Mr. Justice NELSON
delivered the opinion-of the court. •
This is an appeal in admiralty from a decree of the circuit court of the United States for the southern district of New York.
The libel charges, that on the night of the 21st April, 1852, the schooner San Louis, laden with a cargo of stone, was sailing down the coast below the bay of New York, bound for Philadelphia, and while off Squam Beach, on the Jersey shore, the schooner Catharine, coming up the coast, bound for the port of New York, then and there with great force and violence rah into and upon her, breaking through her side; so that she soon filled with water, and sunk. That The Catharine had a fair wind and ample sea-room, while The San Louis was beating against the wind, and was inside of The Catharine, and standing off the shore. That The Catharine had no watch or person on the lookout at the time-of the collision; and that it was occasioned by. the improper and unskilful management of the persons on board"engaged in navigating her. That she luffed, and struck the Sail Louis about midships with head on.
The answer of the respondents, owners of The Catharine, admit' The San Louis was sailing down the coast at the time and place mentioned; and that The Catharine was coming up the same,-bound for the port of New York; but deny that she ran into The San Louis;' but charge that she ran across and afoul of the bows of The Catharine, which occasioned the collision ; that the wind was in a quarter that enabled The San Louis to keep her course full down the coast without keeping off shore; they insist that The Catharine had the usual watch set before and at the time of the collision; and they deny that it was occasioned by reason of the -unskilfulness or mismanagement of those on board of her, but was the result of want of care and mismanagement in navigating Tie San Louis. They deny that
The Catharine luffed, as charged in the libel; but charge that The San Louis luffed and came across the bows of The Catharine.
• The district court rendered a decree for the. libellants, and referred the. question of damages. to a commissioner. The decree was affirmed in the circuit court. The proofs before the commissioner to ascertain the amount of the damages, consisted principally of testimony as to the value of The San Louis previous to the collision; and as to her estimated value in her sunken and disabled condition in the water on the beach; the difference constituting the measure of damages allowed. ' She was sold by one of the owners, a few days after the accident, while lying on the beach, for $140 ; and which, upon the weight of the proofs as produced, was -her then estimated worth. Her cargo of stone was afterwards taken out, and the vessel raised and brought to the port of New York and repaired. The expense of raising and repairing her seems not to have been a subject of inquiry.
. The .commissioner reported damages to the. amount of $6,200, which report was confirmed.
1. As to the damages.
. The principle that appears to have governed in the examination of the witness in respect to this branch of the case, as well as the commissioner in arriving at the amount of damages reported to the court, we think, upon consideration, is not maintainable. That principle seems to have been, to ascertain from the opinion of witnesses, experts as they are called, though it is hot clear they were of that character, the value of the vessel in -her sunken and disabled condition as she lay on the beach after the disaster, and to deduct that sum from the sound value before - it occurred, the difference being the measure of the damage; in other words, that the inquiry must be confined to the • condition of the vessel at the time of the collision, and in her then state ; that the owner had a right to abandon her as a total loss, and look to the wrongdoer for compensation, as then estimated. Acting upon this view,- the libellants sold the vessel in her disabled state for what they could get, and claimed, and have received, the sound value, less this amount.
It is .true, that where a vessel has been run down and abandoned, never having been raised and repaired, but left to decay upon, the beach, evidence of the nature and character of that given in this case must necessarily be admissible.. That is, the damage sustained must be ascertained by the testimony of witnesses experienced in matters of this kind, who .are competent to speak as to the practicability of raising and repairing the vessel, and of the expense attendant thereupon, this expense constituting the principal ingredient of the- damage proper to be
allowed; but they should be witnesses whose occupations and experience enabled them to express opinions of the feasibility of raising the vessel, and to make estimates of the probable expense of the same; and, also, of the expense of the necessary repairs, upon,which the court might rely with some confidence in making up its judgment. Loose, general opinions on the subject, entitled to very little more respect in the ascertainment of facts than the conjectures of witnesses, are of themselves undeserving of consideration.
