Filed 9/18/13 P. v. Menjivar CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E055008
v. (Super.Ct.No. FWV1101171)
JORGE JOSE MENJIVAR, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Michael A. Sachs,
Judge. Affirmed.
Sarah A. Stockwell, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Melissa Mandel and Marissa
Bejarano, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1 A jury found defendant and appellant Jorge Jose Menjivar guilty of assault by
means of force likely to produce great bodily injury. (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(1).)1
Defendant thereafter admitted that he had suffered one prior serious or violent felony
strike conviction. (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)-(d).) As a result, defendant
was sentenced to a total term of six years in state prison with credit for time served. On
appeal, defendant contends (1) the trial court erred in denying his request to instruct the
jury on simple assault, and (2) he is entitled to additional presentence conduct credits
under the most recent amendment to section 4019. We reject these contentions and
affirm the judgment.
I
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On April 29, 2011, at around 8:30 p.m., the victim was walking through an
apartment complex looking for his younger brother’s friend’s bicycle, which had been
stolen earlier that day, when he was approached by six to eight young adult men. The
men, including defendant, surrounded the victim. One of the young men asked the victim
in a firm voice what he was doing there. The victim did not respond and tried to get
away, but the group surrounded him.
1 All future statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
2 One of the young men stated, “Let’s get this white fool.”2 Meanwhile, another
young man hit the victim in the left side of the face, causing his left cheekbone to swell
up. After two or three punches by the assailants, the victim hit the ground face up,
wherein the young men began to kick the victim. The victim “tried to cover [his] head,”
but defendant gave a “hard kick” to his right temple.3 To protect his face, the victim
rolled over and put his face in the ground. The victim was unable to see his attackers, but
he continued to feel kicks and hits to his ribs and back until law enforcement arrived.
Defendant was identified as one of the attackers and was eventually arrested.
The attack lasted about one minute, and the victim was punched and kicked
approximately 15 to 20 times. After the attack, the victim was disoriented and unable to
maintain his balance, and suffered redness, swelling, bruising, and scratches.
II
DISCUSSION
A. Failure to Instruct on Simple Assault
Defendant claims that the trial court erred in denying his request to instruct the
jury on simple assault as a lesser included offense of assault by means to produce great
bodily injury. He argues that a rational jury could have found that when he kicked the
victim, he did not employ force likely to produce great bodily injury. He notes evidence
2The victim testified that “most” of the assailants were African American, and “maybe three to four of them were Hispanic.”
3 Defendant was wearing tennis shoes.
3 that he was wearing tennis shoes when he kicked the victim and that the victim “only”
suffered “redness to the area.”
A defendant has a constitutional right to have the jury determine every material
issue presented by the evidence. (People v. Benavides (2005) 35 Cal.4th 69, 102.) The
trial court must instruct on general principles of law that are commonly or closely and
openly connected to the facts before the court and necessary for the jury’s understanding
of the case, including lesser included offenses supported by the evidence. (People v.
Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 148-149, 162; People v. Heard (2003) 31 Cal.4th 946,
980-981.) The duty to instruct as to the lesser offense “arises if there is substantial
evidence the defendant is guilty of the lesser offense, but not the charged offense.
[Citation.] This standard requires instructions on a lesser included offense whenever ‘ “a
jury composed of reasonable [persons] could . . . conclude []” ’ that the lesser, but not the
greater, offense was committed. [Citations.] In deciding whether evidence is
‘substantial’ in this context, a court determines only its bare legal sufficiency, not its
weight.” (Breverman, at p. 177.) The “purpose of the rule is to allow the jurors to
convict of either the greater or the lesser offense where the evidence might support
either.” (Id. at p. 178, fn. 25.) Any doubt as to the sufficiency of the evidence requiring
such an instruction should be resolved in favor of the defendant. (People v. Lemus
(1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 470, 476.) We independently review the question of whether the
trial court erred by failing to instruct on a lesser included offense. (People v. Cook
(2006) 39 Cal.4th 566, 596.)
4 “Great bodily injury,” within the meaning of section 245, means “bodily injury
which is significant or substantial, not insignificant, trivial or moderate.” (People v.
Armstrong (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 1060, 1066.) Felonious assault in violation of section
245, subdivision (a), requires proof that a person was assaulted and that the assault was
committed by the use of a deadly weapon or instrument or by means of force likely to
produce great bodily injury. Felonious or aggravated assault is a general criminal intent
crime, and requires proof only of an attempt to commit a violent injury upon the person
of another. It does not require proof of an actual injury. (People v. Griggs (1989) 216
Cal.App.3d 734, 739-740.) Simple assault is an unlawful attempt, coupled with the
present ability, to commit a violent injury on another person. (§ 240.) Simple assault is a
lesser included offense of assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury.
