COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Malveaux and Friedman Argued by videoconference
THERESA JEAN WIZIARDE MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0402-21-2 JUDGE MARY BENNETT MALVEAUX FEBRUARY 8, 2022 ANTHONY MAURICE WARREN
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND Beverly W. Snukals, Judge
Henry W. McLaughlin (Law Office of Henry McLaughlin, P.C., on briefs), for appellant.
Erik D. Baines (Brian C. Dent, Guardian ad litem for the minor child; Barnes & Diehl, P.C., on brief), for appellee.
Theresa Jean Wiziarde (“mother”) appeals an order entered by the City of Richmond Circuit
Court (“circuit court”) dismissing her motion to amend a visitation order. On appeal, mother argues
that the circuit court erred in: (1) ruling that Anthony Maurice Warren’s (“father”) testimony in the
juvenile and domestic relations district court (“JDR court”) was not relevant because it was material
to his credibility; (2) refusing to admit exhibits which tended to prove prior violence by father;
(3) leaving in place the JDR order in the de novo appeal of that order, but not finding that father
proved a change in circumstances supporting his increased visitation; and (4) denying her motion
for reconsideration. For the following reasons, we affirm.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. I. BACKGROUND1
“On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to [father], the party
prevailing below.” D’Ambrosio v. D’Ambrosio, 45 Va. App. 323, 335 (2005).
On September 11, 2014, mother and father signed a custody and visitation agreement
regarding their daughter, L.W. The agreement provided that mother would have physical
custody of L.W. while the parties would share legal custody of the child. It also provided that
father would have visitation Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday from noon to 6:00 p.m. This
agreement was entered as an order of the JDR court on September 22, 2014.
Following the entry of this order, for the remainder of 2014 through 2017, the parties
filed a variety of motions relating to custody and visitation in the JDR court. On September 14,
2017, the circuit court held a hearing on father’s motion to amend the September 22, 2014 JDR
court order. At the hearing, father moved to nonsuit his motion to amend. The circuit court
granted father’s motion to nonsuit and reinstated the September 22, 2014 JDR order, and then
remanded the matter to the JDR court.
On January 3, 2018, father filed a motion to amend custody in the JDR court, requesting
joint physical custody of L.W. On November 28, 2018, mother filed a motion to amend
visitation, asking the court to modify the September 22, 2014 JDR order to allow only supervised
visitation with father. On April 24, 2019, the JDR court held a hearing and entered an order
(“April 2019 JDR order”) ordering that the parties’ current visitation order would remain in
place.
1 This opinion uses abbreviations for the children’s names to protect their privacy. Additionally, the record in this case was sealed. To the extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed record, we unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. See Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1 (2017) (“To the extent that this [Court] mentions facts found in the sealed record, [it] unseal[s] only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in th[e] case.”). -2- On May 1, 2019, father filed two motions in the JDR court to amend the April 2019 JDR
order, one addressing custody and one addressing visitation. In his motions, father requested that
he be awarded sole physical custody of L.W. and that L.W. live with him at his residence with
“reasonable” visitation for mother.
On June 30, 2020, mother likewise filed motions in the JDR court to amend the April
2019 JDR order, one to modify visitation and one to modify custody. Mother asked the court to
either maintain the current custody arrangement or grant her sole physical and legal custody.
Mother also requested that the court require that father only have supervised visitation with L.W.
On August 20, 2020, the JDR court entered several orders regarding the parties’ motions
(“August 2020 JDR orders”). First, the court entered orders denying mother’s motions to amend
visitation and custody. Second, the court entered an order, referencing the case numbers for
father’s motions to amend custody and visitation, that did not modify the parties’ custody
arrangement and left mother with physical custody and both parties with joint legal custody.
However, the court did modify the parties’ visitation schedule in this order. The order awarded
father increased visitation from the April 2019 JDR order, granting him overnight visitation from
Monday morning at 8:00 a.m. to Wednesday morning at 8:00 a.m. every other week.
On August 28, 2020, mother filed notices of appeal from all four of the August 2020 JDR
court orders—the orders denying mother’s and father’s motions to amend custody, denying
mother’s motion to amend visitation, and granting father’s motion to amend visitation.
On March 22, 2021, the circuit court held a hearing on mother’s appeals. At the
beginning of the hearing, the circuit court asked the parties whether mother’s motion for
supervised visitation was “the only issue on the table here today,” and counsel for mother
affirmed that the court was correct in that assertion.
