Mr. Justice Johnson
delivered the opinion of the court.
1 his case comes up. on appeal trom the circuit cour£ Qf New-York. The vessel is the same which makes her appearance in the case' of the Short Staple, decided in this court at February term, .1815; and it has been contended that the acquittal in that case is conclusive upon this,
, But we think otherwise. It might with more propriety be contended, that had* the hearing of this cause come on together with that of the Short Staple, the latter would have found much more difficulty in escaping. As it was, the division of the court, and the acknowledgment of the judge who delivered the opinion show, that the vessel in that case was “ hardly saved.” In the present cause there is very material evidence- which did pot appear in, and could not affect the former. We shall, therefore, dispose of this case altogether upon the evidence that is peculiar to it.
. It will be recollected that this vessel, as well as the Short Staple, were libellfed for a violation of the embargo act of the 22d of December, 1807, and the supplementary act of the 9th of January, 1808, the former of which enacts, “ that an embargo shall be laid on all ships and vessels in the ports of the United States, bound on a foreign voyage,” and the látter forfeits the vessel that shall proceed to. any foreign port or place, “ contrary to the provisions.of this act, or, of the act to which this is a supplement.” As the majority of the coürf were of opinion that no of-, fence, was committed in the case of the. Short Staple,
ft was unnecesssary to express any opinion on the application of the law. They, therefore, waived it.
But in this case it becomes necessary to laydown the following principles. There can be no doubt that if the William King was carried off to Jamaica by actual force, it was an act which wanted the concurrence of the will, and, therefore, innocent. But, whatever is done in fraud of a law is done in violation of it; and if a vessel, with an original intention to go to a foreign port, complied, with the requisition necessary to obtain a clearance on a voyage coastwise, this is but the device by w;hich she eludes the force that would otherwise have prevented her departure from the port. Was, then, the sailing to 'a foreign port a prohibited act under the embargo-law to a registered or sea-letter vessel? If so, the commission of such an act was a cause of forfeiture under the act of January 9, 1808. And here the only doubt is, whether the words, “an embargo shall be laid,” operate, any further than, to impose, a duty upon the public officers to prevent the departure ,df a registered or sea-letter yessel on a foreign voyage. Thelanguage of the act is certainly not very happily chosen; but when we look info the definition of the word,
embargo
we find it to mean. “ a prohibition"to sail.” Substituting this periphrasis for the word embargo, it- reads “ a prohibition to sail shall be imposed,” &c. or, in other words, “ such vessels shall ,be prohibited.to sail;” which, words, had they been used in, the act, would have left no scope for doubt.
The only facts which it will be necessary tp no
tice in this case, in order to show the grounds of our decision, are these :
The Ino, the supposed capturing vessel, sailed from Guernsey for Boston in September, 1808. She bore an English commission, and is commonly called a British privateer. But as there exists no distinction, that we know of, between a privateer and letter of marque but what results from their equipments and habits.; and as, although she mounted ten guns she. had but twelve men, and confessedly came to Boston for a cargo, we are induced to think that her habits were rather commercial than roving. These three vessels lay in Boston harbour some time together. The two brigs sailed within a few days,
of
each other, bound to Baltimore, for a cargo of flour, and the Ino sailed soon after. As the embargo prevented her taking in a cargo, as such, the master cleared out for the Cape of Good Hope, and was permitted to take in a large stock of provisions as for a long voyage. But the master admits that he wasj in fact, bound to Jamaica, and sailed for that port, and
affected
to be destined to the Cape in order to get permission to take in a large stock Of provisions, because he knew provisions in the West Indies to be dear. In the ,mean time, the two brigs had taken in a cargo at Baltimore, and cleared out fqr Boston. But, as they allege, on account of contrary winds, they put into Hampton Roads, where they, remained from the. 1st of Novem-. her to the 8th. of thé same month. Whilst the two brigs lay in Hampton Roads, the Ino also put into the same port, and the reason alleged for doing s@
is, that after leaving the port of Boston she encoun* tered .high winds, which carried away her main-boom, and finding herself in the’ latitude of the Capes of Virginia, she put in to obtain a spar for a boom. But it is not a little remarkable here, that both Betts, the lieutenant of the Ino, and Southcote, the owner, who was on board, agree that the prevailing winds were north and west. And how a vessel bound from Boston to Jamaica, a course nearly south-east, should, after several days under high north-westerly winds find herself in the latitude of the Capes of Virginia, seems unaccountable, unless we suppose that she was beating up, with intent to touch at Norfolk, instead of. bearing away for her port of destination.
