Irvine, C.
The'plaintiff in error sued the defendant in error, a national bank, alleging that on January 21, 1889, one EIsmore and one Knowlton made and delivered to Charles H. Paul certain promissory notes secured by real estate mortgage of the same date; that Paul in the ordinary course of business indorsed and delivered the notes to the bank; that the bank executed and delivered to plaintiff a guaranty as follows:
“ For value received, we hereby assign and transfer the within note .to Joseph Thomas, trustee, and guaranty payment of the principal and interest on the same on the terms alud conditions stipulated in the mortgage of even date securing the same.
“[seal.] City National-Bank,
Hastings, Nebr.;
“By H. Bostwick, PC’
That the foregoing contract was written upon each of said notes, and that plaintiff relying thereon and on the [503]*503delivery of said notes and mortgage to him, he paid over to the bank $10,500 as consideration therefor, which money was transmitted • by certain bills of exchange, which were duly indorsed, received, accepted, used, and transmitted to the credit of the bank. The petition then avers a default in payment and the insolyency of the makers, and prays judgment upon the contracts of guaranty. The bank admitted the execution and delivery of the notes and mortgage, but denied the default of payment. This defense was, however, waived on the trial. As a second defense it denied the indorsement or transfer of the notes to the bank or that the bank was ever the owner thereof; denied its ■execution of the guaranty; denied that it authorized the guaranty to be executed, and denied the payment of any money by the plaintiff to the bank. It then alleged that Bostwick, who is shown to have been the president of the bank, without any right or authority and solely for the accommodation of a partnership of which he, Paul, and the makers of the notes were all members, wrote the transfer and guaranty upon the notes and thereby forged rthe signature of the bank. As a third defense substantially the same allegations are repeated and ■ the defense of ultra vires set up. There was a fourth defense pleaded, but it was evidently abandoned in the district court and has not been referred to in the argument here.
The evidence on the part of the plaintiff tended to show that the notes and mortgage were made and delivered to Paul in payment for an interest in a brick yard; that Paul was then indebted to the bank in the sum of about $7,000, $5,000 of which seems- to have grown out of the brick yard business, but constituted a debt which Paul testifies he liad individually assumed. Bostwick, the president of the bank, took the notes and mortgage, Paul having indorsed the notes, and sold them to the plaintiff, writing the .guaranty thereon before their transmission. The payment was made by two drafts of the National Bank of Com[504]*504rnerce of Kansas City upon the National Bank of the Republic of New York. Each was drawn to the order of the defendant bank. Each draft bears the following indorsement :
“Pay to the American Exchange Bank, New York, or order, for collection account of City National Bank, Hastings, Nebraska. J. M. Ferguson,
“ Cashier.”
Ferguson was cashier of the- defendant bank. He testifies he did not place the indorsement upon the drafts, and that he never saw them before the trial, but that it was not his duty to make such indorsements; that they were generally made by the remittance clerk. The drafts were paid, and from the proceeds Paul’s debt to the bank was canceled and the remainder passed to his credit. The method of bookkeeping pursued in order to accomplish this result is left doubtful by the evidence; but the evidence is uncontradicted that this result was reached. Subsequently one note of the series was paid plaintiff in a draft through the City . National Bank. A letter signed by Bostwick, indicating that the bank paid it, was excluded from evidence.
The theory of the plaintiff is that the guaranty was within the scope of the bank’s authority and that of the president; but if not so, plaintiff having adopted the benefit of the transaction by receiving the proceeds in satisfaction of Paul’s debt, Bostwick’s acts were ratified. The theory of the defendant is that the arrangement was a scheme between Bostwick, the makers, and the payee of the notes, constituting the brick company, to obtain money; that the bank never owned the notes, and that the president’s act was not within the scope of his authority, but amounted to a forgery committed by him while acting individually, and that the guaranty was in any event a pledge of the bank’s credit and ultra vires.
From Rich v. State Nat. Ranh of Lincoln, 7 Neb., 201, we-quote the following: .“As a [general] rule, the officers of [505]*505a bank are held out to the public as having authority to act according to the usage and course of business of such institutions, and their acts, within the scope of their authority, bind the bank in favor of third persons having no knowledge to the contrary.” And it may also be laid down as a rule, that “ no officer of a bank can bind it by a promise to pay a debt which the corporation does not owe, and was not liable to pay, unless the bank authorized or has ratified the act.”