-3- Mother then informed the court that she wanted to introduce exhibits concerning
incidents that occurred prior to the April 2019 JDR order. The court stated that it would not
admit that evidence as its “role [wa]s to take the order that was entered in April of 2019 and
determine if there were any change in circumstances,” but noted that it would allow mother to
proffer the evidence at the end of the hearing.
Mother then presented evidence, first calling father to testify. He stated that on June 25,
2020, he and his son, D.W.,2 carried a mattress across the street to an elderly neighbor’s home.
Father testified that he had asked L.W. if she wanted to walk across the street with them or stay
behind and watch a movie and that she had wanted to stay to watch the movie. Father then left
L.W. alone at his house. He testified that he had left L.W. “alone for a few minutes” and denied
leaving her alone for an hour. While he was moving the mattress, L.W. became scared. She
went to father’s front porch, crying and upset, when a neighbor saw L.W. and brought her over
to father.
Mother then called D.W. to testify. D.W. stated that the mattress had been too big to get
into the neighbor’s house, so they had “stayed there for little over an hour just trying to get the
mattress in” while L.W. had been left alone that entire time. He later stated that it had been “[a]t
the very least, an hour. Felt like maybe an hour.” D.W. also testified that father had not asked
L.W. if she wanted to come along with them. He noted that father’s house was located on a
narrow one-way street. On cross-examination, he admitted that he did not remember what exact
time he had left with father that day and did not remember what time they had returned.
2 D.W., father’s son from another relationship, was sixteen years old at the time of the hearing. At the hearing, father described his relationship with D.W. as “adversarial.” -4- After father and D.W. testified, mother rested her case. The court then asked father if he
had any evidence, and he stated that he had no witnesses or exhibits. The court responded, “No
problem.”
During argument, mother contended that a material change in circumstances had occurred
since the entry of the April 2019 JDR order due to father’s leaving L.W. alone for an hour and
then later denying it. Mother asserted that this act demonstrated father’s poor parenting skills
and his inability to take responsibility for his actions. Mother asked the circuit court to allow
father only supervised visitation with no overnight visitation.
The court ruled that it did not find a material change in circumstances. In making its
ruling, the court found that father had made a mistake in leaving L.W. However, it did not
conclude that L.W. was actually left alone for an entire hour, noting that D.W.’s testimony had
“changed slightly” regarding how long they were at the neighbor’s house. Further, D.W. had not
been able to remember at what time they had left or returned home. After finding no material
change in circumstances, the court stated, “[t]hen it just stays the same as it was in lower court.
So the custody and visitation remains the same.”
Following its ruling, the circuit court allowed mother to proffer her evidence regarding
incidents that occurred prior to the April 2019 JDR order. Counsel for mother proffered exhibits
involving events that predated April 2019, stating that “[t]he contention is that leaving the child
alone . . . comes in the context of prior problems, including violence on [father’s] part, including
violence against the mother.”
On March 22, 2021, the circuit court entered an order reflecting its rulings made in court.
In this order, the court found that there had not been a material change in circumstances, and thus
“[m]other’s request to amend the JDR Court’s August 20, 2020 custody/visitation Order is
hereby denied.”
-5- On March 30, 2021, mother filed a motion to reconsider. On April 6, 2021, the circuit
court entered an order denying mother’s motion for reconsideration.
Mother now appeals the circuit court’s decision.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Failure to Establish a Material Change in Circumstances3
On appeal, mother argues that the circuit court erred in upholding the August 2020 JDR
orders because father did not present evidence as to a change in circumstances during the hearing
on her appeals of the August 2020 JDR orders. Mother asserts that because the circuit court
hearing was de novo, the issues before the court should have included whether there was
evidence that a change of circumstances occurred after the entry of the April 2019 JDR order to
allow the court to award increased visitation for father.
Code § 16.1-296(A) provides, in pertinent part, “From any final order or judgment of the
juvenile court . . . an appeal may be taken to the circuit court within 10 days from the entry of a
final judgment, order or conviction and shall be heard de novo.” “A court which hears a case de
novo . . . acts not as a court of appeals but as one exercising original jurisdiction.” Addison v.
Salyer, 185 Va. 644, 650 (1946) (quoting Gemmell, Inc. v. Svea Fire, etc., Ins. Co., 166 Va. 95,
98 (1936)). “A trial de novo in the circuit court ‘annuls the judgment of the [juvenile court] as
completely as if there had been no previous trial . . . and . . . grants to a litigant every advantage
which would have been [available to the litigant] had the case been tried originally in [the
circuit] court.’” Alexander v. Flowers, 51 Va. App. 404, 413 (2008) (quoting Fairfax Cnty.
