STORY, Circuit Justice.
The ship St. Lawrence and cargo were captured by the privateer America, John Kehew commander, on the 20th of 'June, 1813, on a voyage from Liverpool in Great Britain to the United States. Prom the papers and preparatory examinations it appears, that the St. Lawrence is an American ship; that she sailed from New York in the spring of 1812, and arrived at. Liverpool in the ensuing summer. Prom thence she sailed to some port in Sweden, or in the Baltic, with a British license to protect her on her voyage thither, and on her return to Liverpool and the United States. She was frozen up in some northern port during the last winter, and returned to Liverpool in April, 1S13. During all this time, she was owned by Messrs. Thompson & Dickey, American merchants residing at Baltimore. Early in the month of May, 1S13, the agents of Messrs. Thompson & Dickey at Liverpool contracted for the sale of the ship, or actually sold her to the mercantile firm of Messrs. Ogden, Richards, & Selden, (of whom the two latter are resident merchants at Liverpool, and the former at New York,) the one half on their own account, or the account of one of the partners, the other half on account of the claimant, Mr. Alexander McGregore. After this supposed sale, the present master was appointed to the command by Messrs. Ogden, Richards, & Selden. No bill of sale of the ship was actually made, and the contract was left to be ratified by the original owners in the United States. No transfer has ever been made by the latter, and yet the ship is now claimed by Messrs. Ogden & McGregore, as-their own property.
The cargo, which, with a very inconsiderable exception, consists of British manufactures, was taken on board at Liverpool, and the ship sailed from thence about the 30th of May, 1813, protected by a British license and passport from Lord Sidmouth, against British capture during the voyage. Mr. Mc-Gregore and family were passengers in the-ship. From his examination in preparatory, and the papers on board, it appears that he is a native of Scotland; that in January, 1795, he was naturalized as a citizen of the United States; that for the last seven years he has resided, as a merchant, in Liverpool,, where he married his present wife, and where four of his children were born. He seems to have received his permission to come to the United States, in the character of a British subject, by a passport from Lord Sidmouth; whereas the passports to other passengers, who were American citizens, were from the alien office. Mr. McGregore does not pretend that his residence in Liverpool was for temporary purposes; and it must therefore be taken upon general principles, as his place of permanent domicile for purposes of trade. The bills of lading of the cargo, which are all in a general form, consigned “to order,” were delivered up to the captors; but all the invoices and letters, which respected the title and character thereof, though admitted to have been on board, were retained and suppressed by the master, who, to use his own expression, “has done with them what he had a right to do.” Mr. McGregore states, that they have been delivered to the consignees. However this may be, they have been and still are studiously and obstinately suppressed; and have never been offered to the view of the court.
The conduct of the master is in the highest degree reprehensible. He has been guilty of a flagrant breach of duty; and since the suppression has been persevered in and countenanced by the consignees, it cannot but afford the most violent suspicions of concealed enemy interests. Under such circumstances, it would be difficult to relieve the great majority, if not the whole of the claims, from the imputation of an hostile character; and, coupling the suppression with the origin of the voyage, I should hold it my duty to pronounce a general confiscation. The cause however may well be disposed of upon other more general grounds, and I shall therefore waive the decision of it upon that, to which I have alluded.
Various claims have been interposed, independent of those of Messrs. Ogden & Mc-Gregore, (which cover the ship and part of the cargo) in behalf of citizens of the United States. The claiming party however, in all these cases, is Mr. Ogden, who seems to act [181]*181as general agent for all concerned. I cannot approve of this course. Where the parties live in the United States, and are under no disability, I can perceive no law or reason to countananee a claim and affidavit by a more nominal agent. It cannot but lead to the most unjustifiable irregularities, and perhaps to the most mischievous frauds. A nominal party may set up his pretensions before the court, and, while he makes no affidavit of real interest, may find an easy agent to credit or to assert any plausible tale before the court, without any hazard of detection. I do not pretend to impute any such misconduct to the present parties; yet I think it would be difficult to say, that their conduct might not, if strictly scrutinized, warrant such an interpretation. I disclaim however any intention to make the inference, in this case.
All the claims thus interposed by Mr. Ogden, with one exception, claim the property as purchased with funds or debts due in England before the war. Mr. Penniman’s claim alleges, that the goods were actually purchased before the war. Now I cannot but remark, that if these facts were material, it would be somewhat difficult to conjecture, how they should have been known to Mr. Ogden. He must take them upon the assertion of the parties; and if so, I beg to know, why they cannot also assert the facts in a more solemn manner, and with more solemn proof to the court?
The facts, however, are not in my judgment material. It is a principle of settled law, which cannot now be brought into controversy, that all trade with the public enemy without a license is illegal, and subjects the property engaged therein to condemnation. And it is no excuse, that the property was purchased before the war, much less that the funds only, and not the purchase, existed before the war in the enemy country.
