In the Missouri Court of Appeals Western District THE VILLAGE AT DEER CREEK ) HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION, ) INC., ) WD76191 Consolidated with ) WD76192 Respondent, ) ) OPINION FILED: April 1, 2014 v. ) ) MID-CONTINENT CASUALTY ) COMPANY, ) ) Appellant. )
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri The Honorable Marco A. Roldan, Judge
Before Division One: Cynthia L. Martin, Presiding Judge, Mark D. Pfeiffer, Judge and Karen King Mitchell, Judge
Mid-Continent Casualty Company ("Mid-Continent") appeals a multi-million
dollar judgment entered in favor of The Village at Deer Creek Homeowners Association,
Inc. ("Association") in an equitable garnishment proceeding tried to the court. Because
we conclude that a judgment awarded to the Association against Mid-Continent's insured,
Greater Midwest Builders, Ltd. ("GMB"), was for "property damage" caused by an
"occurrence" as defined in Mid-Continent's policies, and because we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Mid-Continent leave to file an amended
answer, we affirm the trial court's judgment in its entirety except for paragraphs 53 and
54 which calculate the damages awarded to the Association. We exercise our discretion
in accordance with Rule 84.14 to vacate and modify paragraphs 53 and 54 of the
judgment to recalculate the damages awarded to the Association.
Factual and Procedural History1
GMB is a real estate development company. In 1999, it began development of a
subdivision in Overland Park, Kansas known as the Village at Deer Creek
("Subdivision"). The development plan envisioned the construction of 137 townhomes.
GMB was both the developer of the Subdivision, and the builder/general contractor that
oversaw construction of each townhome.
In its role as developer, GMB established the Association and filed a Declaration
of Covenants, Restrictions, Assessments and Easements ("Declarations") for the
Subdivision. The Declarations required the Association to "maintain, repair, and replace
. . . the exterior portion of all Units" subject to exceptions not applicable to this case. The
Declarations permitted GMB as the developer to control the Association until such time
as the Declarations required the Association to be turned over to the control of
homeowners. GMB controlled the Association from 1999 until January 1, 2005.
In its role as the builder/general contractor, GMB oversaw the construction of
townhomes, and then sold the townhomes to individual homeowners. Homeowners
1 We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment. Freight House Lofts Condo Ass'n. v. VSI Meter Services, Inc., 402 S.W.3d 586, 597 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013).
2 acquired their townhomes subject to the Declarations, and were required to pay dues to
the Association. GMB closed its first sales of townhomes in October 2001.
Sometime in 2004, several homeowners began complaining to GMB about water
leaks in their townhomes. The nature of the complaints varied. GMB tried to fix each
reported leak. GMB did not suspect that the leaks were symptomatic of pervasive
construction defects, and did not investigate the leaks to determine whether they were
related to a common cause.
Homeowners became concerned that GMB was using the Association's funds (and
thus homeowner's dues) to fix the water leaks when the homeowners believed repairs
should be paid for by GMB. This and other concerns led GMB to agree to turn over
control of the Association to the homeowners on January 1, 2005. As a part of the
turnover of control, GMB acknowledged in writing that it would address "development
related deficiencies" that were its responsibility, and that it would do so before the
Subdivision was completely built out. At the time of the turnover, 41 townhomes
remained to be constructed. GMB oversaw construction of the remaining townhomes,
and completed the build out of the Subdivision by September 2007. During this time, the
Association continued efforts to resolve "development related deficiencies" with GMB.
The Kansas Lawsuit Filed Against GMB
On December 31, 2007, the Association and 47 homeowners filed suit against
GMB in Kansas state court ("Underlying Lawsuit"). The homeowners sued GMB as the
builder/general contractor of their respective townhomes, and sought damages caused by
water leaks to the interior portions of their townhomes. The Association sued GMB in its
3 capacity as the developer of the Subdivision and sought damages relating to the exterior
of the townhomes.
GMB notified its insurers, Mid-Continent and State Automobile Insurance Co.
("State Auto") of the Underlying Lawsuit. State Auto had written commercial general
liability ("CGL") coverage for GMB for the period from November 1, 2000 to
November 1, 2003.2 Mid-Continent had written CGL coverage for GMB for the period
from February 13, 2004 to February 13, 2008. There was a gap in coverage for GMB
from November 2, 2003 through February 12, 2004. Both Mid-Continent and State Auto
accepted defense of the claims asserted in the Underlying Lawsuit under a reservation of
rights.
Prior to trial, the Association and the homeowner plaintiffs indicated their
willingness to settle all claims asserted against GMB within the limits of Mid-Continent
and State Auto's policies. The insurers would not agree to a settlement, and would not
agree to GMB's subsequent demand to withdraw their reservations of rights. GMB
terminated its insurers' defense. GMB reached an agreement with the Association and
the homeowners that any recovery obtained would be collected solely from GMB's
insurance coverage. In exchange, GMB agreed not to offer evidence at trial or to cross
examine witnesses. The Underlying Lawsuit proceeded to a trial to the court.
The Association's expert, Laurence Fehner ("Fehner") testified about several
reports he prepared between January 2008 and September 2010. He testified that the
2 State Auto actually wrote coverage for GMB's parent company, Greater Missouri Builders, Inc. The trial court found that GMB was an "additional insured" under the State Auto policies.
