NUMBER 13-13-00153-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS- PAN AMERICAN, Appellant,
v.
ORISSA K. GONZALEZ, Appellee.
On appeal from the County Court at Law No. 8 of Hidalgo County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Perkes Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza Appellee, Orissa K. Gonzalez, filed suit against The University of Texas-Pan
American (UTPA) for injuries she sustained while taking a kinesiology class. UTPA filed
a plea to the jurisdiction and motion to dismiss. The trial court denied UTPA’s motions. 1
1 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(8) (West Supp. 2011) (permitting interlocutory appeal of an order granting or denying a plea to the jurisdiction by a governmental unit). By two issues, UTPA contends that the trial court erred in denying its motions because
Gonzalez: (1) failed to show that UTPA waived its sovereign immunity; and (2)
executed a release of liability holding UTPA harmless for any injuries sustained in the
class. We reverse and render judgment dismissing appellee’s claims for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction.
I. BACKGROUND2
In January 2009, Gonzalez, a kinesiology major, enrolled in an upper-division
“Theory of Wrestling” class at UTPA. At the beginning of the class, all of the students,
including Gonzalez, signed a “Release, Waiver, and Indemnity Agreement,” which
provided that UTPA was released from liability for any injuries sustained by a student as
a result of participation in the class.
On March 25, 2009, after approximately two months of class, the professor
instructed the students to “pair up” with a partner to practice a wrestling technique.
Gonzalez was paired up with another female student who arrived late to the class and
missed the professor’s warning that the technique could be dangerous. Gonzalez tried
the technique on her partner without incident. However, when her partner grabbed
Gonzalez’s left leg and twisted it, Gonzalez’s back “just popped” and she felt “intense
pain” in her leg. At the time of the injury, the professor was observing other students.
Gonzalez was taken to the hospital. She was eventually told that she had torn
ligaments in her knee which would require surgery. In her deposition testimony,
Gonzalez stated that when she enrolled in the class, she did not know it would involve
2 Gonzalez, pro se, did not file a brief to assist us in the disposition of this appeal. The background facts are drawn from UTPA’s brief, Gonzalez’s petition and deposition testimony, and other documents in the record.
2 physical contact. When instructed to participate in demonstrating the technique, she
told the professor she did not want to, but he said that participation was a main
component of her grade in the class.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND APPLICABLE LAW
A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea; its purpose is “to defeat a cause of
action without regard to whether the claims asserted have merit.” Bland Indep. Sch.
Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). The plea challenges the trial court's
jurisdiction over the subject matter of a pleaded cause of action. Tex. Dep't of Parks &
Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004); Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep't v.
Morris, 129 S.W.3d 804, 807 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.). Subject matter
jurisdiction is a question of law; therefore, an appellate court reviews de novo a trial
court's ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226; Morris, 129
S.W.3d at 807.
Because immunity from suit defeats a trial court's subject-matter jurisdiction, it
may be properly asserted in a jurisdictional plea. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 225–26. In a
suit against a governmental unit, the plaintiff must affirmatively demonstrate the court's
jurisdiction by alleging a valid waiver of immunity. Dallas Area Rapid Transit v. Whitley,
104 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. 2003). We assume the truth of the jurisdictional facts
alleged in the pleadings unless the defendant presents evidence to negate their
existence. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226–27. If a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the
jurisdictional facts, we consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties to resolve
the jurisdictional issues raised. City of Waco v. Kirwan, 298 S.W.3d 618, 622 (Tex.
2008) (citing Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227); see Bland Indep. Sch. Dist., 34 S.W.3d at
3 555. If that evidence creates a fact issue as to jurisdiction, then it is for the fact-finder to
decide. City of Waco, 298 S.W.3d at 622; Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227–28. “However,
if the relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional
issue, the trial court rules on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law.” Miranda,
133 S.W.3d at 228. After the defendant “asserts and supports with evidence that the
trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, we simply require the plaintiffs, when the
facts underlying the merits and subject matter jurisdiction are intertwined, to show that
there is a disputed material fact regarding the jurisdictional issue.” Id. This standard
“generally mirrors” that of a traditional motion for summary judgment. Id. When
reviewing a plea to the jurisdiction in which the pleading requirement has been met and
evidence has been submitted to support the plea that implicates the merits of the case,
we take as true all evidence favorable to the non-movant. Id.; see County of Cameron
v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002). We do not “weigh the claims’ merits but
must consider only the plaintiffs’ pleadings and the evidence pertinent to the
jurisdictional inquiry.” Brown, 80 S.W.3d at 555.
The Texas Supreme Court has long recognized that sovereign immunity, unless
waived, protects the State of Texas, its agencies, and its officials from lawsuits for
damages, absent legislative consent to sue the State. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 224.
“The Texas Tort Claims Act [TTCA] provides a limited waiver of sovereign immunity.”
Id. (citations omitted). “Sovereign immunity includes two distinct principles, immunity
from suit and immunity from liability.” Id. “Immunity from liability is an affirmative
defense, while immunity from suit deprives a court of subject matter jurisdiction.” Id.