Dep’t of Family Servs. v. D.N. and S.N., 29 Va. App. 400, 406 (1999)) (alterations in original).
“Once the trial de novo commences in the circuit court, the district court judgment is annulled,
and is not thereafter available for any purpose.” Id. at 414 (quoting Turner v. Commonwealth,
3 This section of the opinion addresses mother’s third assignment of error. -6- 49 Va. App. 381, 386 (2007)). “Such an appeal transfers the entire record to the circuit court for
retrial as though the case had been originally brought there.” Mahoney v. Mahoney, 34
Va. App. 63, 66 (2000) (en banc).
“When a party has filed a petition to modify an existing visitation order, the courts must
apply the Supreme Court’s two-pronged test enunciated in Keel v. Keel, 225 Va. 606 (1983), to
determine whether modification of that order is proper.” Rhodes v. Lang, 66 Va. App. 702, 709
(2016). “That test asks, ‘first, has there been a change in circumstances since the most recent
custody [or visitation] award; second, would a change in custody [or visitation] be in the best
interests of the children.’” Id. (quoting Keel, 225 Va. at 611).
Although mother argues that the circuit court erred in upholding the JDR order granting
father increased visitation when he did not present evidence as to a change in circumstances
during the de novo circuit court hearing, we conclude that we cannot reach this issue on appeal.
Instead, we find that mother waived any argument as to the lack of evidence supporting father’s
increased visitation when she herself limited the court’s consideration to a single issue—
specifically, the JDR court’s denial of her motion to amend visitation.
In the instant case, mother and father both filed motions in the JDR court to amend the
custody and visitation orders. The JDR court issued rulings on each of these four motions in its
August 2020 JDR orders. Mother subsequently filed four separate notices of appeal from the
August 2020 JDR orders, noticing appeals on both parties’ motions to amend custody and
visitation. At the outset of the circuit court hearing on mother’s appeals, the following exchange
occurred between the court, counsel for mother, and the GAL:
THE COURT: So is it my understanding that the issue is supervised visitation only, that the juvenile order denied her motion to amend, which was to ask for supervised visitation? Is that the only issue on the table here today?
-7- [COUNSEL FOR MOTHER]: She has appealed from the denial of her request that visitation be supervised.
THE COURT: Right. So that is the only issue we are dealing with is supervised visitation.
[COUNSEL FOR MOTHER]: I believe so.
THE COURT: Okay.
[GAL]: That’s my understanding, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Do you want to call your first witness?
[COUNSEL FOR MOTHER]: I would, Your Honor. Technically, [father] filed a motion that came before the Court. I would agree that I think it makes more sense for me to go forward.
This exchange shows the circuit court’s attempt to clarify which rulings from the JDR
court mother was appealing. After the court asked whether it was correct in understanding that
mother was appealing solely the denial of her motion to amend visitation, counsel for mother
responded that she had “appealed from the denial of her request that visitation be supervised.”
When the court then specifically asked whether the “only issue we are dealing with is supervised
visitation,” counsel for mother responded that he “believe[d] so.” While counsel for mother did
note that “[t]echnically, [father] filed a motion that came before the [c]ourt,” counsel did not
inform the circuit court that mother had appealed any of father’s motions from the JDR court.
Instead, this exchange, viewed in its totality, demonstrates that counsel for mother led the court
to believe that the only motion before it was the denial of mother’s motion for supervised
visitation for father.4
4 Later in the hearing, the court again attempted to ascertain which orders were at issue before it and asked about the JDR order granting in part and denying in part father’s motions related to custody and visitation. After an exchange with the GAL, father, and counsel for mother about father’s motions before the JDR court, the circuit court stated that it had found mother’s motion for supervised visitation and had “just wanted to make sure we were on the same page.” At no point during this questioning by the circuit court did counsel for mother inform the court that mother was also appealing the JDR court order granting father’s motion for -8- Here, mother was the party appealing the orders from the JDR court to the circuit court.
As the party appealing the orders, the burden was on mother to inform the circuit court what
orders she was appealing from the JDR court.5 Cf. Forte v. Commonwealth, Dep’t of Soc. Servs.,
Div. of Child Support Enf’t, ex rel. Newsome, 65 Va. App. 1, 6 (2015) (noting that, for purposes
of determining whether an appeal bond is required under statute governing the posting of bond in
appeals from the JDR court to the circuit court, “an appellant bears the burden of clarifying what
he appeals from juvenile court to circuit court”). At the hearing, mother failed to inform the
circuit court that she was appealing the order granting father increased visitation and instead
limited her appeal of the JDR orders solely to the denial of her motion for supervised visitation.