4 exterior of each of the townhomes had been constructed using a cladding system. The
cladding system, which included windows, stucco, brick, siding, flashing, and other
components, was supposed to keep water from entering the townhomes. The cladding
system involved the application of exterior sheeting (OSB or oriented strand board) to
wood studs to which metal lathe and paper were applied and on which stucco was
applied. The Association's expert identified 28 separate defects in the manner in which
the exterior cladding systems of the townhomes had been constructed.3 He prepared a
spreadsheet that listed each townhome and the defects present in each townhome. He
testified at length about how each defect resulted in water intrusion into the townhomes,
and about the water damage caused to the townhomes as a result. The damage included
damage to the exterior cladding system itself, and to other components considered to be a
part of the exterior of the townhomes. For example, Fehner testified that upon inspection
of one townhome that was being repaired, (the Mossinghoff home), he observed first-
hand "behind the walls" damage of the nature he expected would exist in light of the
construction defects he had identified. He observed rotted subfloor, rotted floor joists,
rotted studs, and that brick and OSB--components of the exterior cladding system--had
crumbled and disintegrated. Fehner opined that this "behind the walls" damage was a
result of water intrusion caused by the construction defects. Fehner also testified that the
3 For example, a one-coat stucco system was used which failed to conform to manufacturer recommendations and violated building codes. Flashing was improperly installed or was missing at several locations. A secondary weather barrier was not installed behind the stucco. Windows were not properly sealed and some were improperly installed with weep holes on the side and not on the bottom. Sealant was missing where different types of exterior material came together.
5 same type of damage was almost certainly present, albeit in varying degrees, in each of
the 137 townhomes in the Subdivision.
Fehner's spreadsheet was used by the Association to generate bids to repair the
exteriors of the townhomes. The total cost of repair exceeded $7,000,000.00.
The Kansas court in the Underlying Lawsuit concluded that the construction
defects "combined with repeated and continuous exposure to weather conditions [to]
create[] serious leak problem[s] and resulting damage to all of the townhomes." The
court found "the defective conditions . . . may not have caused immediate damage at the
time of construction or at the time of completion of each unit, but exposure of the
conditions to various weather events over time after completion resulted in water
intrusion that caused damage to the building components." The court found that "[t]he
longer these conditions remain unrepaired the worse the damage will get." The court
found that as of the date of its judgment, 72 townhomes had known water leaks and that
as to "those townhomes where a leak has not yet been observed in the interior, it is highly
likely . . . that water has already intruded within the building envelope of those
townhomes and caused damage."
The court found that GMB breached common law negligence duties it owed to the
Association in its capacity as the developer of the Subdivision as specified in the
RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF PROPERTY section 6.20, which expressly addresses a
developer's duties to a homeowner's association and its members up until the developer
relinquishes control of an association. Specifically, and without limitation, the court
concluded that GMB, as developer, failed to use reasonable care and prudence to (i)
6 "ascertain that [the reported] water leaks and signs of water intrusion were indicative of
pervasive construction defects with the building envelopes of the units;" (ii) "properly
investigate the[] issues with water leaks and water intrusion;" and (iii) inspect, maintain
or repair or replace defects with the building envelope on the townhomes to prevent water
intrusion or avoid further water intrusion with the townhomes." The court found that
property damage sustained to the exterior envelopes of each townhome:
[O]ccurred very soon after each townhome was complete as the defective conditions in the townhome exterior were met with moisture-related weather events. This began a process whereby damage was essentially continuing and worsening over time with additional repeated moisture- related events. Visible damage was not apparent for months or years later, and in many cases not until moisture had migrated through the building components and saturated them to such an extent that evidence of water intrusion became visible within the interior of a particular townhome. In other cases the visible appearance of damage has not manifested within the interior but, regardless, the damage had already started and occurred very soon after the construction of the townhome was complete.
The court entered a judgment in favor of the Association and against GMB in the
amount of $7,187,731.22, plus interest at the statutory rate of 4.75% pursuant to K.S.A.
16-204, for "the enormous damages [the Association] now faces for the repair of the
exterior cladding systems of the townhomes."4 The court also awarded judgments in
favor of each of the homeowners against GMB for breach of contract and/or of expressed
or implied warranty for damages to the interior of each townhome.5
4 The court in the Underlying Lawsuit found that the Declarations required the Association to maintain and repair the exterior of the townhomes and that this included the obligation to repair the exterior cladding system. 5 The damages awarded the homeowners were for interior damage caused by water intrusion, and did not overlap with the damages awarded to the Association.
7 The Equitable Garnishment Proceeding
Because GMB is a Missouri corporation, the Association and the homeowners
filed an equitable garnishment petition against State Auto and Mid-Continent in the
Jackson County circuit court pursuant to section 379.200.6 In the suit, GMB also asserted
claims against Mid-Continent and State Auto for bad faith failure to settle, breach of
fiduciary duty, and breach of contract.
The homeowners settled their claims. The trial court bifurcated the Association's
equitable garnishment claim from GMB's claims. The equitable garnishment claim was
tried to the court.
GMB's principal, Dan Barnard ("Mr. Barnard") testified that although GMB knew
about water leaks in some of the townhomes when and as they were reported by
homeowners, GMB never suspected that the water leaks were caused by pervasive
defects in the installation of the exterior cladding system, and did not learn this was the
case until after the Underlying Lawsuit was filed. GMB had believed the leaks to be
relatively routine punch list and/or warranty work typical in residential construction.
The Association called Fehner to testify in the equitable garnishment proceeding.
However, because Fehner had not been endorsed as an expert, the trial court sustained the
insurers' objections to all efforts to elicit testimony from Fehner about the relationship
between construction defects he observed and water intrusion into the townhomes.
Similarly, Fehner's spreadsheet detailing the defects in each unit was excluded from
evidence. The Association presented the deposition testimony of representatives of State
6 All statutory references are to RSMo 2000 as supplemented, except as otherwise noted.
8 Auto and Mid-Continent, and data about when moisture related weather events occurred
over the course of build out of the Subdivision.