But where the vessel.has been raised and repaired, or is undergoing repairs, as in the case of The San Louis, there is no necessity for resorting even to the opinion and estimates of experts, as to the probable expenses, for as to these the reasonable expenses incurred in raising and repairing her are matters of fact that may be ascertained from the parties concerned in the work. The libellants, instead of the. examination of witnesses, as to their opinion of the amount of the damage from an inspection of the vessel as she lay upon the beach, should have • inquired into the actual cost of raising and repairing her, so as to have made her equal to the value before the collision. This would have been the proper mode by which to have arrived at' an indemnity to the extent of the loss sustained, which is the true measure of damages in these cases. 13 How. 101, 110.
We think, therefore, that the rule adopted in ascertaining the measures of damages in this case was erroneous.
The next question in the case is more difficult.
The New Jersey coast below Sandy Hook bears southwesterly and nort1 easterly, along which these vessels were sailing. The wind was southwesterly, with a pretty strong breeze; The San Louis ciosehauled, passing down the coast, and The Catharine'with- the wind free passing' up it, making for the Hook. There had been a fall of rain during the evening, but between eight and nine o’clock, when the collision happened, the weather had partially cleared up.. The night was cloudy, but some stars were visible. The San Louis was sailing at the rate of six knots the hour; and as The Catharine had the wind free, her speed must at least have been equal if not greater.
The master of the schooner Goodspeed, which vessel was in company with The San Louis. from Jersey City, states that a schooner, which it is admitted was The Catharine, passed him a little after eight o’clock, some quarter of a mile to the windward, heading, to the westward of her course to the Hook, which was in shore; that at this time The San Louis was from three quarters to a mile astern of him, a ¡little to windward. The Catharine had á light; the San Louis had not.
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Mr. Justice NELSON
delivered the opinion-of the court. •
This is an appeal in admiralty from a decree of the circuit court of the United States for the southern district of New York.
The libel charges, that on the night of the 21st April, 1852, the schooner San Louis, laden with a cargo of stone, was sailing down the coast below the bay of New York, bound for Philadelphia, and while off Squam Beach, on the Jersey shore, the schooner Catharine, coming up the coast, bound for the port of New York, then and there with great force and violence rah into and upon her, breaking through her side; so that she soon filled with water, and sunk. That The Catharine had a fair wind and ample sea-room, while The San Louis was beating against the wind, and was inside of The Catharine, and standing off the shore. That The Catharine had no watch or person on the lookout at the time-of the collision; and that it was occasioned by. the improper and unskilful management of the persons on board"engaged in navigating her. That she luffed, and struck the Sail Louis about midships with head on.
The answer of the respondents, owners of The Catharine, admit' The San Louis was sailing down the coast at the time and place mentioned; and that The Catharine was coming up the same,-bound for the port of New York; but deny that she ran into The San Louis;' but charge that she ran across and afoul of the bows of The Catharine, which occasioned the collision ; that the wind was in a quarter that enabled The San Louis to keep her course full down the coast without keeping off shore; they insist that The Catharine had the usual watch set before and at the time of the collision; and they deny that it was occasioned by reason of the -unskilfulness or mismanagement of those on board of her, but was the result of want of care and mismanagement in navigating Tie San Louis. They deny that
The Catharine luffed, as charged in the libel; but charge that The San Louis luffed and came across the bows of The Catharine.
• The district court rendered a decree for the. libellants, and referred the. question of damages. to a commissioner. The decree was affirmed in the circuit court. The proofs before the commissioner to ascertain the amount of the damages, consisted principally of testimony as to the value of The San Louis previous to the collision; and as to her estimated value in her sunken and disabled condition in the water on the beach; the difference constituting the measure of damages allowed. ' She was sold by one of the owners, a few days after the accident, while lying on the beach, for $140 ; and which, upon the weight of the proofs as produced, was -her then estimated worth. Her cargo of stone was afterwards taken out, and the vessel raised and brought to the port of New York and repaired. The expense of raising and repairing her seems not to have been a subject of inquiry.
. The .commissioner reported damages to the. amount of $6,200, which report was confirmed.
