sold without a decree of condemnation.
Whenever violence is used, and military authority is exercised on matters which, in all civilized countries, are the attributes of the civil power, a presumption is raised that the proceedings, even in their result, are not such as would have obtained the sanction of the law. The moral sense of mankind revolts so much at irregularities of this description, that the law is generally permitted to take its course, where it is believed the end sought for can be attained through it. In this instance, however, the defendants have rebutted that presumption in respect to the cargo introduced. The evidence on record satisfies us, that in a due [235]*235course of legal proceedings, the provisions found on board the vessel would have been condemned as contraband. But in relation to the vessel, a contrary conviction has been produced on our minds. There is a complete failure in the attempt to shew that the condemnation of the vessel was a legal consequence of the illicit trade in the cargo. Not only do all the witnesses interrogated on this point, disclaim any knowledge of the laws of Mexico, sanctioning such a proceeding: — one of them positively swears they do- not authorize it.
To support an allegation of a breach of warranty, a judicial sentence is not indispensable, but to supply the want of it, other evidence must prove that the acts were ^Ile-gal, and the forfeiture followed them, or would have followed them.
The introduction into Mexico of prohibited articles produces tkeir forfeiture, but no penalty is inflicted on the vessel^ which carries hem
As the presumption of correctness which, by the comity of nations, attaches to a judicial decree, does not extend to acts of military authority, where there is neither citation, hearing or sentence, it behooved those who claim exemption under those acts, to shew, that though irregular in their forms, they had the same result which a judicial proceeding would have had, or, in other words, to establish that the acts of the plaintiff were in contravention of the laws of the country, where the cargo was carried to. To support an allegation of the breach of warranty, a judicial sentence, is not indispensable, but to supply the want of it, other evidence must prove that the acts were illegal, and that forfeiture followed them, or would have followed them.
The evidence on the record exhibits a curious, and, what to many will appear, an imperfect legislation on this matter, by the republic of Mexico; but we are bound to decide the cause on the proof submitted. That proof establishes, that the introduction into Mexico of prohibited articles, produces their forfeiture, but that no penalty is inflicted on the vessel which carries them.
• The seizure and sale of the schooner, in this instance, by the military commander of Tampico, was, therefore’, in violation of the law of the country, and the question is, whether it was an illegal arrest and restraint by a foreign government, for which the defendants are responsible.
Illicit trade is .hat which is made unlawful by the laws of the country where it is to he carried to. That trade which the officers of the government may choose to designate as illegal to suit their own purposes, cannot be recognized as such by the tribunals of other countries.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Porter, /.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The plaintiff’s claims as for a total loss, under a policy of insurance upon the schooner Rebecca and Eliza, on a voyage from New-Orleans to Tampico. There is • a warranty annexed to the policy freeing the assurers from any loss, damage or charge, which may arise in consequencejof having been engaged in illicit or prohibited trade, at any time whatsoever.
The 'defendants pleaded their exemption from responsibility.
Because the captain, for whose use the suit is brought, suffered to be shipped on board the schooner a variety of [233]*233merchandise, produce or provisions, which were contraband 1 1 and prohibited by the Mexican government.
Because he attempted to trade or sell the same on his arrival at Tampico, to the royal forces then at war with the † • 1 , Mexican government. In consequence oí which, the vessel was exposed to seizure and condemnation by the laws oí Mexico.
And because the plaintiff did not labour, sue for, or travel, as he was bound to do by the terms of the policy, for the preservation, safeguard and recovery of the vessel.
During the late invasion of the republic of Mexico by the Spaniards, the port of Tampico fell into their possession, and the commander in chief issued a proclamation, declaring it free for provisions, with the exception of flour, which was made subject to a duty. The plaintiffs, profiting by this permission, loaded-the schooner named in the policy, and despatched her for that place. Before she reached there the fortune of war had made' it change masters. The Mexican forces had recaptured it. The Spanish flag, however, was «still left flying, and served as a decoy to vessels which approached the harbour with cargoes of provisions. Deceived by it, the captain of the Rebecca & Eliza attempted to enter. She was immediately seized. The cargo was taken out and sold ; the captain and crew imprisoned, and the schooner herself disposed of by auction, under the sanction and by the direction of the Mexican authorities.
On these facts, quite novel in this court, and ript very common any where, the present case has arisen. A number of points have been made, and the cause has been carefully argued. We abstain from following counsel over the whole of the ground traversed by them, it is not necessary to do so, to arrive at a correct conclusion on the rights of the parties.
Before we can reach the merits, a bill of exceptions, which stands in the way, must be disposed of.
On the 12th of December, 1830, a commission was ob-[234]*234tamed by the defendants to take evidence in Tampico, returnable m forty days. Depositions were taken under it an¿ returned into court on the 13th of February. On the 17th of the same month, a rule was taken on the plaintiffs, to shew cause why a second commission should not issue. This application was supported by the affidavit of "the president of the Insurance Company, who swore that the testimony of witnesses, whose names were unknown to him, was material in the defence. The court made the rule absolute, and directed the commission to be returned in six weeks.
