MILLER, District Judge.
A maritime lien was considered the foundation of proceedings in rem when admiralty and maritime jurisdiction was conferred upon the federal courts. Such proceeding was to make perfect a right inchoate from the moment the lien attached. When a maritime lien existed, a proceeding in rem was the proper course to carry it into effect. An act of congress, approved September 29, 1789, entitled “An aet to regulate process in the-courts of the United States” (1 Stat. 93), directed that the forms and modes of proceeding in causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction should be according to the course of the civil law. By the act of May 8, 1792 (1 Stat. 275), it is provided, “That the forms of writs, executions and other process, except their style and the forms and modes of proceeding in suits in those of common law, shall be the •same as are now used in the said courts respectively, in pursuance of the act entitled ‘An act to regulate processes in the courts of the United States,’ in those of equity, and in those of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, according to the principles, rules and usages which belong to courts of equity, and to courts of admiralty, respectively, as contradistinguish-ed from, courts of common law, except so far as may have been provided for by the act to establish the judicial courts of the United States, subject, however, to such alterations and additions as the said courts respectively shall, in their discretion, deem expedient, or to such regulations as the supreme court of the United States shall think proper, from time to time, by rule, to prescribe to any circuit or district court concerning the same.”
The power here conferred on the supreme court was enlarged by an act of congress, approved August 23, 1842. 5 Stat. 517, § 6. Pursuant to the authority of these two acts of congress, the supreme court of the United States at the January term, 1842, adopted rules-of practice for the courts of admiralty. One of these rules is this rule 12. “In all suits by material men for supplies or repairs, or other necessaries, for a foreign vessel or ship, or for a ship in a foreign port, the libellant may proceed against the ship and freight in rem, or against the master or the owner alone in per-sonam. And the like proceeding in rem shall apply to cases of domestic ships where, by the local law, a lien is given to material men for supplies, repairs or other necessaries.”
At the December term of the supreme court. 1858, the said twelfth rule of practice was repealed, and the following rule was substituted in its place: “In all suits by material men for supplies or repairs, or other necessaries, for a foreign ship or for a ship in a foreign port, the libellant may proceed against the ship and freight in rem, or against the master or owner alone in personam. And the like proceeding in personam, but not in rem, shall apply to cases of domestic ships for supplies, repairs, or other necessaries.” If this rule had not been repealed nor modified, these libellants could not maintain this libel in rem. But at the December term of the supreme court of 1871, the said twelfth rule was amended so as to read: “In all suits by material men for supplies or repairs, or other necessaries, the libellants may proceed against the ship and freight in rem, or against the master or owner alone in person-am.” This libel is brought under this last rule.
The ninth section of the aet to establish the judicial courts of the United States (1 Stat. 73), confers upon the district courts “exclusive original cognizance of all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction.” The English rules, that were supposed to exist at the date of the adoption of the constitution of the United States, and when the aDove mentioned act was passed by congress, that the admiralty jurisdiction did not extend beyond tide waters, and that proceedings in rem could only be sustained for the adjudication of a maritime lien, have been exploded. The admiralty and maritime jurisdiction granted to the federal government by the constitution of the United States, is not limited to tide waters, but ex[1050]*1050tends to all public navigable lakes and rivers where commerce is carried on between different states and with foreign nations. The Genesee Chief, 12 How. [53 U. S.] 443, and many subsequent decisions. Liens by bottomry bonds, for seamen’s wages, salvage service, and for supplies or repairs in a foreign port, are supposed to be founded on contracts upon the credit of the vessel, and are distinguished from contracts at the home port of the vessel, which are contracts on shore on the credit of the owner. Contracts at the home port for repairs, supplies or the use, or insurance of a vessel, are now considered as maritime contracts cognizable in the admiralty. In the case of The Moses Taylor, 4 Wall. [71 U. S.] 411, it is announced that the distinguishing and characteristic feature in a suit in admiralty is that the vessel proceeded against is itself seized and impleaded as a defendant, and is judged and condemned accordingly. And in The Hine v. Trevor. Id. 555, and in New England Mutual Marine Ins. Co. v. Dunham, 11 Wall. [78 U. S.] 1, it is stated that the true criterion, whether contracts are within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, is their nature and subject-matter, as whether they are maritime contracts having reference to maritime service, maritime transactions, or maritime casualties, without regard to the place where they are made. I n view of these principles it was held in this case that the contract of marine insurance is a maritime contract within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, in person&m.