4 Sovereign immunity protects public universities. Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor,
106 S.W.3d 692, 694 n.3 (Tex. 2003).
Sections 101.021 and 101.022 of the TTCA waive immunity in only three
scenarios: (1) negligent operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or equipment by a
state employee; (2) negligent use of tangible personal property by a state employee,
see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
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NUMBER 13-13-00153-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS- PAN AMERICAN, Appellant,
v.
ORISSA K. GONZALEZ, Appellee.
On appeal from the County Court at Law No. 8 of Hidalgo County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Perkes Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza Appellee, Orissa K. Gonzalez, filed suit against The University of Texas-Pan
American (UTPA) for injuries she sustained while taking a kinesiology class. UTPA filed
a plea to the jurisdiction and motion to dismiss. The trial court denied UTPA’s motions. 1
1 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(8) (West Supp. 2011) (permitting interlocutory appeal of an order granting or denying a plea to the jurisdiction by a governmental unit). By two issues, UTPA contends that the trial court erred in denying its motions because
Gonzalez: (1) failed to show that UTPA waived its sovereign immunity; and (2)
executed a release of liability holding UTPA harmless for any injuries sustained in the
class. We reverse and render judgment dismissing appellee’s claims for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction.
I. BACKGROUND2
In January 2009, Gonzalez, a kinesiology major, enrolled in an upper-division
“Theory of Wrestling” class at UTPA. At the beginning of the class, all of the students,
including Gonzalez, signed a “Release, Waiver, and Indemnity Agreement,” which
provided that UTPA was released from liability for any injuries sustained by a student as
a result of participation in the class.
On March 25, 2009, after approximately two months of class, the professor
instructed the students to “pair up” with a partner to practice a wrestling technique.
Gonzalez was paired up with another female student who arrived late to the class and
missed the professor’s warning that the technique could be dangerous. Gonzalez tried
the technique on her partner without incident. However, when her partner grabbed
Gonzalez’s left leg and twisted it, Gonzalez’s back “just popped” and she felt “intense
pain” in her leg. At the time of the injury, the professor was observing other students.
Gonzalez was taken to the hospital. She was eventually told that she had torn
ligaments in her knee which would require surgery. In her deposition testimony,
Gonzalez stated that when she enrolled in the class, she did not know it would involve
2 Gonzalez, pro se, did not file a brief to assist us in the disposition of this appeal. The background facts are drawn from UTPA’s brief, Gonzalez’s petition and deposition testimony, and other documents in the record.
2 physical contact. When instructed to participate in demonstrating the technique, she
told the professor she did not want to, but he said that participation was a main
component of her grade in the class.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND APPLICABLE LAW
A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea; its purpose is “to defeat a cause of
action without regard to whether the claims asserted have merit.” Bland Indep. Sch.
Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). The plea challenges the trial court's
jurisdiction over the subject matter of a pleaded cause of action. Tex. Dep't of Parks &
Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004); Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep't v.
Morris, 129 S.W.3d 804, 807 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.). Subject matter
jurisdiction is a question of law; therefore, an appellate court reviews de novo a trial
court's ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226; Morris, 129
S.W.3d at 807.
Because immunity from suit defeats a trial court's subject-matter jurisdiction, it
may be properly asserted in a jurisdictional plea. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 225–26. In a
suit against a governmental unit, the plaintiff must affirmatively demonstrate the court's
jurisdiction by alleging a valid waiver of immunity. Dallas Area Rapid Transit v. Whitley,
104 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. 2003). We assume the truth of the jurisdictional facts
alleged in the pleadings unless the defendant presents evidence to negate their
existence. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226–27. If a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the
jurisdictional facts, we consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties to resolve
the jurisdictional issues raised. City of Waco v. Kirwan, 298 S.W.3d 618, 622 (Tex.
2008) (citing Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227); see Bland Indep. Sch. Dist., 34 S.W.3d at
3 555. If that evidence creates a fact issue as to jurisdiction, then it is for the fact-finder to
decide. City of Waco, 298 S.W.3d at 622; Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227–28. “However,
if the relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional
issue, the trial court rules on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law.” Miranda,
133 S.W.3d at 228. After the defendant “asserts and supports with evidence that the
trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, we simply require the plaintiffs, when the
facts underlying the merits and subject matter jurisdiction are intertwined, to show that
there is a disputed material fact regarding the jurisdictional issue.” Id. This standard
“generally mirrors” that of a traditional motion for summary judgment. Id. When
reviewing a plea to the jurisdiction in which the pleading requirement has been met and
evidence has been submitted to support the plea that implicates the merits of the case,
we take as true all evidence favorable to the non-movant. Id.; see County of Cameron
v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002). We do not “weigh the claims’ merits but
must consider only the plaintiffs’ pleadings and the evidence pertinent to the
jurisdictional inquiry.” Brown, 80 S.W.3d at 555.
The Texas Supreme Court has long recognized that sovereign immunity, unless
waived, protects the State of Texas, its agencies, and its officials from lawsuits for
damages, absent legislative consent to sue the State. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 224.
