By the Court, Johnson, J.
I think the referee erred in the application of the money collected by the execution issued upon the judgment confessed. It was not a judgment collectable by installments, like that in the case of Mains v.Eaight, (14 Bart. 76,) but was all collectible immediately; and independent of any other fact, the amount collected, whenever received, would apply equally in extinguishment of each and every part of the debt, fixed and established, absolutely, by the confession and the entry of judgment thereon. But as the judgment was obviously given by way of indemnity or security for several debts and liabilities, and the .rights of other creditors have intervened, it becomes important to determine how the portion of the judgment collected should in equity and justice be applied.
It was given, as will be seen upon the face of the confession, for two notes upon which King was indorser for Cham-, berlain, and for a debt which Chamberlain owed King for money raised and paid to him upon King’s note. This last mentioned transaction was, in substance and legal effect, money lent, from King to Chamberlain, and was an actual debt, due from the latter to the former, and not a mére liability, absolute or contingent. It was an absolute debt when the judgment was confessed. The others were, at that time, mere contingent liabilities, which might or might not become fixed. King’s liability, however, as the referee has found, became fixed, when the notes fell due. But even then Chamberlain was not his debtor, independent of the judgment; nor did any right of action accrue to. King by reason of his liability, against Chamberlain, until he paid the notes. This, as appears by the report of the referee, was not done until judgments were obtained upon the notes and executions issued. It'appears by'the evidence that an execution was satisfied by King on the 23d of January, 1858, and the other some time in May following. Judgment upon one of the notes was recovered against the maker and indorsers, including King, on the 1st of December, 1857, and upon the other [273]*273on the 10th of March, 1858. It was admitted upon the trial that the money collected by virtue of the execution issued on the judgment confessed by Chamberlain to King, and which was issued on the same day the judgment was confessed and entered, September 25, 1857, amounting to $2847.52, was received by the attorney from the sheriff of Brie county, to whom execution had been issued, and paid over to King on the 1st of December, 1857. This was the same day the first judgment was recovered against him, upon one of the indorsed notes, and over three months before the recovery against him upon the other note, and long before either judgment was paid and satisfied. When this amount, collected on King’s execution against Chamberlain, was paid over, the note of the, latter, taken as security for the money loaned, had become due, and this was the only debt, in fact, the latter then owed the former. The others rested in liability merely, and had those judgments been collected from either of the other parties, King could never have enforced the residue of his judgment against Chamberlain. The mere statement of the legal position of the parties, in respect to these claims, shows, I think, beyond any doubt, where the $2847.52 should be first applied. The law, I think, independent of any direction or agreement, would apply it, first to the payment and satisfaction of Chamberlain’s debt to King. It would not compel King to apply it in payment and satisfaction of a liability which was not yet a debt due from Chamberlain to him, and which might never, in point of fact, become one, leaving his own debt, which was otherwise wholly unsecured, altogether unpaid. (Niagara Bank v. Roosevelt, 9 Cowen, 409, 412. Baker y. Stackpole, Id. 420, 436.) If the law would not so apply it, equity manifestly would. As between them it was the first debt due. And if the lent note was to be considered a liability merely, it was a fixed liability at the date of the judgment, while the liability created by the indorsements was then only contingent. In every respect, therefore, it was the superior claim, as between the [274]*274parties to the judgment. The other claims were secured by the mortgage. This was not, and I think that had King even paid the indorsed notes before this sum came- to his hands, equity would apply it to the satisfaction of this unsecured debt. And, for the simple reason that the other demands were secured by the mortgage, and without such application, the creditor would suffer the loss of a part of his debt. It scarcely needs authority to support so plain and just a proposition. (Bucks v. Albert, 4 J. J. Marsh. 97. Field v. Holland, 6 Cranch, 8, Blanton v. Rice, 5 Monroe, 253. Bacon v. Brown, 1 Bibb, 334. Hart v. Dewey, 2 Paige, 207.)
There are a class of cases where, as between debtor and creditor, several debts are owing, of different degrees, and payments have been made generally, without any direction on the part of the debtor at the time, or any specific application by the creditor, in which it has been held that the law would apply the payments thus made, to the satisfaction of those debts which would most benefit the debtor. This proceeds upon the presumed intention of the debtor to do what was most beneficial to himself, and to first discharge those debts for which he had procured a surety to become bound, or which he had secured by a pledge or mortgage, or the like. But those cases have no application here. There is nothing in this case to show that the debtor would be any more benefited by one application than the other. But beside this, such rule has never, I-think, been applied when such an application of the payment would deprive the creditor of a portion of his debt. The law will never presume that the debtor intended thus to prejudice his creditor, but will rather presume that he intended so to apply his money and property as to discharge all his obligations.