The cases of The Lady Jane. The Juffrouw Louisa Margaretha. The "William, and The St. Philip, cited in The Hoop, 1 C. Rob. Adm. 100. and Potts v. Bell, 8 Term R. 548, would alone be decisive; and on principle it seems to me, that the same must be the legal result. These eases clearly show, that the circumstances of funds in an enemy country, or purchase of goods before the war, will not shelter the party from the operation of the rule, as to illegal traffic. T will not, therefore, take up time by any elementary reasoning on the subject.
The claim of Mr. McGregore seems to have received a distinct consideration in the district court, upon the supposition that he was to be deemed an American citizen changing his domicile, and in itinere to resume his American character. I will not stop to consider, whether this is true in point of fact; because, admitting it in the broadest terms, it cannot exempt his property from confiscation. If an American citizen could not lawfully go to Great Britain, and take away merchandize purchased before the war, I am at a loss to perceive, how an American citizen, domiciled there, could acquire higher privileges. It is not pretended that Mr. Mc-Gregore purchased these goods before the war, and I will add, that he has not, in any affidavit, given us any particular account of the ownership. "We have his word only for the title and the extent of his claim; a claim also made by an agent, although he was himself upon the very spot
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STORY, Circuit Justice.
The ship St. Lawrence and cargo were captured by the privateer America, John Kehew commander, on the 20th of 'June, 1813, on a voyage from Liverpool in Great Britain to the United States. Prom the papers and preparatory examinations it appears, that the St. Lawrence is an American ship; that she sailed from New York in the spring of 1812, and arrived at. Liverpool in the ensuing summer. Prom thence she sailed to some port in Sweden, or in the Baltic, with a British license to protect her on her voyage thither, and on her return to Liverpool and the United States. She was frozen up in some northern port during the last winter, and returned to Liverpool in April, 1S13. During all this time, she was owned by Messrs. Thompson & Dickey, American merchants residing at Baltimore. Early in the month of May, 1S13, the agents of Messrs. Thompson & Dickey at Liverpool contracted for the sale of the ship, or actually sold her to the mercantile firm of Messrs. Ogden, Richards, & Selden, (of whom the two latter are resident merchants at Liverpool, and the former at New York,) the one half on their own account, or the account of one of the partners, the other half on account of the claimant, Mr. Alexander McGregore. After this supposed sale, the present master was appointed to the command by Messrs. Ogden, Richards, & Selden. No bill of sale of the ship was actually made, and the contract was left to be ratified by the original owners in the United States. No transfer has ever been made by the latter, and yet the ship is now claimed by Messrs. Ogden & McGregore, as-their own property.
The cargo, which, with a very inconsiderable exception, consists of British manufactures, was taken on board at Liverpool, and the ship sailed from thence about the 30th of May, 1813, protected by a British license and passport from Lord Sidmouth, against British capture during the voyage. Mr. Mc-Gregore and family were passengers in the-ship. From his examination in preparatory, and the papers on board, it appears that he is a native of Scotland; that in January, 1795, he was naturalized as a citizen of the United States; that for the last seven years he has resided, as a merchant, in Liverpool,, where he married his present wife, and where four of his children were born. He seems to have received his permission to come to the United States, in the character of a British subject, by a passport from Lord Sidmouth; whereas the passports to other passengers, who were American citizens, were from the alien office. Mr. McGregore does not pretend that his residence in Liverpool was for temporary purposes; and it must therefore be taken upon general principles, as his place of permanent domicile for purposes of trade. The bills of lading of the cargo, which are all in a general form, consigned “to order,” were delivered up to the captors; but all the invoices and letters, which respected the title and character thereof, though admitted to have been on board, were retained and suppressed by the master, who, to use his own expression, “has done with them what he had a right to do.” Mr. McGregore states, that they have been delivered to the consignees. However this may be, they have been and still are studiously and obstinately suppressed; and have never been offered to the view of the court.
The conduct of the master is in the highest degree reprehensible. He has been guilty of a flagrant breach of duty; and since the suppression has been persevered in and countenanced by the consignees, it cannot but afford the most violent suspicions of concealed enemy interests. Under such circumstances, it would be difficult to relieve the great majority, if not the whole of the claims, from the imputation of an hostile character; and, coupling the suppression with the origin of the voyage, I should hold it my duty to pronounce a general confiscation. The cause however may well be disposed of upon other more general grounds, and I shall therefore waive the decision of it upon that, to which I have alluded.