(§ 245, former subd. (a)(1); People v. McDaniel (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 736, 747.)
Defendant argues that a simple assault instruction was required because the
victim’s injuries were minimal, focusing on the fact that defendant’s “kick was not done
with sufficient force to make the infliction of great bodily injury likely.” We disagree.
As discussed above, the evidence amply supported a finding that defendant’s assault on
the victim was an aggravated assault with force likely to cause great bodily injury and
that defendant participated in that group assault. Accordingly, for the jury to have
convicted defendant of only simple assault, it would have had to find he acted alone.
There was no evidence to support this scenario. The defense was that defendant did not
assault the victim at all and that “one kick to the head, by someone wearing a tennis shoe
. . . is not force likely to produce great bodily injury.” The evidence pointed to a joint,
5 coordinated six-to-eight-on-one assault, approved and orchestrated by the shot-caller, and
carried out together by the group, including defendant. The group punched and kicked
the victim approximately 15 to 20 times as he lay defenseless on the ground. The victim
tried to protect himself from getting hit in the head, but in the midst of these
circumstances, defendant gave a “hard kick” to the victim’s head, a vulnerable portion of
the body. Once the victim rolled over to protect his face, the assailants continued to kick
the victim in the ribs and back area. Since no evidence supported an independent simple
assault by defendant, the trial court had no obligation to instruct on simple assault.
Defendant’s focus on the end result of the punches and kicks is misplaced.
Section 245 prohibits an assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury,
not the use of force which in fact produces such injury. Although the results of an assault
may be highly probative of the amount of force used, they cannot be conclusive. (People
v. Muir (1966) 244 Cal.App.2d 598, 604; People v. Duke (1985) 174 Cal.App.3d 296,
302-303 [“if hands, fists or feet, etc., are the means employed, the charge will normally
be assault with force likely to produce great bodily injury”].) The force of the kick, the
manner it was carried out, and the circumstances under which the victim was attacked
show that defendant assaulted the victim by means of force likely to produce great bodily
injury. It is settled that a court need not instruct on simple assault where the evidence is
such as to make it clear that if the defendant is guilty at all, he is guilty of aggravated
assault. (People v. Berry (1976) 18 Cal.3d 509, 519 [failure to instruct on lesser offense
of simple assault not error because choking a victim to unconsciousness “necessarily
indicates force likely to produce great bodily injury” and could not constitute mere
6 simple assault.].) It is beyond reasonable dispute that the assault on the victim here was
likely to produce great bodily injury, and it was not a simple assault. In other words, the
evidence did not support an instruction on simple assault, and therefore the failure to
instruct was not error. We therefore reject defendant’s claim that in addition to an
instruction on simple assault, the trial court should also have instructed the jury to give
him the benefit of any doubt as to whether the offense was aggravated or simple assault.
Citing People v. Racy (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 1327 (Racy), defendant states that
“there is a reasonable chance that at least one juror’s assessment of the case would have
changed had the jury been properly instructed on the lesser included offense of simple
assault.” Defendant’s reliance on Racy is unavailing because the facts of that case are
distinguishable from those here before us. In reversing the defendant’s felony elder
abuse conviction on the ground the trial court prejudicially erred by failing to instruct the
jury on the elements of misdemeanor elder abuse as a lesser included offense of felony
elder abuse, the Court of Appeal noted that the victim “did not suffer great bodily harm
during the incident, so the jury was left to draw inferences about whether the
circumstances or conditions under which defendant inflicted physical pain or mental
suffering were likely to produce great bodily harm or death.” (Id. at p. 1335.) The Racy
court explained that, “[f]rom the facts that appear in the record, it is reasonable the jury
could have viewed [the victim] as a rather large man who was not likely to suffer great
bodily injury or death during the incident despite his age and physical limitations. [He] is
six feet three inches tall and weighs 210 pounds and even after being ‘zapped’ with the
stun gun and pursued by defendant, he was able to retreat to the bedroom, attempt to
7 make a 911 call, and lie down on the bed in a defensive position. He emerged unscathed
after being tipped and tripped.” (Id. at p. 1336, italics added.) Thus, the Racy court
concluded, “there was a ‘reasonable chance’ defendant ‘would have obtained a more
favorable outcome’ had the jury been instructed on misdemeanor elder abuse.” (Ibid.)