The directions, therefore, which Chamberlain gave, when he confessed the judgment, were in strict accordance with the rules, both of law and equity, and the question whether they were admissible in evidence is wholly immaterial. The referee erred, therefore, in first applying this sum of $2847.52.to the [275]*275satisfaction of King’s liability on the indorsed note. He should have first satisfied the debt for the note, or money loaned, and applied the balance to those liabilities.
In regard to the appeal taken by the defendants, I think the referee was clearly right in holding that the plaintiff’s mortgage had priority, as a lien and claim, over the defendant’s judgment. The mortgage being a valid instrument, as between the mortgagor and mortgagee, a subsequent judgment creditor has nothing to say in respect to its being recorded, or otherwise. The recording act relates to subsequent purchasers in good faith and for a valuable consideration, and not to judgment creditors. That a mortgage to secure future advances is valid, is well settled. (4 Kent’s Com. 175. Truscott v. King, 2 Seld. 147.) If King, the mortgagee, had so dealt with his mortgage as to mislead and defraud the defendants or their assignors, equity would doubtless give a preference to their judgment over the mortgage. But the referee has found, from the evidence, that the mortgagee was guilty of no fraudulent intent in withholding his mortgage from the record as he did.
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By the Court, Johnson, J.
I think the referee erred in the application of the money collected by the execution issued upon the judgment confessed. It was not a judgment collectable by installments, like that in the case of Mains v.Eaight, (14 Bart. 76,) but was all collectible immediately; and independent of any other fact, the amount collected, whenever received, would apply equally in extinguishment of each and every part of the debt, fixed and established, absolutely, by the confession and the entry of judgment thereon. But as the judgment was obviously given by way of indemnity or security for several debts and liabilities, and the .rights of other creditors have intervened, it becomes important to determine how the portion of the judgment collected should in equity and justice be applied.
It was given, as will be seen upon the face of the confession, for two notes upon which King was indorser for Cham-, berlain, and for a debt which Chamberlain owed King for money raised and paid to him upon King’s note. This last mentioned transaction was, in substance and legal effect, money lent, from King to Chamberlain, and was an actual debt, due from the latter to the former, and not a mére liability, absolute or contingent. It was an absolute debt when the judgment was confessed. The others were, at that time, mere contingent liabilities, which might or might not become fixed. King’s liability, however, as the referee has found, became fixed, when the notes fell due. But even then Chamberlain was not his debtor, independent of the judgment; nor did any right of action accrue to. King by reason of his liability, against Chamberlain, until he paid the notes. This, as appears by the report of the referee, was not done until judgments were obtained upon the notes and executions issued. It'appears by'the evidence that an execution was satisfied by King on the 23d of January, 1858, and the other some time in May following. Judgment upon one of the notes was recovered against the maker and indorsers, including King, on the 1st of December, 1857, and upon the other [273]*273on the 10th of March, 1858. It was admitted upon the trial that the money collected by virtue of the execution issued on the judgment confessed by Chamberlain to King, and which was issued on the same day the judgment was confessed and entered, September 25, 1857, amounting to $2847.52, was received by the attorney from the sheriff of Brie county, to whom execution had been issued, and paid over to King on the 1st of December, 1857. This was the same day the first judgment was recovered against him, upon one of the indorsed notes, and over three months before the recovery against him upon the other note, and long before either judgment was paid and satisfied. When this amount, collected on King’s execution against Chamberlain, was paid over, the note of the, latter, taken as security for the money loaned, had become due, and this was the only debt, in fact, the latter then owed the former. The others rested in liability merely, and had those judgments been collected from either of the other parties, King could never have enforced the residue of his judgment against Chamberlain. The mere statement of the legal position of the parties, in respect to these claims, shows, I think, beyond any doubt, where the $2847.52 should be first applied. The law, I think, independent of any direction or agreement, would apply it, first to the payment and satisfaction of Chamberlain’s debt to King. It would not compel King to apply it in payment and satisfaction of a liability which was not yet a debt due from Chamberlain to him, and which might never, in point of fact, become one, leaving his own debt, which was otherwise wholly unsecured, altogether unpaid. (Niagara Bank v. Roosevelt, 9 Cowen, 409, 412. Baker y. Stackpole, Id. 420, 436.) If the law would not so apply it, equity manifestly would. As between them it was the first debt due. And if the lent note was to be considered a liability merely, it was a fixed liability at the date of the judgment, while the liability created by the indorsements was then only contingent. In every respect, therefore, it was the superior claim, as between the [274]*274parties to the judgment. The other claims were secured by the mortgage. This was not, and I think that had King even paid the indorsed notes before this sum came- to his hands, equity would apply it to the satisfaction of this unsecured debt. And, for the simple reason that the other demands were secured by the mortgage, and without such application, the creditor would suffer the loss of a part of his debt. It scarcely needs authority to support so plain and just a proposition. (Bucks v. Albert, 4 J. J. Marsh. 97. Field v. Holland, 6 Cranch, 8, Blanton v. Rice, 5 Monroe, 253. Bacon v. Brown, 1 Bibb, 334. Hart v. Dewey, 2 Paige, 207.)
