Filed 9/25/13 P. v. Cruz CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D061641
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD230448)
ANTERO CRUZ,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Robert F.
O'Neill, Judge. Affirmed.
Cannon & Harris and Gregory L. Cannon for the Defendant and Appellant, under
appointment by the Court of Appeal.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Julie L. Garland, Assistant
Attorneys General, Barry Carlton, Teresa Torreblanca, Deputy Attorneys General for
Plaintiff and Respondent. A jury convicted Antero Cruz of the first degree murder of Ahlyja Pinson (Pen.
Code,1 §§ 187, subd. (a), 189) and found true allegations that he personally used a
dangerous and deadly weapon in the commission of the offense (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)).
The trial court sentenced Cruz to a prison term of 25 years to life plus one year for the
personal use allegation. Cruz contends the trial court prejudicially abused its discretion
by excluding certain impeachment evidence. He further contends the court erred by
failing to instruct the jury on principles of aiding and abetting, refusing to give his
requested pinpoint instruction on third party culpability, and modifying CALCRIM No.
521. Cruz contends the cumulative effect of these errors requires reversal of the
judgment. Finally, Cruz asks us to independently review the record, including sealed
materials, to determine whether the court properly excluded evidence of the identity of a
confidential informant who related information about Duarte. We affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Evidence Concerning Pinson's Death and Whereabouts on December 31, 2007
On December 31, 2007, 14-year-old Pinson was found dead in an abandoned
house in Golden Hill. William Gwyn, a homeless man who at the time of trial was in
custody for failing to register as a sex offender, found her body and flagged down a
person who called police.
Earlier that afternoon, Gwyn had been standing on a hill close to the abandoned
house when he saw a male and female talking to one another in Spanish. The female,
1 Statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated. 2 later determined to be Pinson, was Mexican with light skin, brown hair, light blue jeans
and a dark shirt. The man was about five feet nine inches tall and Gwyn described him as
chubby with a round face like a bulldog, a shaved head, and stomach overhanging his
belt. The man was wearing a white T-shirt and blue jeans. It seemed to Gwyn that they
knew each other, and neither of them appeared upset or angry. The couple walked by
about 20 feet away from Gwyn and left in an older model brown car with a loud muffler
and a twelve-inch red bow on the front grill. Gwyn eventually entered the abandoned
house and started to fall asleep on a mattress. He smelled marijuana.
Gwyn got up, walked upstairs and was rummaging through some clothing he
found when he heard the vehicle with the red bow and loud muffler return. He saw the
same couple walk down the hill toward the back of the house. Gwyn left the house and
sat down in the backyard, then saw the couple, now wearing dark jackets, reenter the
house. After about an hour, Gwyn decided to see if he could smoke marijuana with the
couple. He stepped into the back door's threshold, but left after he heard someone say,
"shhhh." Gwyn walked away and started looking for recyclables, but after 45 minutes to
an hour he returned to the abandoned house. Gwyn entered the house through the front
door and thought he heard a footstep downstairs, so he left and went around to the back
door to see if the couple was still there. When he turned on his lighter to see in the dark,
he saw the body of the girl he had seen earlier and blood smeared on the wall. He lit
some candles so he could see better, but heard a noise and bolted, terror-stricken, after he
spotted a figure in the bushes.
3 Police arrived at the scene at around 7:22 p.m. and contacted Gwyn. They
observed severe trauma to Pinson's face and head, and large amounts of blood on the
floor, walls and ceiling. Pinson was not wearing shoes, but there was no visible blood on
the soles of her socks. She was lying on her back with her left arm twisted under her and
her right arm over her waist. Her head was turned to the right and positioned between a
small mattress and the wall. There was a large pool of blood under her body and large
bloodstains on the corner of the mattress and around Pinson's head. A trail of blood
drops led out the back door of the house. There were no signs of a sexual assault.
At about 2:00 p.m. that day, Pinson had left the home of her aunt to spend New
Year's Eve with her cousin, Karen Cervantes, who lived in a house on J Street. Pinson
was wearing light blue jeans, a red lace top, a black jacket, black shoes and ankle socks.
Her nails were short due to her habit of biting them. Cervantes had received a phone
message from Pinson that morning that Pinson was on her way, but Pinson never arrived.
Fanny Vidal was approaching her and Cruz's home on Clay Street when she saw
Pinson standing outside. At the time, Fanny was in a relationship with Cruz, who was
standing in the open front doorway while Fanny asked Pinson what she was doing there.
Pinson said she was looking for Cervantes. Cruz had been unfaithful to Fanny and
conceived a child with Fanny's friend, Crystal Lopez; therefore, Fanny did not trust Cruz
around her girlfriends. After Pinson left, Fanny asked Cruz what Pinson was doing at the
house. Cruz and Pinson knew each other but according to Fanny, did not talk. Pinson
and Lopez had some history; Pinson and Fanny's younger sister had at some point fought
with Lopez due to Lopez's infidelity with Cruz.