Racy is factually distinguishable and the Court of Appeal’s holding is limited to
the facts and circumstances presented in that case. Here, the victim was repeatedly
attacked by six to eight young men, and was unable to retreat, call for help, or make an
attempt to defend himself from the group attack. In addition, in the midst of the attack,
defendant kicked the victim in the head hard. For reasons discussed, ante, we have
concluded there is no substantial evidence from which a jury composed of reasonable
persons could conclude that the force defendant used in assaulting the victim was force
likely to produce great bodily injury, and thus the court had no duty to instruct the jury on
the elements of simple assault.
In any event, it is not reasonably probable that defendant would have received a
more favorable verdict if the simple assault instruction had been given. (People v.
Rogers (2006) 39 Cal.4th 826, 886; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.) A trial
court’s failure to instruct on all lesser included offenses that are supported by the
evidence “is not subject to reversal unless an examination of the entire record establishes
a reasonable probability that the error affected the outcome. [Citations.]” (People v.
Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 165.) We have reviewed the record and cannot
conclude that any error affected the outcome. This is because, as discussed ante, the
evidence showed that defendant kicked the victim in the head with sufficient force to
8 likely cause great bodily injury while the victim lay defenseless on the ground and was
being kicked by defendant’s cohorts. In addition, during closing argument defense
counsel argued that defendant was not the perpetrator of the kick; and that “one kick to
the head, by someone wearing a tennis shoe, with no apparent injury . . . is not force
likely to produce great bodily injury.” Essentially, defense counsel argued that
defendant’s kick amounted to an assault, but not an assault likely to produce great bodily
injury. However, the jury rejected this argument. Thus, we conclude that, even if the
jury had been properly instructed to allow it to convict defendant of simple assault, it is
not reasonably probable that it would have done so.
B. Custody Credits
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in failing to award him day-for-day
credit for the time he served after amended section 4019’s effective date, October 1,
2011, to the date he was sentenced, November 17, 2011. Defendant acknowledges the
California Supreme Court’s recent decision in People v. Brown (2012) 54 Cal.4th 314
(Brown) held an earlier iteration of section 4019 was not fully retroactive and did not
violate equal protection principles, but continues to maintain that under equal protection
principles, he is entitled to day-for-day credit for the time he served from October 1, 2011
to November 17, 2011. As we explain post, he is incorrect.
A defendant is entitled to actual custody credit for “all days of custody” in county
jail and residential treatment facilities, including partial days. (§ 2900.5, subd. (a),
People v. Smith (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 523, 526.) Section 4019 provides that a criminal
defendant may earn additional presentence credit against his or her sentence for
9 performing assigned labor (§ 4019, subd. (b)), and for complying with applicable rules
and regulations of the local facility (§ 4019, subd. (c)). These presentence credits are
collectively referred to as conduct credits. (People v. Dieck (2009) 46 Cal.4th 934, 939.)
Section 4019 has been amended multiple times. Before January 25, 2010,
defendants were entitled to one-for-two conduct credits, which is two days for every four
days of actual time served in presentence custody. (Former § 4019, subd. (f), as amended
by Stats. 1982, ch. 1234, § 7.) Effective January 25, 2010, the Legislature amended
section 4019 to provide that prisoners, with some exceptions, earned one-for-one conduct
credits, which is two days of conduct credit for every two days in custody. (Stats. 2009,
3d Ex. Sess. 2009-2010, ch. 28, § 50.) Effective September 28, 2010, the Legislature
again amended section 4019. (Stats. 2010, ch. 426, §§ 1, 2, 5.) Subdivisions (b) and (g)
restored the one-for-two presentence conduct credit calculation that had been in effect
prior to the January 25, 2010, amendment.
Most recently, the Legislature amended section 4019 to provide for up to two days
credit for each four-day period of confinement in local custody. (§ 4019, subds.(b) &
(c).) This scheme reflects the Legislature’s intent that if all days are earned under section
4019, a term of four days will be deemed to have been served for every two days spent in
actual custody. (§ 4019, subd. (f).) This version of section 4019 became operative on
October 1, 2011. (Stats. 2011, ch. 12, § 35.)
Although numerous appeals have been filed contending that section 4019’s current
scheme for calculating conduct credits is intended to apply retroactively, i.e., to prisoners
awaiting sentencing for crimes committed before the operative date, defendant
10 acknowledges that the statute’s language is prospective only.4 He contends only that
prospective application would result in impermissible disparate treatment of similarly
situated prison inmates simply based on the dates of their offenses. We disagree.
