By the Court. —
Nisbet, J.
delivering the opinion.
[1.] Courts of Equity are not strictly within the Statutes of Limitation. Yet length of time, in analogy to the Statutes of Limitation, is as complete a bar in Equity aAn^w^^^feparty’s right or demand is barred by the laws|j(^hi^B^^iJ3^ipSfet relieved from the operation of the laws, 1m gcing into Equitvffio assert it. This would make the Courts the wise and salutary operation of the StlpHes. The effect w*uld be, in all cases over which Equity coul<mal»ijj^^¡S3E3l'(tdírepeal the Statutes of Limitation. There ESjeHiowever,§ogja? subjects of Equity cognizance, exempted fromrftn3|l6¡$ítion of the Statutes of Limitation. Among these are trusts. “ Trusts, (says Mr. Angelí) in their strict and technical sense, are known only in Equity, and falling, as they do, in such a sense, within the peculiar and exclusive jurisdiction of a Court of Equity, the doctrine has been long established, that so long as they subsist, they cannot be reached as between trustee and cestui que trust, by the Statute of Limitations.” Angelí on Limitations, §1, ch. 16, p. 161.
For the equitable principle upon which this doctrine is founded, I quote the language of. Lord Redesdale in Hovenden vs. Lord Annesly. “ If a trustee (says Lord Redesdale,) is in possession, and does not execute his trust, the possession of the trustee is the possession of the cestui que trust, and if the only circumstance is, that he does not perform his trust, his possession operates nothing, as a bar, because his possession is according to his title.” 2 Scho. Lef. Ch. R. 607.
It is not, however, every trust that is thus free from the operation of the Statute of Limitations. In the broad meaning of that term, every case of confidence reposed is a trust — as in case of [158]*158bailment, the loan of money and many other instances of like character. If all transactions between parties, which imply confidence, and also all trusts, which arise by operation of law, were exempt from the Statute bar, then would the range of its benign influences be greatly limited. Hence, to determine precisely what kind of trusts are not within the influence of the Statute, has been one of the most perplexing questions to the profession. And although great learning and great labor have been applied to its elucidation, it is not now free from difficulty, particularly in this State, for reasons that I shall hereafter mention. The case of Kane vs. Bloodgood, determined in New York by Chancellor Kent, in 1823, has led the Judicial mind of this country to a very great extent since that day. The opinion of the great American Chancellor, pronounced in that case, contains a review and analysis of the cases on the subject. The rule which he has deduced from them, so far as I can ascertain, has not been impugned by any respectable Court in this country. Indeed, the rule which he lays down, in its main features, had been long before ordained by high Chancery authority in England, and may be considered not as new, but as the rule of the British Chancery. If, upon this occasion, it were expected of me to review the authorities upon this subject, I should hold it no dereliction of duty, to waive it, by referring all learned and curious persons to that case. The rule to which I refer, is stated in these words: “The trusts intended by the Courts of Equity, not to be reached or affected by the Statute of Limitations, are those technical and continuing trusts which are not at all cognizable at Law, but fall within the proper, peculiar and exclusive jurisdiction of this Court.” 7 Johns. Ch. R. 111. 3 Kelly, 396. An analysis of this rule gives the following results : The trust must be technical in contradistinction to constructive trusts ; the latter being subject to the operation of the Statute. All trusts are no doubt technical which spring expressly from the operation of the law, or are created by the act of the parties, and for a breach of which no remedy lies but in Chancery.
It must be a continuing trust. In case of a direct trust, so long as the trust is a subsisting one, and admitted by the acts or declarations of the parties, the Statute is no bar to the remedy of the cestui que trust against the trustee. But if the trustee should deny the right of his cestui que trust, and assume absolute ownership, from [159]*159the time of such denial and assumption, the Statute would run in his favor against the cestui que trust. “ When such transactions (says Ch. Kent,) take place between trustee and cestui que trust, as would, in the case of tenants in common, amount to an ouster of one of them by the other, I can hardly suppose that a Court of Equity would consider length of time afterwards as of no consequence. There is no good reason why the Statute of Limitations should not apply to such a case as well as to cases of constructive trusts, and to cases of detected fraud, and to all other cases in which the Statute is assumed as a rule of decision.” 7 Johns. Ch. R. 123, ’4. Such I understand to be an illustration of a continuing trust, in the language of Ch. Kent’s rule.