1. As to the damages.
. The principle that appears to have governed in the examination of the witness in respect to this branch of the case, as well as the commissioner in arriving at the amount of damages reported to the court, we think, upon consideration, is not maintainable. That principle seems to have been, to ascertain from the opinion of witnesses, experts as they are called, though it is hot clear they were of that character, the value of the vessel in -her sunken and disabled condition as she lay on the beach after the disaster, and to deduct that sum from the sound value before - it occurred, the difference being the measure of the damage; in other words, that the inquiry must be confined to the • condition of the vessel at the time of the collision, and in her then state ; that the owner had a right to abandon her as a total loss, and look to the wrongdoer for compensation, as then estimated. Acting upon this view,- the libellants sold the vessel in her disabled state for what they could get, and claimed, and have received, the sound value, less this amount.
It is .true, that where a vessel has been run down and abandoned, never having been raised and repaired, but left to decay upon, the beach, evidence of the nature and character of that given in this case must necessarily be admissible.. That is, the damage sustained must be ascertained by the testimony of witnesses experienced in matters of this kind, who .are competent to speak as to the practicability of raising and repairing the vessel, and of the expense attendant thereupon, this expense constituting the principal ingredient of the- damage proper to be
allowed; but they should be witnesses whose occupations and experience enabled them to express opinions of the feasibility of raising the vessel, and to make estimates of the probable expense of the same; and, also, of the expense of the necessary repairs, upon,which the court might rely with some confidence in making up its judgment. Loose, general opinions on the subject, entitled to very little more respect in the ascertainment of facts than the conjectures of witnesses, are of themselves undeserving of consideration.
But where the vessel.has been raised and repaired, or is undergoing repairs, as in the case of The San Louis, there is no necessity for resorting even to the opinion and estimates of experts, as to the probable expenses, for as to these the reasonable expenses incurred in raising and repairing her are matters of fact that may be ascertained from the parties concerned in the work. The libellants, instead of the. examination of witnesses, as to their opinion of the amount of the damage from an inspection of the vessel as she lay upon the beach, should have • inquired into the actual cost of raising and repairing her, so as to have made her equal to the value before the collision. This would have been the proper mode by which to have arrived at' an indemnity to the extent of the loss sustained, which is the true measure of damages in these cases. 13 How. 101, 110.
We think, therefore, that the rule adopted in ascertaining the measures of damages in this case was erroneous.
The next question in the case is more difficult.
The New Jersey coast below Sandy Hook bears southwesterly and nort1 easterly, along which these vessels were sailing. The wind was southwesterly, with a pretty strong breeze; The San Louis ciosehauled, passing down the coast, and The Catharine'with- the wind free passing' up it, making for the Hook. There had been a fall of rain during the evening, but between eight and nine o’clock, when the collision happened, the weather had partially cleared up.. The night was cloudy, but some stars were visible. The San Louis was sailing at the rate of six knots the hour; and as The Catharine had the wind free, her speed must at least have been equal if not greater.
The master of the schooner Goodspeed, which vessel was in company with The San Louis. from Jersey City, states that a schooner, which it is admitted was The Catharine, passed him a little after eight o’clock, some quarter of a mile to the windward, heading, to the westward of her course to the Hook, which was in shore; that at this time The San Louis was from three quarters to a mile astern of him, a ¡little to windward. The Catharine had á light; the San Louis had not.
Messick, the look-out on The Sari Louis, states that he saw
The Catharine half a mile ahead; he supposes about half a point on their lee bow. “ I suppose,” he says, “ when I first saw The Catharine she was heading to the northward. 1 sung out to the mate at the helm to luff; he did so, and brought The San Louis into the wind; that The Catharine then luffed .also, and ran into us abaft the chains.”
Now, if the master of The Goodspeed is not mistaken, and he is an indifferent witness, it is difficult readily to assent to 'the statement of Messick as to the relative position of the two vessels ; for if The Catharine passed The Goodspeed half a mile to the windward, and The San Louis was astern, nearly in the track of the latter, it is not very probable that, in the short distance she had to pass in her course before meeting The San Louis, she had so far diverged to the leeward as to overcome this half mile, and to have crossed her track.. The vessels must have met at least within half a mile from the point where The Catharine passed The Goodspeed. The master of The Goodspeed says The Catharine was not only half a mile to the windward, but that she was heading to the west of her course to the Hook.