4 After Pinson left, Cruz started looking for his car keys and he left about five or six
minutes after Pinson, telling Fanny he was going to his mother's house. Cruz was driving
a black Toyota Cressida with a red and gold Christmas bow on the front grill. Fanny
asked him to take their oldest son with him, but Cruz declined, telling her he was going to
smoke marijuana in the car. This was unusual to Fanny because Cruz normally took his
son to his mother's house, and Cruz smoked marijuana around his son. After Cruz left,
his mother arrived at the house on foot, looking for him. Fanny told her Cruz had just left
for her house; his mother stayed for 30 to 45 minutes then left.
Cruz's Actions on the Afternoon of Pinson's Death and Thereafter
Sometime that afternoon, around dusk, Cruz appeared at the home of another
member of his gang, Gustavo Salgado, who was with his girlfriend, Erika Campos.
Salgado and Cruz were not friends but acquaintances. Cruz had blood on the front of his
white T-shirt, and asked Salgado for clothes. Salgado had been asleep on the couch and
was surprised to see Cruz, who was looking out the window acting nervous and paranoid.
Salgado asked Cruz what had happened, but he would not say, telling Salgado it was
"better for [him] not to know." Salgado gave him a shirt, blue jeans and shoes and Cruz
washed his hands and changed into them. Cruz asked Salgado if he could leave his
clothes but Salgado said no, so Cruz put his other clothes in a bag and took them with
him. Campos also noticed Cruz acting paranoid and jittery. She saw blood on Cruz's
hands and very noticeable, solid blood on the front of his light shirt from the chest to the
abdomen area. When Salgado asked what had happened, Campos heard Cruz say, "Oh,
trust me. You don't want to know."
5 Cruz returned to his house around 7:50 p.m. and walked straight to their bedroom
without saying hello to Fanny, her sister and another friend. When Fanny entered the
room and asked Cruz what was wrong, he replied, "If the police ever come to the house,
tell them that I was with you the whole time, with you and the kids." Cruz was wearing
different clothing than when he left, and appeared nervous. Fanny asked why Cruz was
wearing clothing too large for him, and he told her he had gotten into a fight with other
gang members, had stabbed one of the men, and got blood on his clothes. Fanny saw a
smudge of blood on Cruz's arm. Fanny thought his comment was odd because the rival
gang members would not talk to police. The next morning, Cruz cleaned the trunk of his
car with bleach. He told Fanny he was cleaning blood that had dripped in the trunk from
a bloody shank. Cruz told her he had thrown away the trunk liner that had been in the car
the day before.
A few days later, police came to Fanny's house and asked if she knew Pinson,
telling her Pinson had been killed inside an abandoned house. Fanny cried, but Cruz said
nothing. After police left, Fanny was suspicious that something had happened between
Cruz and Pinson. On January 10, 2008, police returned and arrested Cruz. Fanny
initially lied to police about Cruz's whereabouts that day. She eventually told them the
truth about what happened on the day Pinson was killed.
Forensic Evidence
The medical examiner estimated Pinson's time of death between 6:00 p.m. and
7:00 p.m. on December 31, 2007. Pinson had numerous injuries, including bruising,
scrapes, and puncture wounds on her face, and 17 distinct lacerations on her scalp. She
6 had severe fractures in her skull and face, and 70 different puncture wounds on her body.
A toxicology report indicated she had used marijuana at some point. Her skull fractures
were fatal injuries. Pinson's DNA was found on the mouth of a beer bottle found near her
body. All of the blood drops leading out of the house matched Pinson's DNA blood type.
Cruz's fingerprints were found on a brown paper bag located at the base of a spiral
staircase at the abandoned house. Cruz's right palm print was found on the east wall of
the main room near Pinson's body. Cruz's DNA was found on a cigarette butt found
directly west of the steps to the door of the house. Pinson's DNA was found in the rubber
gasket taken from the trunk of Cruz's car.
The DNA of others were also found in the abandoned house and mixed with
Pinson's DNA. The DNA of a man identified by police as Orlando Duarte was found on
two cigarette butts and adhesive bandages attached to a calendar page. One of the DNA
samples on the mattress by Pinson's body could have been from Duarte. The criminalist
explained that DNA can be transferred to an object even without physical contact by the
DNA's source, by ways such as transference, sneezing, spit or urine; the DNA can last for
years under certain conditions.