I think it is now settled that these libellants ■can maintain their libel in rem, for the recovery of their claim for repairs and supplies. The question is not presented in this case whether the lien attached at the date of the work done and the supplies furnished, or by The attachment under the monition. My impression at present is that the rule merely extends a remedy to a domestic creditor, and that bis lien attaches by the seizure.
It is clear that a mortgagee of a vessel has no maritime lien, nor remedy in rem, in the ■admiralty courts. The mere mortgage of a vessel, other than that of an hypothecated bot-tomry, is a contract without any of the characteristics or attendants of a maritime loan, and is entered into by the parties to it without reference to navigation or perils of the :sea. The John Jay, 17 How. [58 U. S.] 399. The record of the mortgage set up in the answer makes it a legal lien, but not a maritime lien. Tlie mortgagee, as such, cannot proceed In this court in rem for the condemnation and •sale of the vessel. After a sale of a vessel under an admiralty decree, the mortgagee can petition the court for payment out of remnants •and surplus. A legal title passes conditionally by the mortgagor to the mortgagee, and it is more equitable to pay out of the registry the ■surplus of proceeds of sale of a vessel to a mortgagee, than to the owner of the equity of redemption. The mortgagee was allowed as the conditional owner of the vessel, and in the absence of the mortgagor, to appear and set up his mortgage, and claim that it is a legal lien on this vessel, prior in date to the attachment under the libellants’ monition, and also prior to their contract propounded in their libel.
The state law provides for a lien for supplies and repairs upon boats and vessels used in navigating the waters of the state, and authorizes proceedings in rem against said boats and vessels. Whether this law has any validity as authority for such proceedings in the state courts, I need not decide. Since the eases of The Belfast, 7 Wall. [74 U.
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MILLER, District Judge.
A maritime lien was considered the foundation of proceedings in rem when admiralty and maritime jurisdiction was conferred upon the federal courts. Such proceeding was to make perfect a right inchoate from the moment the lien attached. When a maritime lien existed, a proceeding in rem was the proper course to carry it into effect. An act of congress, approved September 29, 1789, entitled “An aet to regulate process in the-courts of the United States” (1 Stat. 93), directed that the forms and modes of proceeding in causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction should be according to the course of the civil law. By the act of May 8, 1792 (1 Stat. 275), it is provided, “That the forms of writs, executions and other process, except their style and the forms and modes of proceeding in suits in those of common law, shall be the •same as are now used in the said courts respectively, in pursuance of the act entitled ‘An act to regulate processes in the courts of the United States,’ in those of equity, and in those of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, according to the principles, rules and usages which belong to courts of equity, and to courts of admiralty, respectively, as contradistinguish-ed from, courts of common law, except so far as may have been provided for by the act to establish the judicial courts of the United States, subject, however, to such alterations and additions as the said courts respectively shall, in their discretion, deem expedient, or to such regulations as the supreme court of the United States shall think proper, from time to time, by rule, to prescribe to any circuit or district court concerning the same.”
The power here conferred on the supreme court was enlarged by an act of congress, approved August 23, 1842. 5 Stat. 517, § 6. Pursuant to the authority of these two acts of congress, the supreme court of the United States at the January term, 1842, adopted rules-of practice for the courts of admiralty. One of these rules is this rule 12. “In all suits by material men for supplies or repairs, or other necessaries, for a foreign vessel or ship, or for a ship in a foreign port, the libellant may proceed against the ship and freight in rem, or against the master or the owner alone in per-sonam. And the like proceeding in rem shall apply to cases of domestic ships where, by the local law, a lien is given to material men for supplies, repairs or other necessaries.”