Three days after the arrival of the Ino the two brigs sailed; the Ino immediately pursued, overhauled them before night, put a prize-master and ono man on board the William King- a prize-master and two men in the other, and ordered them for Jamaica* with instructions to rendezvous at St. Nicholas Mole if separated. Being overhauled on this voy» age by the Garland frigate, the Ino fled, and the brigs were, ¡examined. But being liberated, they proceeded to Cape Nicholas Mole, where the Ino joined them, and leaving, the Short Staple there, the Ino and this vessel proceeded off Jamaica. Off that place the Ino restored a man which she had taken from the William King, and putting also the owner, Southcote, into her, she bore away, whilst the William King entered the harbour of Kingston, There she was given up to the master, who, as it is
alleged,, was refused permission by the government to sail with his cargo, was obliged to sell it, and obtained about twenty dollars clear per barrel for what had cost five or six dollars at Baltimore.
So far the evidence stands unimpeached; it constituted, in fact, the defence of the claimant. But, at the trial below in this cause, a witness was produced in behalf of .the prosecution, of the name of Gústaff Forsberg, who went out mate of the William King,, and who, among a variety of facts, testifies to the following:
That when the William King sailed from Boston she carried off a Vineyard pilot, not having been able to land
him;
and that previous to her leaving Baltimore, this pilot was put on board the Federal George,. Captain Field, then taking in a cargo of flour for Boston, with a request from the master of the William King, to return him to Boston, and the brig then sailed without a Boston pilot.
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Mr. Justice Johnson
delivered the opinion of the court.
1 his case comes up. on appeal trom the circuit cour£ Qf New-York. The vessel is the same which makes her appearance in the case' of the Short Staple, decided in this court at February term, .1815; and it has been contended that the acquittal in that case is conclusive upon this,
, But we think otherwise. It might with more propriety be contended, that had* the hearing of this cause come on together with that of the Short Staple, the latter would have found much more difficulty in escaping. As it was, the division of the court, and the acknowledgment of the judge who delivered the opinion show, that the vessel in that case was “ hardly saved.” In the present cause there is very material evidence- which did pot appear in, and could not affect the former. We shall, therefore, dispose of this case altogether upon the evidence that is peculiar to it.
. It will be recollected that this vessel, as well as the Short Staple, were libellfed for a violation of the embargo act of the 22d of December, 1807, and the supplementary act of the 9th of January, 1808, the former of which enacts, “ that an embargo shall be laid on all ships and vessels in the ports of the United States, bound on a foreign voyage,” and the látter forfeits the vessel that shall proceed to. any foreign port or place, “ contrary to the provisions.of this act, or, of the act to which this is a supplement.” As the majority of the coürf were of opinion that no of-, fence, was committed in the case of the. Short Staple,
ft was unnecesssary to express any opinion on the application of the law. They, therefore, waived it.
But in this case it becomes necessary to laydown the following principles. There can be no doubt that if the William King was carried off to Jamaica by actual force, it was an act which wanted the concurrence of the will, and, therefore, innocent. But, whatever is done in fraud of a law is done in violation of it; and if a vessel, with an original intention to go to a foreign port, complied, with the requisition necessary to obtain a clearance on a voyage coastwise, this is but the device by w;hich she eludes the force that would otherwise have prevented her departure from the port. Was, then, the sailing to 'a foreign port a prohibited act under the embargo-law to a registered or sea-letter vessel? If so, the commission of such an act was a cause of forfeiture under the act of January 9, 1808. And here the only doubt is, whether the words, “an embargo shall be laid,” operate, any further than, to impose, a duty upon the public officers to prevent the departure ,df a registered or sea-letter yessel on a foreign voyage. Thelanguage of the act is certainly not very happily chosen; but when we look info the definition of the word,
embargo
we find it to mean. “ a prohibition"to sail.” Substituting this periphrasis for the word embargo, it- reads “ a prohibition to sail shall be imposed,” &c. or, in other words, “ such vessels shall ,be prohibited.to sail;” which, words, had they been used in, the act, would have left no scope for doubt.