In People's Bank v. National Bank, 101 U. S., 181, one Pickett made his notes for $50,000, payable to his own order, indorsed them and delivered them to the National Bank to be negotiated to the plaintiff. The vice president of the National Bank, with the knowledge and consent of the president and cashier, but without any. authority from the board of directors, or from a majority of them as individuals, transmitted the notes to the plaintiff with a written guaranty signed by himself. The plaintiff’s account with the defendant was debited with $50,000 on account of the notes. At the same time Pickett’s paper held by the defendant was canceled to the same amount. It will be observed that in all its essential features this ease was similar to the one under consideration according to plaintiff’s theory of the facts. The language of Mr. Justice Swayne in that case is therefore entirely appropriate to this and, so far as it concerns the law of the case, we quote it entire in lieu of an original discussion: “The national banking act (Rev. Stats., 999, sec. 5136) gives to every bank created under it the right ‘to exercise by its board of directors, or duly authorized agents, all such incidental powers as shall be necessary to carry on the business of banking, by discounting and negotiating promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and other evidences of debt, by receiving deposits,’ etc. Nothing in the act explains or qualifies the terms italicized. To hand over with an indorsement and guaranty is one of the commonest modes of transferring the securi[506]*506ties named. Undoubtedly a bank might indorse, ‘waiving demand and notice/ and would be bound accordingly. A guaranty is a less onerous and stringent contract than that created by such an indorsement. We see no reason to doubt that, under the circumstances of this case, it was competent for the defendant to give the guaranty here in question. It is to be presumed the vice president had rightfully the power he assumed to exercise, and the defendant is estopped to deny it. Where one of two innocent parties must suffer by the wrongful act q¡f a third, he who gave the power to do the wrong must bear the burden of the consequences. The doctrine of
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Irvine, C.
The'plaintiff in error sued the defendant in error, a national bank, alleging that on January 21, 1889, one EIsmore and one Knowlton made and delivered to Charles H. Paul certain promissory notes secured by real estate mortgage of the same date; that Paul in the ordinary course of business indorsed and delivered the notes to the bank; that the bank executed and delivered to plaintiff a guaranty as follows:
“ For value received, we hereby assign and transfer the within note .to Joseph Thomas, trustee, and guaranty payment of the principal and interest on the same on the terms alud conditions stipulated in the mortgage of even date securing the same.
“[seal.] City National-Bank,
Hastings, Nebr.;
“By H. Bostwick, PC’
That the foregoing contract was written upon each of said notes, and that plaintiff relying thereon and on the [503]*503delivery of said notes and mortgage to him, he paid over to the bank $10,500 as consideration therefor, which money was transmitted • by certain bills of exchange, which were duly indorsed, received, accepted, used, and transmitted to the credit of the bank. The petition then avers a default in payment and the insolyency of the makers, and prays judgment upon the contracts of guaranty. The bank admitted the execution and delivery of the notes and mortgage, but denied the default of payment. This defense was, however, waived on the trial. As a second defense it denied the indorsement or transfer of the notes to the bank or that the bank was ever the owner thereof; denied its ■execution of the guaranty; denied that it authorized the guaranty to be executed, and denied the payment of any money by the plaintiff to the bank. It then alleged that Bostwick, who is shown to have been the president of the bank, without any right or authority and solely for the accommodation of a partnership of which he, Paul, and the makers of the notes were all members, wrote the transfer and guaranty upon the notes and thereby forged rthe signature of the bank. As a third defense substantially the same allegations are repeated and ■ the defense of ultra vires set up. There was a fourth defense pleaded, but it was evidently abandoned in the district court and has not been referred to in the argument here.
The evidence on the part of the plaintiff tended to show that the notes and mortgage were made and delivered to Paul in payment for an interest in a brick yard; that Paul was then indebted to the bank in the sum of about $7,000, $5,000 of which seems- to have grown out of the brick yard business, but constituted a debt which Paul testifies he liad individually assumed. Bostwick, the president of the bank, took the notes and mortgage, Paul having indorsed the notes, and sold them to the plaintiff, writing the .guaranty thereon before their transmission. The payment was made by two drafts of the National Bank of Com[504]*504rnerce of Kansas City upon the National Bank of the Republic of New York. Each was drawn to the order of the defendant bank. Each draft bears the following indorsement :
“Pay to the American Exchange Bank, New York, or order, for collection account of City National Bank, Hastings, Nebraska. J. M. Ferguson,
“ Cashier.”
Ferguson was cashier of the- defendant bank. He testifies he did not place the indorsement upon the drafts, and that he never saw them before the trial, but that it was not his duty to make such indorsements; that they were generally made by the remittance clerk. The drafts were paid, and from the proceeds Paul’s debt to the bank was canceled and the remainder passed to his credit. The method of bookkeeping pursued in order to accomplish this result is left doubtful by the evidence; but the evidence is uncontradicted that this result was reached. Subsequently one note of the series was paid plaintiff in a draft through the City . National Bank. A letter signed by Bostwick, indicating that the bank paid it, was excluded from evidence.