Because mother failed to inform the circuit court of her appeal of the order granting father
increased visitation, she waived any argument concerning that appeal. Thus, on appeal, we do
not address mother’s argument regarding the lack of evidence of a change in circumstances
justifying increased visitation for father.6
increased visitation. Rather, based on counsel for mother’s initial representation, the circuit court continued to proceed with the only matter it thought was before it, the appeal of the JDR order denying mother’s motion for supervised visitation. 5 We acknowledge that during the de novo hearing in circuit court, “the burden of proof remain[ed] upon the party with whom it rested in the juvenile court.” Box v. Talley, 1 Va. App. 289, 292 (1986). Therefore, on his motion to amend visitation, first heard in the JDR court and then in the trial de novo in the circuit court, father had the burden of proving that a material change in circumstances had occurred to allow the court to increase his visitation with L.W. See Albert v. Ramirez, 45 Va. App. 799, 806-07 (2005) (“[I]n cases involving the modification of an existing valid custody order, the party seeking the modification bears the burden of proving that a material change of circumstances has occurred since the entry of the initial order and that a change in custody would be in the best interests of the child.”). However, father no longer had the burden of proving a material change in circumstances after mother informed the circuit court that the only issue in the de novo hearing was the JDR order denying her motion for supervised visitation. 6 Once the circuit court held a hearing on mother’s motion for supervised visitation, the JDR court’s ruling on that issue was annulled. See Robert & Bertha Robinson Family, LLC v. Allen, 295 Va. 130, 150 (2018) (“The ‘event’ that triggers the ‘annulment of the district court judgment’ is the trial de novo . . . not the notice of appeal.”). However, because the circuit court -9- B. Motion to Reconsider7
Mother also argues that the circuit court erred in denying her motion to reconsider.
In her motion to reconsider before the circuit court, mother asked the court to reconsider
its ruling on the same ground discussed above, noting that there was no evidence presented at the
hearing of any change of circumstances since the April 2019 JDR order that would allow the
court to increase father’s visitation. In the motion, counsel for mother candidly acknowledged
that he had not raised this issue at trial but asked the court to either hold another hearing allowing
father to present evidence of a change in circumstances from the April 2019 JDR order that
would justify his increased visitation, or, alternatively, reinstate the April 2019 JDR order.
Because mother’s motion, although styled solely as a motion to reconsider, asked the
court to either reconsider its decision by reinstating the prior visitation order or, alternatively, to
hold another hearing, we treat mother’s motion as a both a motion to reconsider and motion to
reopen the evidence.
“Motions . . . to reconsider a prior ruling involve matters wholly in the discretion of the
trial court.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 104, 109 (2013). Thus, “[w]e review a trial
court’s denial of a motion to reconsider for an abuse of discretion.” Winston v. Commonwealth,
268 Va. 564, 620 (2004). “When we say that a circuit court has discretion, we mean that ‘the
[circuit] court has a range of choice, and that its decision will not be disturbed as long as it stays
within that range and is not influenced by any mistake of law.’” Galiotos v. Galiotos, 300 Va. 1,
10 (2021) (alteration in original) (quoting Landrum v. Chippenham and Johnston-Willis Hosps.,
Inc., 282 Va. 346, 352 (2011)). “[O]nly when reasonable jurists could not differ can we say an
never held a hearing de novo on mother’s appeal of the order granting father increased visitation, that specific ruling of the JDR court was not annulled by mother’s noticing an appeal of that order. 7 This section addresses mother’s fourth assignment of error. - 10 - abuse of discretion has occurred.” Id. at 11 (quoting Sauder v. Ferguson, 289 Va. 449, 459
(2015)).
We conclude, for the same reason expressed above, that the circuit court did not abuse its
discretion in denying mother’s motion to reconsider. Here, mother herself framed the de novo
hearing before the circuit court as a hearing only on her motion for supervised visitation for
father. Mother then acknowledged that through this mistake, no evidence was presented as to a
change in circumstances that would justify father’s increased visitation. After being made aware
of counsel’s mistake, the circuit court was within its discretion to uphold the entirety of the
August 2020 JDR orders, including the ruling granting father increased visitation, because
mother herself had waived her appeal of other matters by limiting the issue at the de novo
hearing to her motion for supervised visitation. Adopting mother’s suggested relief on the
motion to reconsider—that the circuit court reinstate the April 2019 JDR order—would have
been detrimental to father, who had litigated the issue at the August 2020 JDR hearing and was
entitled to rely on that court’s ruling after mother herself failed to inform the court that she was
appealing that specific ruling.