“The Texas Tort Claims Act [TTCA] provides a limited waiver of sovereign immunity.”
Id. (citations omitted). “Sovereign immunity includes two distinct principles, immunity
from suit and immunity from liability.” Id. “Immunity from liability is an affirmative
defense, while immunity from suit deprives a court of subject matter jurisdiction.” Id.
4 Sovereign immunity protects public universities. Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor,
106 S.W.3d 692, 694 n.3 (Tex. 2003).
Sections 101.021 and 101.022 of the TTCA waive immunity in only three
scenarios: (1) negligent operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or equipment by a
state employee; (2) negligent use of tangible personal property by a state employee,
see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021 (West 2011); and (3) premises
defects, see id. § 101.022.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Premises Defect Claim
Appellee has not alleged either: (1) that a motor vehicle or motor-driven
equipment caused her injury; or (2) that tangible personal property was used by a UTPA
employee. She has, however, alleged a claim for premises liability. Specifically,
appellee alleged that: (1) she was an invitee; (2) UTPA was the possessor of the
premises; (3) a condition on the premises posed an unreasonable risk of harm; (4)
UTPA knew or reasonably should have known of the danger; (5) UTPA breached its
duty of ordinary care by failing to adequately warn her of the condition and by failing to
make the condition reasonably safe; and (6) UTPA’s breach proximately caused her
injuries.
A governmental unit does not waive sovereign liability for a premises defect
unless it is shown that a premises defect existed. Brown, 80 S.W.3d at 554. The term
“premises” has been defined as a building or part thereof with its grounds and
appurtenances. Stephen F. Austin State Univ. v. Flynn, 202 S.W.3d 167, 173 (Tex.
App.—Tyler 2004), rev’d on other grounds, 228 S.W.3d 653 (Tex. 2007). “Defect” has
5 been defined as a shortcoming, an imperfection, or the want of something necessary for
completeness.” Id. Here, appellee was required to show that (1) UTPA knew or should
have known (2) of a dangerous condition on the premises (3) that presented an
unreasonable risk of harm and (4) that the condition proximately caused her injuries.
See Brinson Ford, Inc. v. Alger, 228 S.W.3d 161, 162 (Tex. 2007); see also Craig. v.
Beeville Family Practice, LLP, No. 13-10-405-CV, 2012 WL 1656492, at *3 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi May 10, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.).
In her deposition testimony, appellee testified that her injuries were caused by
her partner—another student—grabbing her leg and turning it:
Q [UTPA’s counsel]: And you felt the pain and then crumpled to the ground?
A [appellee]: Yes, sir.
Q: All right. So the ground didn’t hurt you, correct?
A: No.
Q: And nothing—nothing in the actual room hurt you?
Q: It was just the girl and the technique she was using?
A: Yes.
Q: All right. Do you remember the name of the student who did the technique on you?
A: It was—I don’t recall her name.
Q: All right. But you know she was another student—
6 Q: —at UTPA?
A: (Moving head up and down)
Q: And she was in the class?
Q: All right. And [the professor] was not standing over you when this happened?
In her response to UTPA’s plea to the jurisdiction, appellee asserted that “[t]he
premises were designed for gymnastic[s] not wrestling[,] creating a shortcoming, an
imperfection and want of something necessary for completeness.” Appellee asserted
that although she did not feel comfortable participating in the activity, the professor told
her it was mandatory and her grade would be affected. According to appellee, UTPA
had “knowledge of the dangerous condition” and “created the dangerous condition.”
We conclude that appellee’s deposition testimony established that her injuries
were caused by another student, not by a premises defect. She therefore failed to show
that there is a disputed material fact regarding the jurisdictional issue, see Miranda, 133
S.W.3d at 228, and the trial court erred in denying UTPA’s plea to the jurisdiction as to
appellee’s premises defect claim.
B. Negligence Claim
A plaintiff alleging that her injuries were caused by a governmental entity’s
negligence must plead and show: (1) that the injury was caused by a “use of tangible
personal property and (2) that a paid employee of the governmental unit was the “user”
7 of the tangible personal property. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021(2);
San Antonio State Hosp. v. Cowan, 128 S.W.3d 244, 245–46 (Tex. 2004).
Here, as to her negligence claim, appellee’s petition alleged only that UTPA
owed her a duty, breached its duty, and caused her injuries. As shown above,
appellee’s deposition testimony established that her injuries were caused by another
student, not by the use of any tangible personal property by a UTPA employee. We
conclude that appellee failed to show that there is a disputed material fact regarding the
jurisdictional issue as to her negligence claim, and the trial court erred in denying
UTPA’s plea to the jurisidiction as to that claim. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228.
IV. CONCLUSION
Having found that sovereign immunity has not been waived, we need not
address UTPA’s contention that appellee’s execution of the release mandated dismissal
of her claims. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1. We reverse the trial court’s order denying
UTPA’s plea to the jurisdiction. We render judgment dismissing appellee’s claims for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
________________________ DORI CONTRERAS GARZA, Justice
Delivered and filed the 15th day of August, 2013.