At the December term of the supreme court. 1858, the said twelfth rule of practice was repealed, and the following rule was substituted in its place: “In all suits by material men for supplies or repairs, or other necessaries, for a foreign ship or for a ship in a foreign port, the libellant may proceed against the ship and freight in rem, or against the master or owner alone in personam. And the like proceeding in personam, but not in rem, shall apply to cases of domestic ships for supplies, repairs, or other necessaries.” If this rule had not been repealed nor modified, these libellants could not maintain this libel in rem. But at the December term of the supreme court of 1871, the said twelfth rule was amended so as to read: “In all suits by material men for supplies or repairs, or other necessaries, the libellants may proceed against the ship and freight in rem, or against the master or owner alone in person-am.” This libel is brought under this last rule.
The ninth section of the aet to establish the judicial courts of the United States (1 Stat. 73), confers upon the district courts “exclusive original cognizance of all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction.” The English rules, that were supposed to exist at the date of the adoption of the constitution of the United States, and when the aDove mentioned act was passed by congress, that the admiralty jurisdiction did not extend beyond tide waters, and that proceedings in rem could only be sustained for the adjudication of a maritime lien, have been exploded. The admiralty and maritime jurisdiction granted to the federal government by the constitution of the United States, is not limited to tide waters, but ex[1050]*1050tends to all public navigable lakes and rivers where commerce is carried on between different states and with foreign nations. The Genesee Chief, 12 How. [53 U. S.] 443, and many subsequent decisions. Liens by bottomry bonds, for seamen’s wages, salvage service, and for supplies or repairs in a foreign port, are supposed to be founded on contracts upon the credit of the vessel, and are distinguished from contracts at the home port of the vessel, which are contracts on shore on the credit of the owner. Contracts at the home port for repairs, supplies or the use, or insurance of a vessel, are now considered as maritime contracts cognizable in the admiralty. In the case of The Moses Taylor, 4 Wall. [71 U. S.] 411, it is announced that the distinguishing and characteristic feature in a suit in admiralty is that the vessel proceeded against is itself seized and impleaded as a defendant, and is judged and condemned accordingly. And in The Hine v. Trevor. Id. 555, and in New England Mutual Marine Ins. Co. v. Dunham, 11 Wall. [78 U. S.] 1, it is stated that the true criterion, whether contracts are within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, is their nature and subject-matter, as whether they are maritime contracts having reference to maritime service, maritime transactions, or maritime casualties, without regard to the place where they are made. I n view of these principles it was held in this case that the contract of marine insurance is a maritime contract within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, in person&m.
I think it is now settled that these libellants ■can maintain their libel in rem, for the recovery of their claim for repairs and supplies. The question is not presented in this case whether the lien attached at the date of the work done and the supplies furnished, or by The attachment under the monition. My impression at present is that the rule merely extends a remedy to a domestic creditor, and that bis lien attaches by the seizure.
It is clear that a mortgagee of a vessel has no maritime lien, nor remedy in rem, in the ■admiralty courts. The mere mortgage of a vessel, other than that of an hypothecated bot-tomry, is a contract without any of the characteristics or attendants of a maritime loan, and is entered into by the parties to it without reference to navigation or perils of the :sea. The John Jay, 17 How. [58 U. S.] 399. The record of the mortgage set up in the answer makes it a legal lien, but not a maritime lien. Tlie mortgagee, as such, cannot proceed In this court in rem for the condemnation and •sale of the vessel. After a sale of a vessel under an admiralty decree, the mortgagee can petition the court for payment out of remnants •and surplus. A legal title passes conditionally by the mortgagor to the mortgagee, and it is more equitable to pay out of the registry the ■surplus of proceeds of sale of a vessel to a mortgagee, than to the owner of the equity of redemption. The mortgagee was allowed as the conditional owner of the vessel, and in the absence of the mortgagor, to appear and set up his mortgage, and claim that it is a legal lien on this vessel, prior in date to the attachment under the libellants’ monition, and also prior to their contract propounded in their libel.