A cause will not continue without party°that due dU-used °e haS been
The 11th of May, the cause came on for trial, and the defendants moved for a continuance, on the allegation (unsupported by affidavit) that the commission had not been returned, though due dilligence had been used in forwarding it. The court below refused to continue on this ground, and, in our judgment, did not err. The dilligence should have been J ° . ,«.7 shewn by affidavit, and the oath of the party ought to have afforded a reasonable prospect, through his belief of the ^ac*’ testimony sought for would hereafter be procured, and within a reasonable time.
No judicial proceedings took place in relation to either cargo or vessel. They were taken possession of by military force, and sold without a decree of condemnation.
Whenever violence is used, and military authority is exercised on matters which, in all civilized countries, are the attributes of the civil power, a presumption is raised that the proceedings, even in their result, are not such as would have obtained the sanction of the law. The moral sense of mankind revolts so much at irregularities of this description, that the law is generally permitted to take its course, where it is believed the end sought for can be attained through it. In this instance, however, the defendants have rebutted that presumption in respect to the cargo introduced. The evidence on record satisfies us, that in a due [235]*235course of legal proceedings, the provisions found on board the vessel would have been condemned as contraband. But in relation to the vessel, a contrary conviction has been produced on our minds. There is a complete failure in the attempt to shew that the condemnation of the vessel was a legal consequence of the illicit trade in the cargo. Not only do all the witnesses interrogated on this point, disclaim any knowledge of the laws of Mexico, sanctioning such a proceeding: — one of them positively swears they do- not authorize it.
To support an allegation of a breach of warranty, a judicial sentence is not indispensable, but to supply the want of it, other evidence must prove that the acts were ^Ile-gal, and the forfeiture followed them, or would have followed them.
The introduction into Mexico of prohibited articles produces tkeir forfeiture, but no penalty is inflicted on the vessel^ which carries hem
As the presumption of correctness which, by the comity of nations, attaches to a judicial decree, does not extend to acts of military authority, where there is neither citation, hearing or sentence, it behooved those who claim exemption under those acts, to shew, that though irregular in their forms, they had the same result which a judicial proceeding would have had, or, in other words, to establish that the acts of the plaintiff were in contravention of the laws of the country, where the cargo was carried to. To support an allegation of the breach of warranty, a judicial sentence, is not indispensable, but to supply the want of it, other evidence must prove that the acts were illegal, and that forfeiture followed them, or would have followed them.
The evidence on the record exhibits a curious, and, what to many will appear, an imperfect legislation on this matter, by the republic of Mexico; but we are bound to decide the cause on the proof submitted. That proof establishes, that the introduction into Mexico of prohibited articles, produces their forfeiture, but that no penalty is inflicted on the vessel which carries them.
• The seizure and sale of the schooner, in this instance, by the military commander of Tampico, was, therefore’, in violation of the law of the country, and the question is, whether it was an illegal arrest and restraint by a foreign government, for which the defendants are responsible.
Illicit trade is .hat which is made unlawful by the laws of the country where it is to he carried to. That trade which the officers of the government may choose to designate as illegal to suit their own purposes, cannot be recognized as such by the tribunals of other countries.
They contend they are not, because the loss of the vessel was a consequence of the attempt to introduce, into the port of Tampico, articles prohibited by the laws of Mexico ; and this was a breach of the warranty by which it was covenanted, that the insurer should not be responsible for damage arising from illicit trade.
If the vessel was concerned in illicit trade, the plaintiffs cannot recover, and it becomes necessary, in examining the truth of this allegation, to ascertain what is illicit trade 1
We understand by it, all trade which1 is made unlawful by the laws of fhe country, where the object insured is bound to, or to be carried to. We know of no other definition, of which the terms are susceptible, that would be correct. That trade, which the officers of the government may choose to designate as illegal, to suit their own purposes, cannot be recognised as such by the tribunals of other countries. Such construction would afford temptations to acts of violence and fraud, and would be extending the meaning of the terms far beyond the contemplation of the’parties. There being no judicial .condemnation in this instance, the illegality of the trade and the legality of the seizure and sale in consequence of it, must be judged of by the court on the laws produced to us.
Now it has been shewn, that the laws of Mexico do not make it illicit for a vessel to carry contraband goods. The penalty attaches alone to the merchandise introduced. No forfeiture is incurred by the ship. Her arrest and detention were, therefore, unlawful, as much so as if she had entered the port with goods that might be legally carried there. We can see no difference in the cases.
But it was further urged that the covenant of warranty is a condition precedent to the right of recovery, and though the loss may not have been incurred by that breach, the plaintiffs cannot recover.
This is true, provided there was a breach of the war[237]*237ranty. But to what does that warranty extend ? Certainly J to nothing else but that which formed the object of insur-anee. If, indeed, the plaintiff had procured insurance from the defendants, on both vessel and cargo, and committed a breach in respect to either, these might be grounds for applying the principle invoked on the argument, because it made a part of the contract that no illicit trade should be carried on in relation to either. But the plaintiffs only covenanted against losses arising from his engaging in illicit trade with the vessel. Under the proof adduced to us, we have shewn she was not in the commission of an'unlawful act. If the plaintiffs took, on themselves the risk of the cargo, or if they, insured it with another office, the defendants have no concern with the illegality or legality of introducing it into the country it was carried to. The stipulation in the warranty extends only to the subject matter of the insurance, which was the schooner; and if she could lawfully carry the cargo, there was no breach of the warranty in her doing so, no matter what became of it.