During its case-in-chief, Mid-Continent introduced the transcript from the trial in
the Underlying Lawsuit (which included Fehner's expert testimony) into evidence. In
addition, Mid-Continent introduced evidence about the water leaks reported by
homeowners to GMB while it controlled the Association.
Applying Missouri law,7 the trial court entered its judgment on January 28, 2013
("Judgment") in favor of the Association and against State Auto and Mid-Continent for
equitable garnishment. The trial court concluded that the Association met its burden of
establishing coverage under the insurers' policies, and that neither insurer met its burden
to establish that an exclusion in the policies applied to defeat coverage. The court
concluded that 52 of the townhomes sustained damage that began during State Auto's
policy periods, that 82 townhomes sustained damage that began during Mid-Continent's
policy periods, and that 3 townhomes sustained damage that began after Mid-Continent's
policy periods. The court allocated the judgment entered in the Underlying Lawsuit
accordingly, and entered judgment in favor of the Association and against State Auto in
the amount of $2,728,189.95 (52/137 of the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit), and
against Mid-Continent in the amount of $4,302,145.69 (82/137 of the judgment in the
Underlying Lawsuit). The court held that each sum would bear interest at the Kansas
statutory rate of 4.75% per annum from the date of the judgment in the Underlying
7 The parties do not contest that Missouri law applies to the resolution of the issues on appeal in this case.
9 Lawsuit to the date of its Judgment, and at the Missouri statutory rate of 9% per annum
from and after the date of its Judgment.
The trial court found that there was no just reason to delay the entry of a final
judgment in favor of the Association, and concluded that its Judgment was final for
purposes of appeal pursuant to Rule 74.01(b).8
State Auto and Mid-Continent timely appealed. Thereafter, State Auto and the
Association reached a settlement, and secured this court's order of limited remand
permitting the trial court to partially vacate its Judgment and to enter an amended
judgment as to State Auto. The amended judgment did not alter the Judgment against
Mid-Continent.
Summary of Issues on Appeal
Mid-Continent raises four points on appeal. First, it claims it was error to find that
its policies afforded coverage because the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit in favor of
the Association was not for "property damage," but was for the cost to repair defective
construction. Second, it claims that the Association failed to sustain its burden to allocate
the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit between covered property damage and
uncovered costs to repair defective construction. Third, it claims the trial court erred in
denying it leave to amend its answer to plead that the "your work" exclusion in its
8 The Judgment resolved all claims between the Association and State Auto and Mid-Continent, making it eligible for interlocutory appeal under Rule 74.01(b) as the Judgment disposed of a distinct judicial unit. Gibson v. Brewer, 952 S.W.2d 239, 244 (Mo. banc 1997) (holding that a trial court's designation of an interlocutory judgment as final for purposes of appeal is not controlling and is only effective if the judgment disposes of a distinct judicial unit, defined as "'the final judgment on a claim, and not a ruling on some of several issues arising out of the same transaction or occurrence which does not dispose of the claim'") (citation omitted). Typically, a "judicial unit" requires the disposition of a claim in its entirety (at a minimum), and in the case of multiple claims, the disposition of all claims seeking the same relief or remedy, in whole or in part, between the same parties. See Buemi v. Kerckhoff, 359 S.W.3d 16, 21-22 (Mo. banc 2011).
10 policies applied to exclude coverage. Fourth, Mid-Continent alternatively claims that it
was error to find coverage for 52 of the 82 townhomes allocated to its policies because
damage to those townhomes was not an "occurrence" as defined in the policies. Fifth,
Mid-Continent alternatively claims that only 77 townhomes sustained property damage
during its policy periods, not 82.
In this equitable garnishment proceeding, the Association as the judgment creditor
in the Underlying Lawsuit bears the burden of proving (i) that it obtained a judgment
against Mid-Continent's insured, GMB; (ii) that Mid-Continent's policies covered the
damages awarded in the Kansas judgment; and (iii) that Mid-Continent's policies were in
effect when the property damage occurred. Taggart v. Maryland Cas. Co., 242 S.W.3d
755, 758 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008). The first of these essential elements is not implicated
by any of the issues on appeal. The second element is implicated by Mid-Continent's
first, second and fourth points on appeal. The third element is implicated by Mid-
Continent's fifth point on appeal. Mid-Continent's third point on appeal implicates an
issue as to which it bears the burden of proof--whether a policy exclusion applies to bar
coverage. Truck Ins. Exch. v. Prairie Framing, LLC, 162 S.W.3d 64, 80 (Mo. App. W.D.
2005).
Points One and Two
Mid-Continent's first and second points on appeal are premised on the assumption
that the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit in whole or in part awarded the Association
damages for the cost to repair defective construction, an element of damage that Mid-
11 Continent contends is not "property damage" as that term is defined in Mid-Continent's
policies.
Standard of Review
The interpretation of Mid-Continent's policies to determine whether they cover the
damages awarded the Association in the Underlying Lawsuit is a question of law we
review de novo. Browning v. GuideOne Specialty Mut. Ins. Co., 341 S.W.3d 897, 899
(Mo. App. W.D. 2011). However, in reviewing any factual determinations made by the
trial court as a precursor to its determination of coverage, we apply "the standard
established by Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976)." Id. "Under this
standard, the 'trial court's decision will be affirmed unless it is not supported by
substantial evidence, it is against the weight of the evidence, or it misstates or misapplies
the law.'" Id. (quoting Rissler v. Heinzler, 316 S.W.3d 533, 536 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010)).