Likewise, “[t]he granting or denying of a motion to hear additional evidence is [also]
within the sound discretion of the trial court.” Rowe v. Rowe, 24 Va. App. 123, 144 (1997).
“After a court has concluded an evidentiary hearing ‘during which each party had ample
opportunity to present evidence, it [is] within the court’s discretion to refuse to take further
evidence on this subject.’” Holmes v. Holmes, 7 Va. App. 472, 480 (1988) (alteration in
original) (quoting Morris v. Morris, 3 Va. App. 303, 307 (1986)). “In order to demonstrate an
entitlement to a rehearing, a petitioner must show either an ‘error on the face of the record, or . . .
some legal excuse for his failure to present his full defense at or before the time of entry of the
decree.’” Id. (quoting Downing v. Huston, Darbee Co., 149 Va. 1, 9 (1927)). “[C]ourts have
- 11 - also included among the factors to be applied in the analysis whether a party seeking rehearing
had ‘ample opportunity to present evidence’ at the initial hearing . . . .” Shooltz v. Shooltz, 27
Va. App. 264, 269 n.1 (1998) (quoting Rowe, 24 Va. App. at 144). In making its decision, the
court may consider whether “reopen[ing] a hearing would cause prejudice, delay, confusion,
inconvenience, surprise or injustice to the opposing party.” Id.
We also conclude that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to conduct
another hearing. First, mother fails to articulate an error on the face of the record. While she
notes that father did not present any evidence as to a material change in circumstances since the
April 2019 JDR order, there is no indication from the record that the JDR court’s determination
that such a change had been shown, and that father should have been granted increased visitation
with L.W., was made in error. Second, there was ample opportunity at the initial hearing for the
circuit court to hear evidence as to a change in circumstances regarding father’s increased
visitation, but mother herself limited the consideration of evidence to her appeal of her motion
for supervised visitation. Finally, reopening the evidence would have caused delay and
inconvenience to father, the opposing party. Giving mother another opportunity to litigate her
appeals from the August 2020 JDR orders would create another court date for father and prolong
the uncertainty in his visitation schedule with L.W. See Thomas, 62 Va. App. at 110 (affirming
trial court’s denial of a motion to reopen while noting that “[o]ne factor a trial judge may
consider—and understandably discount—is a moving party’s desire simply to change his mind
about a concession previously made, particularly one relied upon by the opposing party and the
court”).
For these reasons, the circuit court’s refusal to grant mother’s motion for reconsideration
or reopen the evidence for another hearing was not an abuse of discretion, and thus we find no
error in the court’s ruling.
- 12 - C. Exclusion of Proffered Evidence8
Mother also argues that the circuit court erred in refusing to admit evidence of father’s
violent behavior that occurred prior to the April 2019 JDR order.9 Mother argues that this was
error because the issue before the circuit court was not solely whether there had been a material
change of circumstances, but also what would be in the best interest of L.W. Therefore, the
evidence of father’s prior violence should have been admitted because it was relevant as to the
best interests of L.W.
On appeal, we “review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence using an
abuse of discretion standard and, on appeal, will not disturb a trial court’s decision to [exclude]
evidence absent a finding of abuse of that discretion.” Chaney v. Karabaic-Chaney, 71 Va. App.
431, 434 (2020) (alteration in original) (quoting Harman v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 288 Va. 84, 92
(2014)).
As noted above, when a party files a motion to amend an existing visitation order, courts
ask “first, has there been a change in circumstances since the most recent custody [or visitation]
award; second, would a change in custody [or visitation] be in the best interests of the children.”