The only facts which it will be necessary tp no
tice in this case, in order to show the grounds of our decision, are these :
The Ino, the supposed capturing vessel, sailed from Guernsey for Boston in September, 1808. She bore an English commission, and is commonly called a British privateer. But as there exists no distinction, that we know of, between a privateer and letter of marque but what results from their equipments and habits.; and as, although she mounted ten guns she. had but twelve men, and confessedly came to Boston for a cargo, we are induced to think that her habits were rather commercial than roving. These three vessels lay in Boston harbour some time together. The two brigs sailed within a few days,
of
each other, bound to Baltimore, for a cargo of flour, and the Ino sailed soon after. As the embargo prevented her taking in a cargo, as such, the master cleared out for the Cape of Good Hope, and was permitted to take in a large stock of provisions as for a long voyage. But the master admits that he wasj in fact, bound to Jamaica, and sailed for that port, and
affected
to be destined to the Cape in order to get permission to take in a large stock Of provisions, because he knew provisions in the West Indies to be dear. In the ,mean time, the two brigs had taken in a cargo at Baltimore, and cleared out fqr Boston. But, as they allege, on account of contrary winds, they put into Hampton Roads, where they, remained from the. 1st of Novem-. her to the 8th. of thé same month. Whilst the two brigs lay in Hampton Roads, the Ino also put into the same port, and the reason alleged for doing s@
is, that after leaving the port of Boston she encoun* tered .high winds, which carried away her main-boom, and finding herself in the’ latitude of the Capes of Virginia, she put in to obtain a spar for a boom. But it is not a little remarkable here, that both Betts, the lieutenant of the Ino, and Southcote, the owner, who was on board, agree that the prevailing winds were north and west. And how a vessel bound from Boston to Jamaica, a course nearly south-east, should, after several days under high north-westerly winds find herself in the latitude of the Capes of Virginia, seems unaccountable, unless we suppose that she was beating up, with intent to touch at Norfolk, instead of. bearing away for her port of destination.
Three days after the arrival of the Ino the two brigs sailed; the Ino immediately pursued, overhauled them before night, put a prize-master and ono man on board the William King- a prize-master and two men in the other, and ordered them for Jamaica* with instructions to rendezvous at St. Nicholas Mole if separated. Being overhauled on this voy» age by the Garland frigate, the Ino fled, and the brigs were, ¡examined. But being liberated, they proceeded to Cape Nicholas Mole, where the Ino joined them, and leaving, the Short Staple there, the Ino and this vessel proceeded off Jamaica. Off that place the Ino restored a man which she had taken from the William King, and putting also the owner, Southcote, into her, she bore away, whilst the William King entered the harbour of Kingston, There she was given up to the master, who, as it is
alleged,, was refused permission by the government to sail with his cargo, was obliged to sell it, and obtained about twenty dollars clear per barrel for what had cost five or six dollars at Baltimore.
So far the evidence stands unimpeached; it constituted, in fact, the defence of the claimant. But, at the trial below in this cause, a witness was produced in behalf of .the prosecution, of the name of Gústaff Forsberg, who went out mate of the William King,, and who, among a variety of facts, testifies to the following:
That when the William King sailed from Boston she carried off a Vineyard pilot, not having been able to land
him;
and that previous to her leaving Baltimore, this pilot was put on board the Federal George,. Captain Field, then taking in a cargo of flour for Boston, with a request from the master of the William King, to return him to Boston, and the brig then sailed without a Boston pilot.
That, after putting into Hampton Roads, the masters of the two brigs went up to Norfolk, and did not return until the evening before they sailed ;'that this was the true cause of their detention in that port, as vessels went to sea whilst they lay there, and the winds would haye admitted of their doing the same.
That, after the capture by the Ino, this witness intimated his intention to do, no more duty, as he was then a
prisoner;
and was prevailed upon by the master to'return to duty, by having his wages, raised from nine to twenty dollars,, which alteration was en, tered on the shipping articles!
That the man put on board with the prize-master was called Colonel Kirkland, was not a seaman, and that Captain R. Daniel, of-the William King, still navigated the vessel, the prize-master exercising no authority, and this witness keeping the log-book,, under the directions of the captain.