Mr. J. Story carries this doctrine last stated, one step farther. He seems to hold that, if circumstances exist which raise a presumption from lapse of time, that the trust has been extinguished in case of a direct and positive trust, the Statute will bar the cestui que trust. Adverting in Baker etux. vs. Whiting et ttl, to the general rule, he says : “ This doctrine is regularly true-, when it is received with the proper accompanying limitations y that no-circumstances exist to raise a presumption from lapse of time, of an extinguishment of the trust, and no open denial or repudiation of the trust is brought home to the knowledge of the parties in interest, which requires them to act as upon an asserted adverse title.” 3 Sumner R. 486, ’7. Angell on Limitations, 171, ’2. 4 Mason’s R. 152. 2 Lac. & Walker’s Ch. R. 1. 1 Dev. & Batt. N. C. Eq. R. 324. 9 Pick. 212. 4 S. & R. 310. 10 Peters, 223, 3 Gill. & Johns. 389.
The prime element in Ch. Kent’s rule, is this : the trust must be such an one as is not at all cognizable at Law, but falls within the: propel-, peculiar and exclusive jurisdiction of a Court of Equity. It cannot be denied but that in the American and British Courts, this is recognized as the great test. If Chancery alone can take jurisdiction of the trust, it is not within the operation oí the Statute ; and on the other hand, if it is cognizable at Law, or if Courts of Law have over it, with Equity, concurrent jurisdiction, it is within the influence of the Statute. As early as 1719, Lord Macclesfield said, “ Where one receives the profits of an infant’s estate, and six years after his coming of age, he brings a bill for an account, the Statute of Limitations was a bar to such suit, as it would be to an action of account at Law ; for this receipt of the profits of [160]*160an infant’s estate was not such a trust as being a creature of a Court of Equity, the Statute shall be no bar to, for he might have had his action of account against him at Lato ; and, therefore, no necessity to come into this Court for the account.” Prec. in Ch,. SIS. Lord Hardwick
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By the Court. —
Nisbet, J.
delivering the opinion.
[1.] Courts of Equity are not strictly within the Statutes of Limitation. Yet length of time, in analogy to the Statutes of Limitation, is as complete a bar in Equity aAn^w^^^feparty’s right or demand is barred by the laws|j(^hi^B^^iJ3^ipSfet relieved from the operation of the laws, 1m gcing into Equitvffio assert it. This would make the Courts the wise and salutary operation of the StlpHes. The effect w*uld be, in all cases over which Equity coul<mal»ijj^^¡S3E3l'(tdírepeal the Statutes of Limitation. There ESjeHiowever,§ogja? subjects of Equity cognizance, exempted fromrftn3|l6¡$ítion of the Statutes of Limitation. Among these are trusts. “ Trusts, (says Mr. Angelí) in their strict and technical sense, are known only in Equity, and falling, as they do, in such a sense, within the peculiar and exclusive jurisdiction of a Court of Equity, the doctrine has been long established, that so long as they subsist, they cannot be reached as between trustee and cestui que trust, by the Statute of Limitations.” Angelí on Limitations, §1, ch. 16, p. 161.
For the equitable principle upon which this doctrine is founded, I quote the language of. Lord Redesdale in Hovenden vs. Lord Annesly. “ If a trustee (says Lord Redesdale,) is in possession, and does not execute his trust, the possession of the trustee is the possession of the cestui que trust, and if the only circumstance is, that he does not perform his trust, his possession operates nothing, as a bar, because his possession is according to his title.” 2 Scho. Lef. Ch. R. 607.
It is not, however, every trust that is thus free from the operation of the Statute of Limitations. In the broad meaning of that term, every case of confidence reposed is a trust — as in case of [158]*158bailment, the loan of money and many other instances of like character. If all transactions between parties, which imply confidence, and also all trusts, which arise by operation of law, were exempt from the Statute bar, then would the range of its benign influences be greatly limited. Hence, to determine precisely what kind of trusts are not within the influence of the Statute, has been one of the most perplexing questions to the profession. And although great learning and great labor have been applied to its elucidation, it is not now free from difficulty, particularly in this State, for reasons that I shall hereafter mention. The case of Kane vs. Bloodgood, determined in New York by Chancellor Kent, in 1823, has led the Judicial mind of this country to a very great extent since that day. The opinion of the great American Chancellor, pronounced in that case, contains a review and analysis of the cases on the subject. The rule which he has deduced from them, so far as I can ascertain, has not been impugned by any respectable Court in this country. Indeed, the rule which he lays down, in its main features, had been long before ordained by high Chancery authority in England, and may be considered not as new, but as the rule of the British Chancery. If, upon this occasion, it were expected of me to review the authorities upon this subject, I should hold it no dereliction of duty, to waive it, by referring all learned and curious persons to that case. The rule to which I refer, is stated in these words: “The trusts intended by the Courts of Equity, not to be reached or affected by the Statute of Limitations, are those technical and continuing trusts which are not at all cognizable at Law, but fall within the proper, peculiar and exclusive jurisdiction of this Court.” 7 Johns. Ch. R. 111. 3 Kelly, 396. An analysis of this rule gives the following results : The trust must be technical in contradistinction to constructive trusts ; the latter being subject to the operation of the Statute. All trusts are no doubt technical which spring expressly from the operation of the law, or are created by the act of the parties, and for a breach of which no remedy lies but in Chancery.