In Brown, supra, 54 Cal.4th 314, our Supreme Court addressed contentions that
the version of section 4019 effective on January 25, 2010, must be held to apply
retroactively, in part because prospective application would violate the equal protection
clauses of the state and federal Constitutions. The court stated:5 “The concept of equal
protection recognizes that persons who are similarly situated with respect to a law’s
legitimate purposes must be treated equally. [Citation.] Accordingly, ‘“[t]he first
prerequisite to a meritorious claim under the equal protection clause is a showing that the
state has adopted a classification that affects two or more similarly situated groups in an
unequal manner.”’ [Citation.] ‘This initial inquiry is not whether persons are similarly
situated for all purposes, but “whether they are similarly situated for purposes of the law
challenged.”’ [Citation.] [¶] . . . [T]he important correctional purposes of a statute
authorizing incentives for good behavior [citation] are not served by rewarding prisoners
who served time before the incentives took effect and thus could not have modified their
behavior in response. That prisoners who served time before and after former section
4 Section 4019, subdivision (h), provides: “The changes to this section enacted by the act that added this subdivision shall apply prospectively and shall apply to prisoners who are confined to a county jail, city jail, industrial farm, or road camp for a crime committed on or after October 1, 2011. Any days earned by a prisoner prior to October 1, 2011, shall be calculated at the rate required by the prior law.”
5The discussion of Brown which follows is excerpted, with minor alterations, from People v. Ellis (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 1546, 1551-1552.
11 4019 took effect are not similarly situated necessarily follows.” (Brown, at pp. 328-329,
italics added.)
The Supreme Court rejected the argument that its decision in People v. Sage
(1980) 26 Cal.3d 498 (Sage) required a contrary conclusion. (Brown, supra, 54 Cal.4th
at pp. 329-330.) The version of section 4019 at issue in Sage authorized presentence
conduct credit for misdemeanants who later served their sentence in county jail, but not
for felons who ultimately were sentenced to state prison. The Sage court found this
unequal treatment violative of equal protection, as it found no “rational basis for, much
less a compelling state interest in, denying presentence conduct credit to” felons. (Sage,
at p. 508.)
Brown acknowledged that one practical effect of Sage “was to extend presentence
conduct credits retroactively to detainees who did not expect to receive them, and whose
good behavior therefore could not have been motivated by the prospect of receiving
them.” (Brown, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 329.) Nevertheless, it declined to read Sage in
such a way as to foreclose a conclusion “that prisoners serving time before and after
incentives are announced are not similarly situated.” (Id. at p. 330.) Brown explained:
“The unsigned lead opinion ‘by the Court’ in Sage does not mention the argument that
conduct credits, by their nature, must apply prospectively to motivate good behavior. A
brief allusion to that argument in a concurring and dissenting opinion [citation] went
unacknowledged and unanswered in the lead opinion. As cases are not authority for
propositions not considered [citation], we decline to read Sage for more than it expressly
holds.” (Ibid.)
12 Finally, Brown rejected the notion the case before it was controlled by In re
Kapperman (1974) 11 Cal.3d 542, the case on which defendant relies in this case. In
Kapperman, the court held that equal protection required retroactive application of a
statute granting credit to felons for time served in local custody before sentencing and
commitment to state prison, despite the fact that the statute was expressly prospective.
(Brown, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 330.) Brown found Kapperman distinguishable: “Credit
for time served is given without regard to behavior, and thus does not entail the
paradoxical consequences of applying retroactively a statute intended to create incentives
for good behavior. Kapperman does not hold or suggest that prisoners serving time
before and after the effective date of a statute authorizing conduct credits are similarly
situated.”6 (Ibid.)
Following Brown, the appellate courts of this state have rejected the contention
that equal protection principles require the retroactive application of the version of
section 4019 effective October 1, 2011. (People v. Kennedy (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 385,
396-397; People v. Ellis, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1551-1552; see also People v.
Rajanayagam (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 42, 53-54 [finding prisoners who committed their
crimes before and after October 1, 2011, similarly situated but also finding a rational
6 We note Brown, supra, 54 Cal.4th at page 322 includes language that supports the conclusion the Supreme Court approved earning conduct credits at two different rates and, thus, the date when a defendant committed an offense is not dispositive. But in Brown the Legislature did not expressly declare whether the January 25, 2010, amendment was to apply retroactively or prospectively. (Id. at p. 320.) Here, the Legislature did expressly state the current version of section 4019 is to apply prospectively only to defendants who commit their offenses on or after October 1, 2011.
13 basis for their unequal treatment]; People v. Verba (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 991, 995-997
[same].) We therefore reject defendant’s equal protection challenge, and claim that he is
not entitled to additional conduct credits.
III
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAMIREZ P. J.
We concur:
McKINSTER J.
CODRINGTON J.