In applying this standard, we "'must view the evidence in [the] light most favorable to the
judgment and disregard all contrary evidence and permissible inferences.'" Id. (quoting
Rissler, 316 S.W.3d at 536).
Analysis
The trial court correctly observed in its Judgment that the Association bears the
burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that Mid-Continent's policies
provide coverage for the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit. Penn-Star Ins. Co. v.
Griffey, 306 S.W.3d 591, 596 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010). Coverage A of Mid-Continent's
policies provides that Mid-Continent "will pay those sums that the Insured becomes
legally obligated to pay as damages because of . . . 'property damages' to which this
12 insurance applies." To meet its burden, the Association was thus obligated to establish,
among other things, that the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit was for "property
damages" as anticipated by Mid-Continent's policies.
The policies define "property damage" as:
a. Physical injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that property. All such loss of use shall be deemed to occur at the time of the physical injury that caused it; or
b. Loss of use of tangible property that is not physically injured. All such loss of use shall be deemed to occur at the time of the "occurrence" that caused it.
The trial court found that the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit was covered "property
damage":
[T]he Association met its burden of proving that the underlying judgment is for "property damage" as defined in the policies. Among other things, the corporate representatives of . . . [Mid-Continent] agreed that the underlying judgment was for "property damage," at least in part. Moreover the underlying judgment states that the damages awarded are for the damages to the exteriors of the 137 townhomes, all of which have defective conditions that have allowed water intrusion necessitating repair of the exterior cladding systems of the townhomes. Water intruding through the exterior cladding of the townhomes and touching or impacting the components of the structures is "property damage" because it is "physical damage to tangible property" as defined in the policies. The evidence showed the property damage occurred to each townhome almost immediately after completion with the first moisture-related weather event, and was consistent with the finding of the underlying judgment that the damage occurred "very soon after each townhome was complete."
Mid-Continent argues that the trial court erred when it concluded that the entirety
of the judgment entered in the Underlying Lawsuit was for "property damage." It argues
that the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit "encompassed two types of cost of repair
costs. One was the cost to repair the defective work. . . . The other was the cost to repair
13 the water damage that resulted from the defective work." [Mid-Continent's Brief, p. 22].
Mid-Continent argues that any portion of the underlying judgment related to the cost to
repair the defective work is not "property damage," and since the Association failed to
allocate the underlying judgment between covered and uncovered damages, no portion of
the judgment could be recovered as a matter of law.9
Mid-Continent relies on Esicorp, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 266 F.3d 859 (8th
Cir. 2001). In Esicorp, an insured under a CGL policy negligently inspected and
approved welds on pipe that was thereafter incorporated into a pipe system on a
construction project. Id. at 861. Subsequent spot checks revealed that several of the
welds were defective. Id. The general contractor who had hired the insured to inspect
the welds incurred considerable cost to repair the defective welds. Id. The insured
settled with the general contractor, and assigned its claim against its insurer to the general
contractor. Id. The subject policy afforded coverage for "property damage" which was
defined almost identically to the term as defined in Mid-Continent's policies. Id. at 861-
62. The Eighth Circuit denied coverage, and held that the "costs of repairing the
defective welds were not covered 'damages because of . . . 'property damage.''" Id. at
863.
9 Though not the argument advanced at trial, nor in its Brief, during oral argument, Mid-Continent argued that the definition of "property damage" in its policy must be read to exclude not only the cost to repair defective construction work, but as well all physical injury to tangible property caused by the construction defect. Plainly, the definition of "property damage" in the policy does not permit this construction. It appears that Mid-Continent's shift in theory from the time of trial to the time of oral argument represents a thinly veiled attempt to read into the definition of "property damage" (a policy term which applies to determine coverage in the first instance), the "your work" exclusion (an exclusion from coverage which must be established by the insurer). As we discuss, infra, Mid- Continent was not permitted to rely on the "your work" exclusion at trial because the exclusion was not timely pled as an affirmative defense.
14 Here, there is no dispute that the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit included, in
some indeterminate amount, the cost to "repair" or "replace" defectively installed
components of the exterior cladding system. Though Fehner's spreadsheet prepared in
connection with the Underlying Lawsuit was not received in evidence in the equitable
garnishment case, Fehner's testimony from the Underlying Lawsuit laboriously
addressing each of the 28 construction defects therein identified was received in
evidence. In that testimony, Fehner painstakingly described each defect, the number of
townhomes affected by each defect, how and why the defect had resulted in water
intrusion, and the nature and extent of likely water intrusion damage to the exterior
cladding system and to other "behind the wall" components of the townhomes. Fehner
explained in the Underlying Lawsuit that his spreadsheet was prepared with the
expectation that it would be used by the Association to obtain bids to repair the defects
identified. Consistent with this evidence, the trial court found in the Judgment that the
judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit "purports to be only for the cost of repair of the
exterior cladding of the townhomes."
Though the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit plainly includes damages for the
cost to repair the defectively installed exterior cladding system, we are not persuaded by
Mid-Continent's reliance on Esicorp. The Eighth Circuit in Esicorp observed that "[i]t is
significant that the defectively welded pipe sections did not collapse or burst or otherwise
cause accidental injury to surrounding property as a result of [the insured's] negligent
inspection." Id. at 862. The Eighth Circuit predicted that the Missouri Supreme Court
would find "property damage," and thus coverage, had the defectively welded pipes
15 failed, "result[ing] in 'physical injury to tangible property' in at least some part of the
[project]." Id. at 863. The scenario anticipated by Esicorp is presented by the facts in the
case before us. The defectively installed exterior cladding system failed, permitting
water intrusion which has damaged not only the components of the exterior cladding
system, but also other components of the exteriors of each townhome.