It must be a continuing trust. In case of a direct trust, so long as the trust is a subsisting one, and admitted by the acts or declarations of the parties, the Statute is no bar to the remedy of the cestui que trust against the trustee. But if the trustee should deny the right of his cestui que trust, and assume absolute ownership, from [159]*159the time of such denial and assumption, the Statute would run in his favor against the cestui que trust. “ When such transactions (says Ch. Kent,) take place between trustee and cestui que trust, as would, in the case of tenants in common, amount to an ouster of one of them by the other, I can hardly suppose that a Court of Equity would consider length of time afterwards as of no consequence. There is no good reason why the Statute of Limitations should not apply to such a case as well as to cases of constructive trusts, and to cases of detected fraud, and to all other cases in which the Statute is assumed as a rule of decision.” 7 Johns. Ch. R. 123, ’4. Such I understand to be an illustration of a continuing trust, in the language of Ch. Kent’s rule.
Mr. J. Story carries this doctrine last stated, one step farther. He seems to hold that, if circumstances exist which raise a presumption from lapse of time, that the trust has been extinguished in case of a direct and positive trust, the Statute will bar the cestui que trust. Adverting in Baker etux. vs. Whiting et ttl, to the general rule, he says : “ This doctrine is regularly true-, when it is received with the proper accompanying limitations y that no-circumstances exist to raise a presumption from lapse of time, of an extinguishment of the trust, and no open denial or repudiation of the trust is brought home to the knowledge of the parties in interest, which requires them to act as upon an asserted adverse title.” 3 Sumner R. 486, ’7. Angell on Limitations, 171, ’2. 4 Mason’s R. 152. 2 Lac. & Walker’s Ch. R. 1. 1 Dev. & Batt. N. C. Eq. R. 324. 9 Pick. 212. 4 S. & R. 310. 10 Peters, 223, 3 Gill. & Johns. 389.
The prime element in Ch. Kent’s rule, is this : the trust must be such an one as is not at all cognizable at Law, but falls within the: propel-, peculiar and exclusive jurisdiction of a Court of Equity. It cannot be denied but that in the American and British Courts, this is recognized as the great test. If Chancery alone can take jurisdiction of the trust, it is not within the operation oí the Statute ; and on the other hand, if it is cognizable at Law, or if Courts of Law have over it, with Equity, concurrent jurisdiction, it is within the influence of the Statute. As early as 1719, Lord Macclesfield said, “ Where one receives the profits of an infant’s estate, and six years after his coming of age, he brings a bill for an account, the Statute of Limitations was a bar to such suit, as it would be to an action of account at Law ; for this receipt of the profits of [160]*160an infant’s estate was not such a trust as being a creature of a Court of Equity, the Statute shall be no bar to, for he might have had his action of account against him at Lato ; and, therefore, no necessity to come into this Court for the account.” Prec. in Ch,. SIS. Lord Hardwick recognized the same test in Prince vs. Heylin, 1 Ath. 493, in Brereton vs. Gamul, 2 Atk. 240, and in the case • of Sturt vs. Mellish, 2 Ath. 610. In the last named case, his Lordship said ; “ I agree, if it is a trust, it would not be within the Statute, but there is no color to call it so.here. For a trust is, where there is such a confidence between parties, that no action at 'Law will lie, but is merely a case for the consideration of this Court.”
Lord Redesdale expressly adopted the rule of Lord Macclesfield in Hovenden vs. Lord Annesly. 2 Sch. Lef. 607. To the same extent go the modern cases. I forbear to refer to them. See Angell on Li?nitations, 161 to 170.
An illustration of a direct technical trust, created by act of par-ties, is found in the case of the Administrators of Allen vs. Woohly, (1 Green. N. J. Ch. R. 209.) The case was this; A executed a power of attorney to J W, and thereby placed her whole property at the disposal of the attorney, with full power to collect her choses in action, and to make sale of her goods and chattels, and out of the principal as well as interest of the proceeds to maintain and support her, with a provision that J W should account when required. It was held to be a dii’ect trust to which a plea of the Statute was not applicable.