There are a class of cases where, as between debtor and creditor, several debts are owing, of different degrees, and payments have been made generally, without any direction on the part of the debtor at the time, or any specific application by the creditor, in which it has been held that the law would apply the payments thus made, to the satisfaction of those debts which would most benefit the debtor. This proceeds upon the presumed intention of the debtor to do what was most beneficial to himself, and to first discharge those debts for which he had procured a surety to become bound, or which he had secured by a pledge or mortgage, or the like. But those cases have no application here. There is nothing in this case to show that the debtor would be any more benefited by one application than the other. But beside this, such rule has never, I-think, been applied when such an application of the payment would deprive the creditor of a portion of his debt. The law will never presume that the debtor intended thus to prejudice his creditor, but will rather presume that he intended so to apply his money and property as to discharge all his obligations.
The directions, therefore, which Chamberlain gave, when he confessed the judgment, were in strict accordance with the rules, both of law and equity, and the question whether they were admissible in evidence is wholly immaterial. The referee erred, therefore, in first applying this sum of $2847.52.to the [275]*275satisfaction of King’s liability on the indorsed note. He should have first satisfied the debt for the note, or money loaned, and applied the balance to those liabilities.
In regard to the appeal taken by the defendants, I think the referee was clearly right in holding that the plaintiff’s mortgage had priority, as a lien and claim, over the defendant’s judgment. The mortgage being a valid instrument, as between the mortgagor and mortgagee, a subsequent judgment creditor has nothing to say in respect to its being recorded, or otherwise. The recording act relates to subsequent purchasers in good faith and for a valuable consideration, and not to judgment creditors. That a mortgage to secure future advances is valid, is well settled. (4 Kent’s Com. 175. Truscott v. King, 2 Seld. 147.) If King, the mortgagee, had so dealt with his mortgage as to mislead and defraud the defendants or their assignors, equity would doubtless give a preference to their judgment over the mortgage. But the referee has found, from the evidence, that the mortgagee was guilty of no fraudulent intent in withholding his mortgage from the record as he did. I do not see, therefore, but the case falls within the general rule, which gives an unregistered mortgage preference over a subsequent docketed judgment. The judgment only operates as a lien upon the interest the judgment debtor has, at the time, in the premises. There is no case holding that a mortgage to secure future advances, or the liability to be incurred by future indorsements, must be recorded, to protect the mortgagee against subsequent judgments. Andido not see how such a judgment can be preferred, except upon the ground of fraud on the part of the mortgagee. (Berry v. Mutual Ins. Co., 2 John. Ch. 603.) I am not prepared to hold that the mere fact of retaining a mortgage six or seven months, without having it recorded, operates as a fraud upon subsequent creditors of the mortgagee, by the mortgagor, so as to postpone the mortgage to their judgments. The rule laid down by Chancellor Kent, in his Commentaries, (vol. 4,pp. 175, 6,) does not sanction any such doctrine. What is there said in regard to [276]*276notice of the agreement, relates obviously to what appears upon the face of the instrument as the agreement between the parties, and not to the recording of the instrument, under the recording act. Thé question under consideration is, whether such a mortgagee can claim, as against subsequent mortgagees and judgment creditors, for advances which the instrument upon its face and by its terms was not given to secure. In this respect, therefore, the decision of the referee was correct, and the judgment should be affirmed. But, for the error in regard to the application of the moneys collected upon the execution issued upon the judgment by confession, the judgment must be reversed, and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event.
[Monroe General Term,
December 5, 1859.
T. R. Strong, Welles and Johnson, Justices.]