Mid-Continent does not contest that the defectively installed exterior cladding in
each of the 137 townhomes permitted water intrusion, "result[ing] in physical injury to
tangible property." Id. In fact, relying heavily on the testimony of Fehner, the Kansas
court found in the Underlying lawsuit that there was water intrusion in all 137
townhomes as a result of the construction defects. The Kansas court found:
82. Because of the similarity in the construction materials, means and methods used in the construction of the townhomes at [the Subdivision], the significant water intrusion problems that have manifested in most of the townhomes has been experienced by all of them. This water intrusion has caused damages to each of the townhomes in the community.
83. The deficient conditions that were and are present with the exteriors of the [Subdivision] townhomes, as noted by [Fehner] in his trial testimony, have continuously exposed the townhomes to weather events that have resulted in and will continue to result in (until repairs are effected) water intrusion through the weather envelope of the homes. These repeated conditions in turn have resulted in water soaking the sheathing and framing members of the structures, with water migrating and damaging other items of property, such as drywall, interior finishes, carpeting, and interior furnishings (as shown at trial, for instance, with regard to the Mossinghoff home).
(Emphasis added.) The Kansas court found that GMB's failure to fulfill its duties as a
developer "resulted in enormous damage to the components of the townhomes, including
16 the exterior cladding systems, sheathing, framing members, floor joists, and flooring."
The Kansas court's findings10 plainly negate the applicability of Esicorp.
We similarly reject Mid-Continent's reliance on Lennar Corp. v. Great American
Ins. Co., 200 S.W.3d 651 (Tex. App. 2006), abrogated on other grounds by Gilbert Tex.
Const., L.P. v. Underwriters at Lloyd's London, 327 S.W.3d 118 (Tex. 2010). In Lennar,
coverage was sought under a CGL policy for the defective installation of an exterior
insulation and finish system ("EIFS"). Id. at 660-61. The court held the defectively
installed EIFS was not property damage. Id. at 678-79. The court explained its
conclusion, noting:
Here, the EIFS was not physically injured after application to the homes; the EIFS was not changed from a satisfactory state into an unsatisfactory state, or otherwise physically altered. Rather, the EIFS was already in an unsatisfactory state when applied to the homes because it is inherently defective. Therefore, the defective EIFS does not constitute "property damage."
Id. Plainly, the court's holding indicates that had the EIFS suffered physical injury after
its installation, the court in Lennar would have ruled differently. The hypothetical
situation addressed in Lennar is the reality presented by the facts in this case. The
evidence established that the defectively installed exterior cladding system was
"physically injured" by water intrusion. Fehner testified that he observed crumbled and
disintegrated brick and OSB in the Mossinghoff home, and believed the same conditions
would be found behind the walls in each of the townhomes. Moreover, the evidence
established that removal of the exterior cladding system would be required to access 10 Mid-Continent is bound by the judgment entered in the Underlying Lawsuit, and cannot contest or retry material facts established by the judgment. See Assurance Co. of America v. Secura Ins. Co., 384 S.W.3d 224, 232 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012).
17 other parts of the "exteriors" of each to effect repairs. In Lennar, the court observed that
the cost to remove EIFS would have been covered "property damage" had the removal
been necessitated to "repair underlying water damage[s]" caused by the defective EIFS.
Id. at 678, n. 33.
Similarly, Mid-Continent's reliance on Auto-Owners Insurance Co. v. Pozzi
Window Co., 984 So.2d 1241, 1248 (Fla. 2008) and Palm Beach Grading, Inc. v. Nautilus
Ins. Co., 434 Fed. Appx. 829 (11th Cir. 2011) is misplaced. In Auto-Owners, the court
held that "the mere inclusion of a defective component, such as a defective window or the
defective installation of a window, does not constitute property damage unless that
defective component results in physical injury to some other tangible property." 984
So.2d at 1248 (emphasis added). In Palm Beach Grading, the court observed:
The problem with PBG's claim is that the defective pipe did not cause damage independent of the repair and replacement of the pipe. For example, the pipes never burst, caused sinkholes, or caused back-ups. Rather, PBG's claim is solely for the costs of repairing and removing the defective pipe, which is not a claim for "property damage."
434 Fed. Appx. at 831. Here, the defectively installed exterior cladding system did cause
damage, not only to components of the cladding system, but also to other components of
the exteriors of each townhome.
Mid-Continent concedes that water damage caused by the defective exterior
cladding systems is covered "property damage" under its CGL policies. It persists,
however, in its claim that any damages awarded to replace the exterior cladding system
are not "property damage." Our discussion, above, dispels Mid-Continent's argument.
Once defective construction causes damage, the cost to repair the damage is covered
18 "property damage." That cost to repair damage may include the cost to replace the
defective construction if it too has been damaged or must be removed to access other
damaged areas. Substantial evidence supports the conclusion that components of the
defectively installed exterior cladding system were damaged by water intrusion, and that
removal of some or all of the exterior cladding system will be necessary to repair water
intrusion damage caused "behind the walls" of the townhomes. As a result, the trial court
did not error in determining that the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit awarded the
Association a recovery for "property damages" as that term is defined in Mid-Continent's
Points one and two are denied.
Point Four
In its fourth point, Mid-Continent alternatively argues that as to 5211 of the 82
townhomes for which coverage under its policies was found, the trial court erred because
there had not been an "occurrence" as that term is defined in the policies.
Our standard of review for this point on appeal is the same as that employed in our
analysis of Mid-Continent's first and second points on appeal.