The most common illustration of the creation of a direct trust by operation of law, is the appointment and qualification of executors and administrators.
We have seen that to exempt a trust from the operation of the Statute, it must be exclusively of Equity cognizance. Hence, where the jurisdiction is concurrent over the subject matter, the Statute operates as a bar. It is well settled, that where a party may go either into Equity or into a Court of Law, and assert his remedy, the plea of the Statute is a bar. In England, the Statute does not apply to legacies and distributive shares, for there they are subjects of exclusive Equity jurisdiction. In New York, however-, where by Statute thére is a legal remedy for these, it has been held, that the Courts of Chancery ought to apply the same limitation to the equitable, which the [161]*161Courts of Law apply to the legal remedy. See Ch. Kent in Kain vs. Bloodgood, 7 John. Ch. R. 126, ’7. In Murray vs. Coster, this was expressly ruled. Ch. J. Spencer, in that case, said, “ I have, therefore, no hesitation in saying, that in a case where there is concurrent jurisdiction in the Courts of Common Law and of Equity, the rule must be the same, and the Statute of Limitations may be pleaded with the same effect in the one Court as the other. In cases of trusts and fraud, peculiarly, appropriately and exclusively the objects of Equity jurisdiction, according to the established doctrine, the Statute cannot be pleaded.” 20 John. R. 583, ’4.
In all those States where, by Statute, actions at law may be brought against executors and administrators, and a limitation is fixed to those actions, the Statute has been held a bar, both in Equity and at Law, except in cases of fraud and concealment. Angell on Limitations, 167. Wisner vs. Barnet, 4 Wash. C. C. R. 639. Towzer vs. LeMeyer,2 Paige, 574. 5 Crunch’s R. 322. Buchan vs. James, 1 Baily’s Eq. R. 437. 1 Speer’s S. C. Eq. R. 375.
In our State the Courts of Law have concurrent jurisdiction with the Courts of Equity, in all matters over which, by Statute, Equity has jurisdiction, as transactions between partners, and co-executors, distribution of estates and payment of legacies, and fraudulent transactions against creditors. Prince, 447.
The Statute fixes no limitation to actions brought under it, to enforce rights at Law growing out of these matters of concurrent jurisdiction. Yet the general Law of Limitations fixes the term within which the actions which would be necessarily brought, must be instituted. If then, in our State, it should be held that the general Law of Limitations applied at Law to suits brought for legacies and distributive shares, according to the decisions in other States, it would also apply in Equity, and the trusts of executors and administrators would not be free from the Statute bar. Hence it is, as I before hinted, that the subject of limitation of trusts in this State is one of peculiar difficulty.
I have thus endeavored to deduce the true rule as established upon authority, and have shown what I consider its extent and its chief modifications. What shall be its application in the cases which may spring up under our concurrent jurisdictions, I leave for this Court to determine when they shall be made.
[162]*162In no view of the rule, can the case made in this record be exempt from the operation of the Statute of Limitations. In the first place, it may be well questioned whether any trust at all was created in the transactions disclosed between these parties.
The bill is filqd to compel the defendant to account for the hire of certain slaves belonging to the complainant. It charges, that complainant agreed with defendant, in North Carolina, that he should accompany her to this State, and afford to her and her daughter and property, such protection and aid as they might need, for so much per diem, which, he having rendered the services stipulated for, she paid to him. This was a contract of hire. Thus far there was no trust. Upon arriving in this State, it farther charges, the defendant, presuming upon his influence, over her, and her confidence in him, took into his possession and control her negroes, aud used them as his own, recéiving their services and the proceeds of their labor. The bill charges that he fraudulently procured from complainant a bill of sale for the property, and also a receipt in full for all claims against hez-, and prays for discovery and account. The answer admits the possession of the property, and sets up a title to it, denying the equitable circumstances. Now, take the case as made by the bill alone, and it is very doubtful whether any trust is created. It looks more like a tort — azz outrageous tort. Trover, it seems to me, would lie for the negroes. If they were in his possession by her consent, it was at any time competent for her to have withdrawn that, and upon demand and refusal he would have become liable in an action for them. So, also, to an action for their hire annually. An action of account, or for money had and received, would lie against him. It is not, therefore, if a trust, a technical continuing trust, not at all cognizable at Law, and belonging exclusively to a Court of Equity. The plea of the Statute was therefore properly held applicable to the case.
Let the judgment be affirmed.