Various claims have been interposed, independent of those of Messrs. Ogden & Mc-Gregore, (which cover the ship and part of the cargo) in behalf of citizens of the United States. The claiming party however, in all these cases, is Mr. Ogden, who seems to act [181]*181as general agent for all concerned. I cannot approve of this course. Where the parties live in the United States, and are under no disability, I can perceive no law or reason to countananee a claim and affidavit by a more nominal agent. It cannot but lead to the most unjustifiable irregularities, and perhaps to the most mischievous frauds. A nominal party may set up his pretensions before the court, and, while he makes no affidavit of real interest, may find an easy agent to credit or to assert any plausible tale before the court, without any hazard of detection. I do not pretend to impute any such misconduct to the present parties; yet I think it would be difficult to say, that their conduct might not, if strictly scrutinized, warrant such an interpretation. I disclaim however any intention to make the inference, in this case.
All the claims thus interposed by Mr. Ogden, with one exception, claim the property as purchased with funds or debts due in England before the war. Mr. Penniman’s claim alleges, that the goods were actually purchased before the war. Now I cannot but remark, that if these facts were material, it would be somewhat difficult to conjecture, how they should have been known to Mr. Ogden. He must take them upon the assertion of the parties; and if so, I beg to know, why they cannot also assert the facts in a more solemn manner, and with more solemn proof to the court?
The facts, however, are not in my judgment material. It is a principle of settled law, which cannot now be brought into controversy, that all trade with the public enemy without a license is illegal, and subjects the property engaged therein to condemnation. And it is no excuse, that the property was purchased before the war, much less that the funds only, and not the purchase, existed before the war in the enemy country.
The cases of The Lady Jane. The Juffrouw Louisa Margaretha. The "William, and The St. Philip, cited in The Hoop, 1 C. Rob. Adm. 100. and Potts v. Bell, 8 Term R. 548, would alone be decisive; and on principle it seems to me, that the same must be the legal result. These eases clearly show, that the circumstances of funds in an enemy country, or purchase of goods before the war, will not shelter the party from the operation of the rule, as to illegal traffic. T will not, therefore, take up time by any elementary reasoning on the subject.
The claim of Mr. McGregore seems to have received a distinct consideration in the district court, upon the supposition that he was to be deemed an American citizen changing his domicile, and in itinere to resume his American character. I will not stop to consider, whether this is true in point of fact; because, admitting it in the broadest terms, it cannot exempt his property from confiscation. If an American citizen could not lawfully go to Great Britain, and take away merchandize purchased before the war, I am at a loss to perceive, how an American citizen, domiciled there, could acquire higher privileges. It is not pretended that Mr. Mc-Gregore purchased these goods before the war, and I will add, that he has not, in any affidavit, given us any particular account of the ownership. "We have his word only for the title and the extent of his claim; a claim also made by an agent, although he was himself upon the very spot
The cases, in which the party’s putting himself in itinere, to return to his native country, has been held to exempt his properly from the hostile character acquired by the residence, are cases where such property has been engaged in a trade completely lawful in the native character. But the principle never has been and never could be extended to protect a trade, which- was illegal in a native citizen; more especially a trade which in the native character would be in the highest degree noxious. This distinction pervades the cases, and reconciles all the apparent inconsistency. See The William, cited in The Hoop, 1 C. Rob. Adm. 19ti, and S Term R. 548; The Indian Chief, 3 C. Rob. Adm. 12.
In either view, therefore, in the character of a British subject or an American citizen, Mr. McGregore’s property is liable to confiscation. I should have been glad to have avoided the decision of this claim, from motives of delicacy, which are known to the counsel; but it has been required at my hands, and if I am wrong, it is a source of great consolation, that the cause can go to the highest tribunal.
As to the adventure claimed by Mr. Webb, the master, it appears that it consists partly of Russian manufactures, sent by him to England, and partly of British manufactures, purchased since the war, from his funds previously remitted there. Mr. Webb sailed from Archangel in June, 1812, and arrived in England in the following October. The goods purchased in England must of course be condemned. As to the Russian goods, I should have been glad to have given them a more indulgent consideration. But no case exists, to my knowledge, in which the origin of the goods has afforded a favorable distinction, to exempt them from the general rule. They are not of great value, and I hope that the captors, notwithstanding the master’s misconduct, will not insist upon an application of the unrelaxed rule, in its full rigor, to either part of the master’s adventure.
The claim of Messrs. Ogden & McGreg-ore, so far as respects the ship, is utterly unsupported in fact. But let the ship belong to whom she may, enemies or citizens, she must share the general fate of the cargo.
I reverse the decree of the district court, reject the claims of the parties, and also the claim of the United States, interposed for a forfeiture of the ship and cargo under the non-importation act, and condemn the whole, as good and lawful prize to the captors.
[182]*182After this decree was rendered, and an appeal allowed to the supreme court, the captors moved for a sale of the ship and cargo.
STORY, Circuit Justice. I consider that this motion is to be granted almost as of course. The practice is well settled; but considering all circumstances I shall order the proceeds of the sales to be retained by the court, and deposited in the public banks at Portsmouth, to await the final orders of the court.