As noted, Coverage A of Mid-Continent's policies affords coverage for sums
GMB was legally obligated to pay as damages for "'property damage' to which this
11 The point relied on actually states "55" and not "52." However, the argument portion of the brief makes it clear that Mid-Continent is complaining about the trial court's finding of coverage as to 52 townhomes.
19 insurance applies." (Emphasis added.) The insuring agreement in Coverage A provides
that the insurance applies to "property damage" only if:
(1) The . . . "property damage" is caused by an "occurrence" that takes place in the "covered territory" . . . .
Mid-Continent's policies define "occurrence" as "an accident, including continuous and
repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions." To meet its
burden to establish coverage, the Association was thus obligated to establish that the
"property damages" awarded in the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit were caused by
an "occurrence" as defined in Mid-Continent's policies.
The trial court concluded in its Judgment that the Association met its burden to
establish that an "occurrence" caused property damage. It held:
[T]he property damage was caused by an "occurrence" as defined in the policies because it was caused by the negligence of GMB, which led to "continuous or repeated exposure" of the townhome exteriors to harmful conditions with each moisture-related weather event. Under the facts, there were separate "occurrences" at each of the 137 townhomes because each is a legally separate unit owned in fee simple by a separate owner, as shown in the [Declarations] for the [Subdivision]. In addition, at each of the separate 137 townhomes, there were separate "occurrences" each time there was a new moisture-related event that allowed for more damage to that home[] through its exterior cladding. The evidence at trial not only showed the first moisture-related weather event at each of the townhomes, showing when there was first "occurrence" at each townhome (see [Association's] Ex. 73); but the weather records from Olathe, Kansas weather station also showed repeated moisture-related weather events at each of the townhomes, meaning additional "occurrences" with each weather event. [citation omitted] Accordingly, the damages awarded in the underlying judgment were caused by an "occurrence" at each of the townhomes and, in fact, there were multiple occurrences that followed each initial occurrence.
Mid-Continent argues that the trial court's finding is in error. Mid-Continent
observes that "[t]he determinative inquiry into whether there was an 'occurrence' or
20 'accident' is whether the insured foresaw or expected the injury or damages." D.R. Sherry
Constr., Ltd. v. American Family Mut. Ins. Co., 316 S.W.3d 899, 905 (Mo. banc 2010).
It thus contends that complaints from homeowners about water leaks put GMB on notice
by November 2004, such that water damage to the 52 townhomes constructed by its
insured after that point cannot be characterized as an "occurrence."
Mid-Continent's argument is plainly negated by the findings in the judgment in the
Underlying Lawsuit. GMB was determined to be negligent in its role as developer
because, among other things, it failed to use reasonable care and prudence to "ascertain
that [the reported] water leaks and signs of water intrusion were indicative of pervasive
construction defects with the building envelopes of the units," and to "properly
investigate the[] issues with water leaks and water intrusion." Mid-Continent's present
argument thus constitutes an attack on the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit, as it
would require us to conclude that GMB knew or foresaw what the Kansas court held it
negligently had not determined. It is well settled that:
One who has undertaken to indemnify another against loss arising out of a certain claim and has notice and opportunity to defend an action brought upon such a claim is bound by the judgment entered in such action, and is not entitled, in an action against him for breach of his agreement to indemnify, to secure a retrial of the material facts which have been established by the judgment against the person indemnified.
Assurance Co. of America v. Secura Ins. Co., 384 S.W.3d 224, 232 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012)
(quoting 17 LEE R. RUSS, COUCH ON INSURANCE sec. 239:73 (3d ed. 1995).
In other words, an insurer who had notice of the litigation and the opportunity to control and manage it is bound by the result of the litigation, and the judgment rendered therein is conclusive in a later action on the
21 indemnity contract as to those issues and questions necessarily determined in the underlying judgment.
Id. at 232-33 (citing Whitehead v. Lakeside Hosp. Ass'n, 844 S.W.2d 475, 482 (Mo. App.
W.D. 1992)).
Here, the Kansas court necessarily determined that GMB breached duties owed to
the Association when it failed to investigate the water leaks reported by a few of the
homeowners to determine the cause of those leaks. The Kansas court found that GMB
failed to ascertain that the leaks were caused by a pervasive defect in the manner in which
the exterior cladding system had been and was continuing to be installed. We will not
entertain Mid-Continent's effort to challenge the determination that GMB was unaware of
the cause for the water leaks under the auspices of a claim of "no coverage." Id. at 231-
32 (holding that insurer's attempt to challenge coverage in equitable garnishment
proceeding on the basis that no "insured contract" existed was tantamount to an effort to
contest its insured's liability to the judgment creditor, a "question [that] has already been
conclusively determined").
Moreover, even if Mid-Continent was not foreclosed to contest whether GMB
knew about the cause of the water leaks before 52 of the townhomes had been
constructed, we would reject the argument on its merits. The trial court in the equitable
garnishment proceeding was free to accept Mr. Barnard's testimony that although water
leaks had been reported to him, that was not an unusual occurrence in new construction,
and he had no reason to believe or expect that the leaks were a function of pervasive
construction defects in the manner in which the exterior cladding system on each of the
22 townhomes had been installed. Mr. Bernard testified that GMB did not know that each
townhome suffered from pervasive construction defects involving installation of the
exterior cladding system until after the Underlying Lawsuit was filed. By this time, all
137 townhomes had been constructed. The only case cited by Mid-Continent to support
its argument that GMB foresaw the injury or damage to 52 of the townhomes merely
because it knew of isolated water leaks in some of the townhomes is Cincinnati Ins. Co.
v. Stolzer, 2010 WL481298 (E.D. Mo. 2010) (not reported in F. Supp. 2d). Unpublished
federal district court "decisions are neither binding nor persuasive precedent in Missouri
courts." State v. Ellis, 355 S.W.3d 522, 524 n.1 (Mo. App. E.D. 2011) (citing
Thornburgh Insulation v. J.W. Terrill, 236 S.W.3d 651, 656 n.4 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007)).