This matter is susceptible of further developement, and as the case is of the first impression, we are desirous of expressing our views on it so fully, that we cannot be misunderstood. The words of the warranty are, “free from any damage or loss which may arise in consequence of having been engaged in illicit or prohibited trade.” If reason alone was resorted to for the interpretation of this clause, it might, perhaps, conclude, that whether there was illicit trade or not was immaterial, provided no loss was incurred by it, and that the insurer ought not - to be" permitted to protect himself against the responsibility of the other risks in the policy which occasioned damage, by alleging a non compliance with matters that had no agency in producing this damage. If the thing was res integra, it might, perhaps, be thought, and justly thought, that as the words of the instrument made the insured warrant the insurer against anyloss from illicit trade, [238]*238it was sufficient for the former to shew that no loss had been incurred by it. But whether reason would sanction this conclusion or not, it is certain authority gives a much more extended effect to this clause in a policy of insurance. It holds promises of warranty as conditions precedent to the right of recovery, and hence it becomes immaterial what produces the loss, provided the condition is not complied with. The books abound with examples of this kind. They are so numerous it is unnecessary to cite them.
A warranty against illicit trade is forfeited only by the vessel being engaged in an illicit trade, which renders her liable to seizure. If the illicit trade be not the ground but only the pretext, there is no breach 'f warranty.
When engagements of this description exercise such an extensive influence on the rights of the insured and insurer, frequently too by a sacrifice of the equity of the case, it is important not to extend them to acts out of the contemplation and intention of the parties to the contract. We have already seen the vessel was not lost by being engaged in illicit trade: her seizure and sale were acts of violenoe of which that was the pretext. The defendants are, therefore, responsible, unless they can establish a breach of warranty, unconnected with the loss ; or in other words, a non compliance with some condition which the plaintiff should have performed. They contend they do so, by shewing the plaintiff carried on an illicit trade in provisions to Mexico. But it appeal’s to us, they might as well select any other act of the petitioners lives, and make it a failure of a condition precedent on which the right of recovery depended. If, indeed, that trade in provisions, furnished ground for the legal condemnation of the vessel, there would be a breach of the warranty. For we understand the clause in the policy to mean, that the assured shall do no act of illicit trade that will expose his vessel to be legally condemned. — 2d Crunch Rep. 232, 234. So long as he avoids acts of this description, the insurers have nothing to do with his illegal conduct in other matters. They are totally foreign to the contract ; are neither expressed by its letter, nor embraced by its spirit.
If on the vessel being seized the captain he thrown into prison,and on his being released makes immediate claim for her, and is threatened with death if he persist, he cannot he charged with negligence.
If the difficult, of recovering the vessel he great and the prospect of getting her into possession so as to pursue the voyage feeble, an abandonment may take place.
We, therefore, think the plaintiffs are entitled to recover, but before we conclude, there is another point made by the defendants, which it is necessary to examine. They contend, that the abandonment was made too soon, and that the plaintiffs did not travel, labor, and sue for the recovery of the property, as they were bound to do.
The last objection is easily disposed of. The captain was arrested and thrown into prison on the vessel being seized; as soon as he was liberated, he applied to the commander in chief to have the vessel restored. He was ordered to desist from the application, and threatened to be shot if he did not. Under these circumstances, with the experience the captain already had of the violence and tyranical conduct of the authorities at Tampico, we think he was justified in making no further efforts to obtain possession of his schooner. We would doubt much, if the members of the company, under similar circumstances, would have urged their solicitations any further.
The objection as to the time of abandonment, is not, in our judgment, more solid. It is shewn the vessel was stripped of her rigging and dismantled, and rendered incapable of being navigated back, unless the articles taken from her had been restored. It is also in evidence, that she was since sold by the person who seized her.
An abandonment is a right given to the insured, to turn that into a total loss which would not otherwise be so. What circumstances, short of a total loss, will authorize it, has been a source of a diversity of opinion. Much depends on the degree of injury actually sustained, and upon the situation in which the ship is placed by the peril. If it is one of danger — if the difficulty of recovering hev be great, and the prospect of getting her into possession, so as to pursue the voyage feeble, the authorities fully sanction the right to abandon. Such, we think, was the situation of the schooner protected by this policy. ' We cannot distinguish the case [240]*240before us from a very modem one, in which it was held the . J plaintiffs were entitled to recover. — See 4 Maule and Sel wyn 575. See also Benecke on Ins. 362, 2 Burrowes 683, 3 Cranch 357, 4 Cranch 45, 2 Mason, case of Peele vs. Merchants Ins. Co., Phillips on Ins. 390 to 393 — 3 Kent's Com,. 265.
It is, therefore, ordered, adjudged and decreed, that the judgment of the Parish Court be affirmed with costs.