The theory of the plaintiff is that the guaranty was within the scope of the bank’s authority and that of the president; but if not so, plaintiff having adopted the benefit of the transaction by receiving the proceeds in satisfaction of Paul’s debt, Bostwick’s acts were ratified. The theory of the defendant is that the arrangement was a scheme between Bostwick, the makers, and the payee of the notes, constituting the brick company, to obtain money; that the bank never owned the notes, and that the president’s act was not within the scope of his authority, but amounted to a forgery committed by him while acting individually, and that the guaranty was in any event a pledge of the bank’s credit and ultra vires.
From Rich v. State Nat. Ranh of Lincoln, 7 Neb., 201, we-quote the following: .“As a [general] rule, the officers of [505]*505a bank are held out to the public as having authority to act according to the usage and course of business of such institutions, and their acts, within the scope of their authority, bind the bank in favor of third persons having no knowledge to the contrary.” And it may also be laid down as a rule, that “ no officer of a bank can bind it by a promise to pay a debt which the corporation does not owe, and was not liable to pay, unless the bank authorized or has ratified the act.”
In People's Bank v. National Bank, 101 U. S., 181, one Pickett made his notes for $50,000, payable to his own order, indorsed them and delivered them to the National Bank to be negotiated to the plaintiff. The vice president of the National Bank, with the knowledge and consent of the president and cashier, but without any. authority from the board of directors, or from a majority of them as individuals, transmitted the notes to the plaintiff with a written guaranty signed by himself. The plaintiff’s account with the defendant was debited with $50,000 on account of the notes. At the same time Pickett’s paper held by the defendant was canceled to the same amount. It will be observed that in all its essential features this ease was similar to the one under consideration according to plaintiff’s theory of the facts. The language of Mr. Justice Swayne in that case is therefore entirely appropriate to this and, so far as it concerns the law of the case, we quote it entire in lieu of an original discussion: “The national banking act (Rev. Stats., 999, sec. 5136) gives to every bank created under it the right ‘to exercise by its board of directors, or duly authorized agents, all such incidental powers as shall be necessary to carry on the business of banking, by discounting and negotiating promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and other evidences of debt, by receiving deposits,’ etc. Nothing in the act explains or qualifies the terms italicized. To hand over with an indorsement and guaranty is one of the commonest modes of transferring the securi[506]*506ties named. Undoubtedly a bank might indorse, ‘waiving demand and notice/ and would be bound accordingly. A guaranty is a less onerous and stringent contract than that created by such an indorsement. We see no reason to doubt that, under the circumstances of this case, it was competent for the defendant to give the guaranty here in question. It is to be presumed the vice president had rightfully the power he assumed to exercise, and the defendant is estopped to deny it. Where one of two innocent parties must suffer by the wrongful act q¡f a third, he who gave the power to do the wrong must bear the burden of the consequences. The doctrine of ultra vires .has no application in cases like this.. (Merchants Bank v. State Bank, 10 Wall. [U. S.], 604.) All the parties engaged in the transaction and the privies were agents of the defendant. If there were any defect of authority on their part, the retention and enjoyment of the proceeds of the trans-r action .by their principal constituted an acquiescence as effectual as would have been the most formal authorization in advance, or the most formal ratification afterwards. These facts conclude the defendant from resisting the demand of the plaintiff. (Wharton, Agency, sec. 89; Bigelow, Estoppel, 423; Mississippi & M. R. Co. v. Howard, 7 Wall. [U. S.], 392; Kelsey v. National Bank of Crawford County, 69 Pa. St., 426; Steamboat Co. v. McCutchen, 13 Pa. St., 13.) A different result would be a reproach to our jurisprudence.” The case involving, to a certain extent, the construction of the national banking act, the decision referred to is probably binding upon this court; but whether it is or not, we accept it as a correct statement of the law.
The errors assigned relate to the admission and exclusion of evidence and to the giving and refusal of instructions. Some are not assigned with sufficient definiteness to permit a review. In ruling upon the evidence the trial court seems to have proceeded upon the theory that the plaintiff had no right.to rely upon the apparent authority of Bost[507]*507wick, and that it was not competent to show a ratification by subsequent acts. In instructing the jury he placed before it only the defendant’s theory of the case and assumed that there was evidence to show that the guaranty was merely for the accommodation of the parties to the notes and not within the line of the bank’s business. The instructions asked by plaintiff and refused were based upon competent testimony tending to establish his theory as we have' outlined it, and were in language receiving direct support from the ease of People’s Bank v. National Bank, 101 U. S., 181. In failing to submit the case in this aspect to. the jury the court erred.
Reversed and remanded.