In any event, the case is distinguishable. In Stolzer, the cause of property damage (soil
instability) was foreseeable to the insured because a homeowner expressly asked the
insured to test the soil before construction, and the insured refused. 2010 WL481298 at
*6. The court thus concluded that the result--structural damage due to a soil condition--
was not unexpected. Id. Here, the cause of the property damage (defectively installed
exterior cladding system that permitted water intrusion) was not known to GMB or the
Association until after the Subdivision was built out. No one requested GMB to
investigate the exterior cladding system before construction of the townhomes was
completed.
"It is well-settled Missouri law that when a 'liability policy defines occurrence as
meaning accident, Missouri courts consider this to mean injury caused by the negligence
of the insured.'" Stark Liquidation Co. v. Florists' Mut. Ins. Co., 243 S.W.3d 385, 393
23 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007) (quoting Wood v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 980 S.W.2d 43, 49 (Mo.
App. E.D. 1998)). Treating the property damages sustained due to GMB's negligence as
an "occurrence" "comports with a reasonable person's expectation of liability coverage."
Assurance, 384 S.W.3d at 235 ("'A liability policy is designed to protect the insured from
fortuitous injury caused by his actions. If the injury occurs because of carelessness of the
insured, he reasonably expects the injury to be covered.'") (quoting Wood, 980 S.W.2d at
50). The trial court did not error in concluding that the exteriors of each townhome
suffered property damage as a result of an "occurrence" as defined in Mid-Continent's
Point four is denied.
Point Three
In its third point on appeal, Mid-Continent complains that the trial court abused its
discretion in denying it leave to file an amended answer to plead an exclusion to coverage
pursuant to endorsement CG 22 94 10 01 (the "your work" exclusion).
"The denial of leave to amend is within the discretion of the trial court and
presumed correct." Doran v. Chand, 284 S.W.3d 659, 666 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009).
"'[T]he burden is on the proponent to demonstrate that the trial court clearly and palpably
abused its discretion.'" Id. (quoting Kanefield v. SP Distrib. Co., 25 S.W.3d 492, 498
(Mo. App. E.D. 2000)).
24 Analysis
Mid-Continent filed a motion for leave to amend its answer on September 17,
2012, less than two months before the November 5, 2012 trial on the Association's claim
for equitable garnishment. The equitable garnishment lawsuit had been pending since
March 23, 2011. In its motion, Mid-Continent sought leave to assert that an exclusion set
forth in endorsement CG 22 94 10 01 (the "your work" exclusion) applied to defeat
coverage. The Association opposed Mid-Continent's motion. The trial court entered an
order on November 1, 2012 overruling the motion.
"A party [] does not have an absolute right to file an amended petition." Id. at 666.
The factors to be considered in determining whether to permit an amendment to a
pleading include:
1) hardship to the moving party if leave to amend is not granted; 2) reasons for failure to include any new matter in previous pleadings; 3) timeliness of the application; 4) whether an amendment could cure any defects of the moving party's pleading; and 5) injustice to the party opposing the motion.
Id. (quoting Moynihan v. City of Manchester, 203 S.W.3d 774, 776 (Mo. App. E.D.
2006)); Curnett v. Scott Melvin Trans., Inc., 903 S.W.2d 184, 193 (Mo. App. W.D.
1995).
The trial court's order denying Mid-Continent's motion for leave to amend its
answer to assert an additional exclusion to coverage acknowledged these controlling
principles, and went to great lengths to explain the basis for its ruling:
The Court has considered all of the foregoing factors and, in total, the weight of the factors clearly favors denying Mid-Continent's motion for
25 leave. Mid-Continent seeks to add12 as an affirmative policy defense the "your work" exclusion in its policies, and certainly there is some hardship in Mid-Continent not being able to advance an affirmative defense as there is inherently any time a party is not permitted to amend its pleading. Yet the facts demonstrate that Mid-Continent has been litigating the coverage issues in this case for over three and a half years (when the court considers Mid-Continent's previous declaratory judgment action, upon which Mid- Continent relies for its pleadings in this case),13 yet Mid-Continent never asserted the policy defense it now seeks to present as a claim in its pleadings. This is significant because plaintiffs have shown that they deposed Mid-Continent's corporate representative in the present action understanding that the "your work" exclusion was not included as an affirmative defense (which it was not), and then discussed each and every affirmative defense in Mid-Continent's answer as part of the deposition. At no time did Mid-Continent state or suggest in the deposition that the "your work" exclusion should be included among the affirmative defenses. The first time Mid-Continent made this assertion was in its motion for leave to amend filed after discovery had closed, after dispositive motions had been filed, and approximately six weeks before trial. The Court finds Mid- Continent's motion for leave highly untimely and would operate a significant injustice to plaintiffs if granted.
We have reviewed the record, and the arguments advanced in Mid-Continent's
Brief. We cannot find that the trial court "'clearly and palpably abused its discretion'" in
denying Mid-Continent's motion for leave to amend. Doran, 284 S.W.3d at 666 (quoting
Kanefield, 25 S.W.3d at 498).