According to the settled rules of navigation, it was the duty of The San Louis, when she first saw The Catharine, which had the wind free, she being closedhauled, to have kept on her course; the manoeuvre of luffing into the wind, as soon as she saw that vessel, was improper, and subjects her to the charge of unskilful navigation, unless justified by special circumstances existing at the time. Here, the circumstances tend rather to aggravate than justify the error, as the improper manoeuvre may have led to the collision, and probably did, if The Catharine at the time was to the windward.
Wilb'ams, the mate of The San Louis, who was at the wheel, differs, materially in his testimony from Mess.ick. He states, when he first saw The Catharine, “ he spoke to the man at the bow; he said, keep your course, and you will go clear. I did keep my course; asked the man at the bow if he could see her; he said that he could; he told me to keep my course; I did not alter my course; steered as close to the wind as I could; did not see much more of The Catharine till she struck us.” He further states, that when about three rods from The Catharine, she luffed and was coming into them; that he then put his wheel down. .
If this account of the management of The San Louis could be confidently rebed on, there would be no great difficulty in charging the other vessel with the fault of the colhsion. But it is admitted that Messick was the-proper person, under the circumstances, to give the orders to the mate at the wheel. Williams himself .assumes this in his testimony; and Messick is
very particular as to the orders given. On his cross examination he says: “ I saw The Catharine .across one point of the bowsprit, inside the stays ; right away then I gave Jhe mate the order to luff; he did it right away. She minded her helm readily.”
The difference is very material; for' whether fault or not is to be imputed to The San Louis, depends upon the fact whether she is chargeable with the manoeuvre testified to by the look-out. "We think, under the circumstances in which he was placed, his account of the transaction is entitled to the most weight. Having given the order, and. seen that it was obeyed, ánd being at the time in charge of thé navigation of the vessel, he cannot well be mistaken. Even the contradiction between the two witnesses is calculated to cast a doubt over the proper management of the vessel in the emergency.
The order to luff, itself, was a clear violation of the duty of The San Louis; but, in this instance, if the master of The Good-speed is not mistaken, it probably produced the disaster. As to The Catharine, we are not satisfied that she had a proper lookout on the vessel at the time of the collision. The excuse given is, that all hands, a short time previously, had been called to reef the sails, and some evidence is given to prove that this is customary on vessels of this description. However this may be in the daytime, we think that such custom or usage cannot be permitted as an excuse for dispensing with a proper look-out while navigating in the night, especially on waters frequented by other vessels. Under such circumstances, a competent lookout, stationed upon a quarter of the vessel affording the best opportunity to see at a distance those meeting her, is indispensable to safe navigation, and the neglect is chargeable as a fault in the navigation.
Ou; opinion therefore, is, that the decree below was erroneous, and should be reversed.
Upon this view of the case, it becomes necessary to settle the rule of damages in a case where both vessels are in fault.
The question, we believe, has never until now come distinctly before this court for decision. The rule that prevails in the district and circuit courts, we understand, has been to divide the loss. 9 Law Rep. 30.
This seems now to be the well-settled rule in the English admiralty. Petersfield
v.
The Judith, Abbot on Sh. 231, 232; The Celt, 3 Hagg. 328, n.; The Washington, 5 Jurist, 1067; The Fiends, 4 E. F. Moore Rep. 314, 322; The Seringapatam,
5
Notes of Cases, 61, 66; Vaux
v.
Salvador, 4 Ad. and Eli. 431; The Monarch, 1 Wm. Rob. 21; The De Cock, 5 Monthly Law Mag. 303; The Oratava, 5 Ib. 45, 362.
Under the circumstances usually attending these disasters, we
think the rale dividing the loss the most just and equitable, and as best tending to .induce care and vigilance on both sides, in the navigation.
Order.
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the circuit court of the United States for the southern district of New York, and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof, it is now here ordered, adjudged, and decreed by this court, that the decree of the said circuit court in this cause be and the same is hereby reversed with costs, and that this cause be and'the same is hereby remanded to the said circuit court for further proceedings to be had therein, in conformity to the opinion of this court, and as to law and justice shall appertain.