FIRST DIVISION BARNES, P. J., DOYLE, P. J., and LAND, J.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
June 20, 2023
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A23A0432. ODOM v. FRANKLIN.
DOYLE, Presiding Judge.
Thomas Odom, plaintiff in the case below, appeals from the trial court’s grant
of summary judgment to the defendant. Odom contends that the trial court erred in
concluding that his action is barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the
Workers’ Compensation Act.1 For the reasons discussed below, we affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
Summary judgment is proper where “the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled
1 See OCGA § 34-9-11 (a). to judgment as a matter of law[.]”2 We review the grant of a motion for summary
judgment de novo, “view[ing] the evidence, and all reasonable inferences drawn
therefrom, in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.”3
So viewed, the record shows that at approximately 7:10 a.m. on September 28,
2019, Odom was hit by a car in his employer’s parking lot. Odom had finished his
shift and was putting his bag in the back of his truck when a car struck him. The
driver of the car, Richard Franklin, worked for the same employer and was running
late for his shift, which was scheduled to start at 7:00 a.m. Odom received workers’
compensation benefits for the accident. Odom also filed a negligence action against
Franklin. Franklin moved for summary judgment, arguing that Odom’s suit was
barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the Workers’ Compensation Act. The
trial court granted the motion, and Odom filed this appeal.
Odom contends on appeal that summary judgment was inappropriate because
there is a genuine dispute as to whether Franklin was acting within the course and
scope of his employment and whether his actions arose out of his employment. He
2 OCGA § 9-11-56 (c). 3 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Cowart v. Widener, 287 Ga. 622, 624 (1) (a) (697 SE2d 779) (2010).
2 emphasizes that Franklin was late for his shift at the time of the accident and notes
that it is against their employer’s policy for an employee to arrive late for a shift.
We review de novo the trial court’s conclusion that Odom’s suit against
Franklin is barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the Workers’ Compensation
Act.4
Pursuant to OCGA § 34-9-23, the Georgia Workers’ Compensation Act “shall
be liberally construed only for the purpose of bringing employers and employees
within the provisions of this chapter and to provide protection for both.” The Act
includes an exclusive remedy provision which reads, in relevant part, as follows.
The rights and the remedies granted to an employee by this chapter shall exclude and be in place of all other rights and remedies of such employee . . . and all other civil liabilities whatsoever at common law or otherwise, on account of such injury, loss of service, or death . . . . No employee shall be deprived of any right to bring an action against any third-party tort-feasor, other than an employee of the same employer[.]5
4 See Savannah Hosp. Svcs, LLC v. Scriven, 350 Ga. App. 195, 198 (828 SE2d 423) (2019) (“Whether the exclusivity provision bars an action is a question of law subject to de novo review.”). 5 (Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 34-9-11 (a).
3 Thus, when an injury falls within the purview of the Act, the injured employee is
barred from recovering in tort against not only his employer, but also against an
employee of the same employer.6
The Supreme Court of Georgia has concluded that “the phrase ‘employee of the
same employer’ . . . mean[s] a person who is acting as an employee rather than as a
third party to the employment relationship at the time of the injury in question.”7
When a co-worker seeks to establish that he was acting as an employee rather than
as a third-party at the time of the incident, such that the injured employee is barred
from bringing a tort suit against him, the co-worker must demonstrate that he was
acting “in the course of his employment when he injured [the claimant].”8
The question of whether an employee was acting “in the course of his
employment” when an injury occurred is often presented in cases where an employer
disputes the compensability of an injury. In that context, the Supreme Court has stated
as follows.
6 See Wall v. Phillips, 210 Ga. App. 490, 491 (436 SE2d 517) (1993). 7 Smith v. Ellis, 291 Ga. 566, 574 (3) (a) (731 SE2d 731) (2012). 8 Id. at 578 (3) (e).