That at sea, in calm weather, the master and owner of the Ino, and the masters of the two brigs, met and amused themselves in each others vessels j that, on their sailing from Jamaica, they took on board a number of articles, some of which were marked
Ino;.
that Southcote, the owner of the Ino, came out with them as . passenger; that the day after they left Kingston they fell in with the Ino, and. put on board of her her owner, and the articles -taken on board at Kingston, with the exception of certain parcels of bagging which they took out with them to Exuma for the purpose of taking in salt.
And, lastly, that after their arrival in N.ew-Yorkt the master decoyed him on board: a packet, and hurried him off, without his clothes, to Boston, and particularly cautioned him to be on his guard to say nothing to any one but what had been entered on the log-book, and informing him that if he remained in New-York he would be put in jail.
It is evident that' these circumstances, taken together, afford very ample ground for condemnation. There could be no reason urged for putting the Vineyard pilot on board another vessel which was not' yet ready for sea', if the master of this vessel had really intended to return to
Boston;
and abandoning their vessels for five or six days in Hampton
Roads, looks too much like waiting for the expected convoy; whilst leaving the navigation of this vessel, and the keeping of the log-hook, to the original master ánd mate, presents a state of confidence inconsistent with all'idea of hostility. And this confidence is- further conspicuous in all the subsequent occurrences to which this witness testifies., Independently of his testimony, the case is loaded with suspicious circumstances, but his testimony leads to •conviction.
Aware of this, the counsel for the claimants have contented themselves with attacking his credibility. But, after duly weighing all the circumstances insisted on in the argument, we are of opinion, that as to several material facts, his testimony pointed out the means of detection if it was not consistent with the, truth. If the Vineyard pilot, for instance, was not put on board the Federal George, the pilot and the master bf the George might both have been resorted to, to detect the falsehood. Or if'the change of .wages, from -9 to 20 dollars, did not take place, nothing was easier than to- refer ió the .shipping articles, themselves to disprove the fact. On settling his account with'thd owners, (the present claimants,) that document, or a copy of it, or a charge founded on.it, would necessarily have been put in their possession. If the brig was not converted from the prize into the handmaid of the Ino, after leaving 'Jamaica, the. owner and officers of thé Ino, who appear to have been “ nothing loath” to appear in behalf of this claim, could have been resorted to to deny it. And, if there was no' foundation for the
charge of hurrying the witness off from New-York in the manner he has. sworn to, it would have been easy for Captain Daniel to have resorted to witnesses to prove that he left that place under other, and what, circumstances, or if in a packet, to prove, by some one on board the packet, that there was no foundation for the story.
Admitting this last fact to be true, it casts suspicion over the whole conduct of Capt. Daniel, and lessens the Weight of his testimony so far as it stands contradicted by this witness. This point was much considéred, and admitted by this court in the case of the General Blake, which I find is omitted from the Reports of the last term.
Yet it cannot be denied, that the claimants have one very just ground for attacking the credibility of Forsberg. We do not attach much importance to his having omitted most of the facts sworn to on his ast examination, bécause it does not appear that he was ever interrogated to them, and he might well have been unconscious of their having any material bearing on the case. But, both in the protest at Jamaica, and on his examination in the district court, he swears that the detention in Hampton Roads was produced -by contrary winds. Whatever objections may be made to the protest in this case, that he gave this' evidence in. thé district court there could be no doubt. It is a feeble excuse for a witness to allege that he swore incautiously, or under the influence or instruction of any one, m whatever relation they may have stood .to each, other. The court, therefore, have hesitated upon the question whether they should
not, on this ground, reject altogether the testimony of this witness. And nothing has induced them to sustain it but' the consideration that, on all other points, the testimony itself pointed to the means of its own detection, and, on this point, it is not very material if it be true, as he swears, that the master was all the time at Norfolk, withoüt the ship’s boat, instead of being on board to take advantage of. the first wind that offered.
This circumstance shows but little anxiety on the subject of the wind, and leads to the supposition, that some other object sanctioned this detention in the eyes of his owner. If this fact, also, had not been true, although the course of the winds could not, with much facility, have been proven, there could have been but little difficulty in proving the falsehood of sucn a charge relative to a voyage which was so much a subject of conversation at that time.
Upon the whole, the court are of opinion that the capture was fictitious, and that the decision below must be affirmed.
Decree affirmed.