Rhodes, 66 Va. App. at 709 (quoting Keel, 225 Va. at 611). “The court, in the exercise of its
sound discretion, may alter or change custody or the terms of visitation when subsequent events
render such action appropriate” for the child’s welfare. Wilson v. Wilson, 18 Va. App. 193, 195
(1994) (quoting Eichelberger v. Eichelberger, 2 Va. App. 409, 412 (1986)). However, if the
court does not first find a material change in circumstances, consideration of the “best interests
8 This section addresses mother’s second assignment of error. 9 This evidence of events that occurred from 2005 through 2018 consisted of police reports involving father and his ex-girlfriend, text messages from father that included threats and an acknowledgment that he had been “rough” with his children in the past, arrest warrants for father for assault and property damage against mother, and protective orders for mother against father. - 13 - of the child” is barred by the principles of res judicata. See Sullivan v. Knick, 38 Va. App. 773,
782 (2002) (“In the absence of a material change in circumstances, reconsideration . . . would be
barred by principles of res judicata.” (quoting Hiner v. Hadeed, 15 Va. App. 575, 580 (1993)));
see also Parish v. Spaulding, 26 Va. App. 566, 573 (1998) (“The purpose of the changed
circumstances requirement is to avoid the bar on relitigation that would otherwise be imposed by
res judicata.”).
Based on these well-established principles, we conclude that mother’s argument that the
court was required to admit evidence of father’s actions prior to the April 2019 JDR order is
without merit. Here, evidence of father’s actions prior to the April 2019 JDR order was not
relevant as to whether a material change in circumstances had occurred since that order was
entered.10 Without that threshold finding, res judicata prohibited the circuit court from
considering Keel’s second prong regarding the best interests of the child. Accordingly, the
circuit court did not err in refusing to admit evidence of father’s violence that occurred prior to
the entry of the last visitation order.
D. Relevance of Father’s JDR Court Testimony
Finally, mother challenges a statement made by the circuit court in its ruling. In denying
mother’s motion for supervised visitation for father, the circuit court stated, “As far as what
10 At oral argument, mother relied on language from Turner v. Turner, 3 Va. App. 31 (1986), to support her position that the circuit court should have considered the evidence of father’s prior violence. In Turner, we stated that due to the high volume of child custody cases, “where a different trial judge is called upon to consider the evidence in support of and in opposition to a subsequent custody petition, consideration of evidence which establishes background information and permits the trial judge to understand the alleged change in circumstances is permissible.” Id. at 33. However, our Court then made clear that “[s]uch evidence, however, is not to be used to retry the issues resolved in the prior proceedings.” Id. It is clear from the record that the evidence mother attempted to introduce was not merely background information to provide clarity to the circuit court as to any changed circumstances since the April 2019 JDR order. Rather, it was direct evidence of father’s past behavior that mother had had the opportunity to present to the JDR court prior to the entry of the April 2019 visitation order. - 14 - testimony he put on in lower court, I don’t think that it is really relevant here.” Mother argues
that this statement was in error because this testimony was relevant as to father’s credibility.
However, mother did not object when the circuit court made this statement during its
ruling. Further, in her motion for reconsideration, she merely stated “that the [c]ourt did not
consider relevant the testimony of [father] in the hearing on this case before the JDR [c]ourt
because the case was de novo before this [c]ourt,” and did not argue that the circuit court erred in
not considering father’s JDR court testimony relevant. Rule 5A:18 provides that “[n]o ruling of
the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated with
reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable this Court
to attain the ends of justice.” “Rule 5A:18 requires that objections to a trial court’s action or
ruling be made with specificity in order to preserve an issue for appeal. A trial court must be
alerted to the precise issue to which a party objects.” Fox v. Fox, 61 Va. App. 185, 201 (2012)
(citation omitted). Because mother failed to alert the circuit court to the alleged error, she has
waived appellate review of this issue under Rule 5A:18.
Attorney Fees
Father requests that this Court award him his attorney fees incurred on appeal. This
Court has discretion to grant or deny attorney fees incurred on appeal. See Rule 5A:30(b); see
also O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695 (1996). “The decision of whether to
award attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal is discretionary.” Alwan v. Alwan, 70
Va. App. 599, 613 (2019) (quoting Friedman v. Smith, 68 Va. App. 529, 545 (2018)). In making
this determination, this Court must “consider all the equities of the case.” Rule 5A:30(b)(3). In
addition, the Court’s decision is not limited to whether a party prevailed on appeal but considers
whether the issues raised were “frivolous.” Wright v. Wright, 61 Va. App. 432, 470 (2013)
- 15 - (quoting O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. at 695). After considering the record before us, we deny
father’s request for appellate attorney fees.
III. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we hold that the circuit court did not err in conducting a hearing
solely on mother’s motion to amend visitation or in denying mother’s motion for reconsideration.
The circuit court also did not abuse its discretion in refusing to admit exhibits which tended to
prove prior violence by father. We further conclude that mother failed to preserve her challenge
to a statement made by the circuit court in its ruling. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the
circuit court.
Affirmed.
- 16 -