4 An injury arises “in the course of” employment when it occurs within the period of the employment, at a place where the employee may be in performance of her duties and while she is fulfilling or doing something incidental to those duties. . . . Injuries occurring in the course of employment certainly include injuries sustained when an employee is actually engaged in the performance of her assigned work, but they also include injuries sustained when the employee is engaged in activities incidental to her assigned work. Such incidental activities include, among other things, ingress and egress to the place of work while on the employer’s premises.9
“When analyzing the ‘in the course of’ prerequisite, courts generally focus on the
nature of the employee’s activity at the time of the injury, not whether [he] was paid
for it or was free to do something else.”10
In this case, the question is whether a co-worker was acting in the course of his
employment when he injured the claimant — not whether the claimant was acting in
the course of his employment when he was injured. But we see no reason why the
same phrase should be read differently in this context. In both scenarios, the ultimate
9 (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Frett v. State Farm Employee Workers’ Compensation, 309 Ga. 44, 46 (2) (a) (844 SE2d 749) (2020). 10 (Citations omitted.) Id. at 48-49 (2) (a) (where the nature and timing of the employee’s activity at the time of the accident are connected to her usual work hours or work-related activities, the injury is typically found to have occurred in the course of her employment).
5 question is whether the employee was engaged in employment-related activities when
the accident occurred. And even in this context, we have held that an employee’s
period of employment includes a reasonable time for ingress to and egress from the
workplace, while on the employer’s premises, and that an employer-owned parking
lot is considered part of the employer’s premises.11
The undisputed evidence shows that Franklin and Odom were employed by the
same employer and that Franklin injured Odom approximately ten minutes after
Franklin’s shift was scheduled to start, in a parking lot owned by their employer, as
Franklin was traveling to his workplace to report for his shift. Odom emphasizes that
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FIRST DIVISION BARNES, P. J., DOYLE, P. J., and LAND, J.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
June 20, 2023
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A23A0432. ODOM v. FRANKLIN.
DOYLE, Presiding Judge.
Thomas Odom, plaintiff in the case below, appeals from the trial court’s grant
of summary judgment to the defendant. Odom contends that the trial court erred in
concluding that his action is barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the
Workers’ Compensation Act.1 For the reasons discussed below, we affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
Summary judgment is proper where “the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled
1 See OCGA § 34-9-11 (a). to judgment as a matter of law[.]”2 We review the grant of a motion for summary
judgment de novo, “view[ing] the evidence, and all reasonable inferences drawn
therefrom, in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.”3
So viewed, the record shows that at approximately 7:10 a.m. on September 28,
2019, Odom was hit by a car in his employer’s parking lot. Odom had finished his
shift and was putting his bag in the back of his truck when a car struck him. The
driver of the car, Richard Franklin, worked for the same employer and was running
late for his shift, which was scheduled to start at 7:00 a.m. Odom received workers’
compensation benefits for the accident. Odom also filed a negligence action against
Franklin. Franklin moved for summary judgment, arguing that Odom’s suit was
barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the Workers’ Compensation Act. The
trial court granted the motion, and Odom filed this appeal.
Odom contends on appeal that summary judgment was inappropriate because
there is a genuine dispute as to whether Franklin was acting within the course and
scope of his employment and whether his actions arose out of his employment. He
2 OCGA § 9-11-56 (c). 3 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Cowart v. Widener, 287 Ga. 622, 624 (1) (a) (697 SE2d 779) (2010).
2 emphasizes that Franklin was late for his shift at the time of the accident and notes
that it is against their employer’s policy for an employee to arrive late for a shift.
We review de novo the trial court’s conclusion that Odom’s suit against
Franklin is barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the Workers’ Compensation
Act.4
Pursuant to OCGA § 34-9-23, the Georgia Workers’ Compensation Act “shall
be liberally construed only for the purpose of bringing employers and employees
within the provisions of this chapter and to provide protection for both.” The Act
includes an exclusive remedy provision which reads, in relevant part, as follows.
The rights and the remedies granted to an employee by this chapter shall exclude and be in place of all other rights and remedies of such employee . . . and all other civil liabilities whatsoever at common law or otherwise, on account of such injury, loss of service, or death . . . . No employee shall be deprived of any right to bring an action against any third-party tort-feasor, other than an employee of the same employer[.]5
4 See Savannah Hosp. Svcs, LLC v. Scriven, 350 Ga. App. 195, 198 (828 SE2d 423) (2019) (“Whether the exclusivity provision bars an action is a question of law subject to de novo review.”). 5 (Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 34-9-11 (a).