The state law provides for a lien for supplies and repairs upon boats and vessels used in navigating the waters of the state, and authorizes proceedings in rem against said boats and vessels. Whether this law has any validity as authority for such proceedings in the state courts, I need not decide. Since the eases of The Belfast, 7 Wall. [74 U. S.] 624, The Moses Taylor [supra], and The Hine v. Trevor [supra], it is nugatory as authority for such proceeding in this court. The states can neither enlarge nor limit the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the federal courts. The constitution and laws of the United States necessarily conferred exclusive admiralty and maritime jurisdiction upon the federal courts for the protection of commerce and for the preservation of amicable commercial relations with foreign nations. This vessel is libelled as a national enrolled and licensed vessel used in navigating the lakes, and is not within the scope of the state law.
The libellants might have proceeded in the state court against the owner of the vessel, or in this court, in personalm, and before the modification of the rule, they would have had to make choice of these remedies.
A sale of the vessel under an execution against the owner, issued from either of the courts, might not disturb the mortgagee’s interest. The modification or alteration of rule 12 was no doubt intended to place contracts for repairs and supplies for all ships and vessels on an equality as to proceeding in the admiralty, whether foreign or domestic. All distinction in regard to proceeding in rem is abolished; but I do not suppose it was intended by the supreme court to abrogate the distinction between a domestic contract for supplies and repairs and a maritime lien upon a foreign vessel. The alteration of the rule, in my opinion, applies to the character of tlie process to be used, and has no relation to the question of jurisdiction. The rules established or altered by the supreme court, under legislative authority, are not rules of decision, but are merely rules of practice, prospective in their operation. The St. Lawrence, 1 Black [66 U. S.] 522. In that ease it is decided tnat the change of the rule in the year 1844, prohibiting a proceeding in rent on domestic contracts, could not interrupt the prosecution of a libel pending on such a contract. But in this case the mortgagee rested upon his mortgage and its record, without having either instituted proceedings for the recovery of the amount secured, or having taken possession of the vessel under his mortgage. The mortgagee had knowledge of the repairs being made ou the vessel by the libellants, who thereby made her a more valuable security. And it appears that the libellants, with knowledge of the mortgage, expended a large amount in sup-[1051]*1051lilies and repairs, under the belief that they had a right to attach the vessel.
NOTE. For a full citation Of authorities ■■on the question of lien on domestic vessel, examine The Celestine [Case No. 2.541]; The Daily Franklin [Id. 7,982]; The Eclipse [Id. 4.268J. For a full discussion of admiralty rule 12, with special reference to the amendment ■of May 6, 1872, consult 7 Am. Law Rev. 1; also opinion of Deady. J., in The Augusta [Case No. 647], and opinion of Blatchford, J., ■in The Circassian [Id. 2,720a].
By the ruling in the case of The Island City [Case No. 7,109], the mortgage would be postponed to the claim of the libellants, upon the ground of a lien created by the state law. But in this case there is no such lien. It appears that the vessel was a wreck, affecting the security of the mortgage, and that the repairs have restored her to usefulness. I think, •upon principles of equity, these parties should be placed on an equality as to the distribution •of the proceeds of sale. The proceeds of the ■ sale of a vessel are not appropriated to liens, ■according to their priority in date. The seamen who brought a vessel into port are paid before a bottomry bond, and a bottomry bond before a lien on a contract of affreightment. Maritime liens are usually preferred on the .score of merit and necessity, for the advanee-.¡nent and protection of commerce.
Salvors are first paid out of the property saved.
Decree for libellants.