12 The trial court's order contained a footnote at this location which stated: "Contrary to Mid-Continent's argument the "your work" exclusion is not contained in its current answer, either explicitly or by reference to the policy claims it asserted in its prior declaratory judgment action." 13 The trial court was referring to the fact that Mid-Continent filed a declaratory judgment action against GMB in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas on February 9, 2009 wherein it asserted six counts in a first amended petition, each of which purported to support a finding of no coverage for the Association's claims against GMB based on language in Mid-Continent's policies. None of the counts was predicated on endorsement CG 22 94 10 01, or even generally on the "your work" exclusion. The declaratory judgment action was stayed at GMB's request pending resolution of the Underlying Lawsuit. For reasons not explained in the record, the Kansas declaratory judgment action was subsequently dismissed by the Kansas federal court. Mid-Continent removed the Association's equitable garnishment case to the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri shortly after the case was filed. In the answer Mid-Continent filed following removal, it alleged as an affirmative defense that it had "no obligation to indemnify . . . GMB for the judgment [in the Underlying Lawsuit] for each and every reason stated in [Mid-Continent's] Complaint and any amendments thereto" filed in the declaratory judgment action. (Emphasis added.) The equitable garnishment was remanded to the Jackson County Circuit Court in July 2011.
26 Point three is denied.
Point Five
Finally, and in the alternative to its other points on appeal, Mid-Continent argues
that the trial court's judgment allocating 82/137 of the judgment in the Underlying
Lawsuit to its coverage is not supported by any evidence, as only 77 townhomes
experienced their first moisture-related weather event during the terms of its policies.
The number of townhomes that first experienced a moisture-related weather event
during Mid-Continent's policy terms is a factual determination. We apply "the standard
established by Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976)." Browning, 341
S.W.3d at 899. "Under this standard, the 'trial court's decision will be affirmed unless it
is not supported by substantial evidence, it is against the weight of the evidence, or it
misstates or misapplies the law.'" Id. (quoting Rissler, 316 S.W.3d at 536). In applying
this standard, we "'must view the evidence in [the] light most favorable to the judgment
and disregard all contrary evidence and permissible inferences.'" Id. (quoting Rissler,
316 S.W.3d at 536).
In apportioning responsibility for the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit between
State Auto and Mid-Continent, the trial court found "that each of the 137 townhomes
sustained actual damages at the time of the first moisture-related weather event following
completion of each townhome as shown on [the Association's] Ex. 73." The trial court
"applied principles of equity in apportioning the underlying judgment, and found that "of
27 the 137 townhomes" in the Subdivision, "52 townhomes sustained damage that began
during State Auto's policy periods," and "82 townhomes sustained damage that began
during [Mid-Continent's] policy periods," and "3 townhomes sustained damage that
began after [Mid-Continent's] policy periods." The trial court's Judgment expressly cited
to the Association's Exhibit 73 as the source for its findings.
Exhibit 73 is a chart that lists the townhomes that closed and first experienced a
moisture-related weather event during several timeframes: each year State Auto provided
coverage; the gap between the end of State Auto's last policy term and the beginning of
Mid-Continent's first policy term; each year Mid-Continent provided coverage; and the
period after Mid-Continent's final policy term expired. Exhibit 73 clearly and plainly
identifies 52 townhomes within State Auto's policy periods; 5 townhomes within the gap
in coverage period; 77 townhomes within Mid-Continent's policy periods; and 3
townhomes after Mid-Continent's final policy term expired. There is no evidence in the
record that 82 townhomes first sustained a moisture-related weather event during Mid-
Continent's policy periods.
Given the trial court's meticulous explanation in its Judgment for the
apportionment of the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit by reference to Exhibit 73, and
given that the trial court neglected to mention the 5 townhomes that first sustained
damage during the gap in coverage period, we believe the trial court mistakenly added
the 5 townhomes from the gap period to the 77 townhomes chargeable to Mid-Continent's
policy periods.
28 Whatever the explanation for the error, it is clear that no evidence supports
apportioning 82/137 of the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit to Mid-Continent.
Instead, 77/137 of the underlying judgment should have been apportioned to Mid-
Continent.
We vacate paragraphs 53 and 54 of the Judgment which mistakenly apportion
82/137 of the judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit to Mid-Continent. We need not
remand this matter to the trial court for recalculation of the amount of damages to be
awarded the Association against Mid-Continent. Because correction of the Judgment
requires a simple mathematical calculation, we exercise our discretion pursuant to Rule
84.14 to modify paragraphs 53 and 54 of the Judgment and to "give such judgment as the
court ought to give."
Point five is granted.
Conclusion
The trial court's Judgment is affirmed in its entirety except for paragraphs 53 and
54 which are vacated and modified to read as follows:
53. Under the facts presented, the Court finds that, of the 137 townhomes at the Villages of Deer Creek:
• 52 townhomes sustained damage that began during State Auto's policy periods;
• 5 townhomes sustained damage that began during the gap between State Auto's policies and MCC's14 policies;
14 The Judgment refers to Mid-Continent as MCC. We do the same in modifying the Judgment to avoid confusion.
29 • 77 townhomes sustained damage that began during MCC's policy periods; and
• 3 townhomes sustained damage that began after MCC's policy periods (see Plaintiff's Exhibit 73).
54. Accordingly, under the circumstances, as to the damages awarded to the Association in the underlying judgment -- $7,187,731.22 -- judgment should be awarded against Defendant MCC as follows:
MCC 77/137 X $7,187,731.22 = $4,039,819.74 (plus post-judgment interest on that amount at the rate of 4.75% per annum (the Kansas post-judgment interest rate as shown in the underlying judgment) from the date of the underlying judgment to the date of judgment in this case.15
__________________________________ Cynthia L. Martin, Judge
All concur
15 "The date of judgment in this case" refers to the date the Judgment was entered by the trial court and not to the date the Judgment was modified by this Opinion.