3 Thus, when an injury falls within the purview of the Act, the injured employee is
barred from recovering in tort against not only his employer, but also against an
employee of the same employer.6
The Supreme Court of Georgia has concluded that “the phrase ‘employee of the
same employer’ . . . mean[s] a person who is acting as an employee rather than as a
third party to the employment relationship at the time of the injury in question.”7
When a co-worker seeks to establish that he was acting as an employee rather than
as a third-party at the time of the incident, such that the injured employee is barred
from bringing a tort suit against him, the co-worker must demonstrate that he was
acting “in the course of his employment when he injured [the claimant].”8
The question of whether an employee was acting “in the course of his
employment” when an injury occurred is often presented in cases where an employer
disputes the compensability of an injury. In that context, the Supreme Court has stated
as follows.
6 See Wall v. Phillips, 210 Ga. App. 490, 491 (436 SE2d 517) (1993). 7 Smith v. Ellis, 291 Ga. 566, 574 (3) (a) (731 SE2d 731) (2012). 8 Id. at 578 (3) (e).
4 An injury arises “in the course of” employment when it occurs within the period of the employment, at a place where the employee may be in performance of her duties and while she is fulfilling or doing something incidental to those duties. . . . Injuries occurring in the course of employment certainly include injuries sustained when an employee is actually engaged in the performance of her assigned work, but they also include injuries sustained when the employee is engaged in activities incidental to her assigned work. Such incidental activities include, among other things, ingress and egress to the place of work while on the employer’s premises.9
“When analyzing the ‘in the course of’ prerequisite, courts generally focus on the
nature of the employee’s activity at the time of the injury, not whether [he] was paid
for it or was free to do something else.”10
In this case, the question is whether a co-worker was acting in the course of his
employment when he injured the claimant — not whether the claimant was acting in
the course of his employment when he was injured. But we see no reason why the
same phrase should be read differently in this context. In both scenarios, the ultimate
9 (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Frett v. State Farm Employee Workers’ Compensation, 309 Ga. 44, 46 (2) (a) (844 SE2d 749) (2020). 10 (Citations omitted.) Id. at 48-49 (2) (a) (where the nature and timing of the employee’s activity at the time of the accident are connected to her usual work hours or work-related activities, the injury is typically found to have occurred in the course of her employment).
5 question is whether the employee was engaged in employment-related activities when
the accident occurred. And even in this context, we have held that an employee’s
period of employment includes a reasonable time for ingress to and egress from the
workplace, while on the employer’s premises, and that an employer-owned parking
lot is considered part of the employer’s premises.11
The undisputed evidence shows that Franklin and Odom were employed by the
same employer and that Franklin injured Odom approximately ten minutes after
Franklin’s shift was scheduled to start, in a parking lot owned by their employer, as
Franklin was traveling to his workplace to report for his shift. Odom emphasizes that
Franklin violated company policy by arriving late for a scheduled shift, and he
characterizes Franklin as an “absent” employee in light of that policy. But the record
clearly demonstrates that although Franklin was approximately ten minutes late for
his shift, he was driving in the parking lot because he was reporting to work, not
because he was engaging in a personal detour.12 We conclude, therefore, that Franklin
11 Crawford v. Meyer, 195 Ga. App. 867 (395 SE2d 327) (1990) (where co- worker struck claimant’s car soon after she finished her shift, in a parking lot on the employer’s premises, the exclusivity provision of the Workers’ Compensation Act barred claimant from seeking further recovery from the co-worker). 12 See Frett, 309 Ga. at 48-49 (2) (a).
6 was acting in the course of his employment when he struck Odom.13 And because
Franklin was acting as an employee rather than as a third party to his employment
relationship when he caused Odom’s injury, the trial court correctly concluded that
the exclusivity provision of the Workers’ Compensation Act bars Odom from
bringing a tort suit against Franklin.14 Consequently, we affirm the trial court’s grant
of summary judgment to Franklin.
Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J., and Land, J., concur.
13 See Crawford, 195 Ga. App. at 867. 14 See id.