Criminalists determined that DNA found in fingernail scrapings from Pinson's left
hand was a mixture of Pinson's and possibly that of Duarte. Pinson's nail beds were
shorter than her fingertips, so the forensic examiner explained the scraping she performed
would go across the top of Pinson's thumb and it was possible the instrument would pick
up not only what was underneath the fingernail, but also on the fingertips. In that left
hand fingernail sample, there were no nucleated epithelial cells. The criminalist
7 explained that if Pinson had scratched her attacker, such cells might appear in the sample.
She testified if Pinson's fingers were wet and wiped the floor containing Duarte's DNA,
his DNA would possibly transfer to her fingertips. A DNA testing expert testified there
was a reasonable explanation for the presence of Duarte's DNA on Pinson's fingertips
assuming she was killed on the mattress and had never had physical contact with Duarte:
if Pinson was struggling on the mattress and reached down and scratched it to get away,
his DNA would have been transferred from the mattress to her fingernails.
Cruz's and Duarte's Interviews with Police
Police arrested and first interviewed Cruz on January 10, 2008, after finding his
palm print at the abandoned house. He had a small scratch on his right wrist. Cruz was
eventually released, but in October 2010 he was rearrested and reinterviewed.
Cruz gave varying accounts during his interviews. In his first interview, he told
police that Pinson had stopped by his house, talked with Fanny outside, and left. He
claimed that afterwards, he and Fanny stayed together all night, first at their home and
then at the home of one of Fanny's friends. He denied he had ever been to the abandoned
house where Pinson's body was found. When informed that Fanny had told police he left
the house after Pinson, Cruz told police he and Fanny argued and he walked to his
father's house. Cruz then told police he had been in the abandoned house, but only the
top floor, to smoke marijuana with a friend. He also said, inconsistently, that he drove to
his father's house. He later admitted he never went to his father's house. Cruz eventually
told police he had been in a fistfight with another gang member (identifying him first as
Cisco and then Nacio) and got bloody from the other man's nose. Cruz told police he
8 changed his clothes with an extra T-shirt he had with him. Cruz claimed he had
previously lied because he was nervous and did not know what to say.
Police interviewed Duarte on January 24, 2008. Duarte, who was homeless and
out of work at the time, initially denied ever entering the abandoned house, claiming he
had merely passed it on the street, but when shown a picture of the inside, he admitted
entering it to pick up cans for recycling. When confronted with the fact his DNA was
present under Pinson's fingernails, he denied knowing Pinson or killing her, and he asked
police to check his skin, telling them he preferred men over women. Police took
photographs of Duarte but found no scratches on his face, chest or arms. Duarte was
eventually released.
In Cruz's October 28, 2010 police interview, he claimed to have picked up three
friends and gotten into a fight with other gang members, where someone got "shanked"
and his shirt got bloody. He said he was at the abandoned house to smoke marijuana and
drink. Cruz was booked into jail where he made several phone calls to Lopez, who read
him most of his arrest warrant. After he made those calls, Cruz was reinterviewed in jail
on October 29, 2010. This time, Cruz claimed that after he left his house on the day of
the murder, he saw Pinson with two other "taggers" at a park, Aaron and Eric
(respectively known as "Tess" and "Stomps"2), who were brothers or cousins. He
wanted to apologize to Pinson so he approached them and eventually ended up at the
abandoned house with them to smoke marijuana and drink beer. According to Cruz, he
2 A San Diego Police Department detective assigned to monitor Hispanic street gangs testified he had never located any such persons. 9 left to get cigarettes at Aaron's request and when he returned, Pinson was dead and Aaron
and Eric were running away. Cruz grabbed Pinson's purse and left in a panic. He
claimed Pinson's blood got in his car trunk from her purse.
Duarte's Trial Testimony
The District Attorney granted Duarte immunity and put him up at a motel. Duarte
testified at trial that in December 2007 he was homeless and made money by recycling,
and went to the abandoned house about twice a week to collect recyclables. Duarte
admitted selling drugs ("crystal") for a woman who gave him a place to stay. He learned
after he moved out that she had connections to the Mexican Mafia.
Duarte acknowledged his arrest for Pinson's murder, but testified he had nothing to
do with it. According to Duarte, he had entered the bottom part of the house about a
week before Pinson's murder and heard a man and woman arguing there. Duarte testified
he smoked cigarettes on the outside of the house and urinated in different places close to
its entrance, and also in the bathroom downstairs. He also spit in various areas because
he was smoking and drinking. Duarte claimed that while he was dropping his bags off,
he had looked in the room and seen the mattress in the place it was located where
Pinson's body was found, but denied ever touching it. When shown the picture of the
bandages on the calendar page, Duarte testified he could not remember whether or not he
had worn bandages when he was at the property; but it was possible because he often cut
himself on glass. Duarte also testified that he was not sexually attracted to women.
During Duarte's cross-examination, Duarte admitted he had earlier told police he had
10 never been in the house or seen the mattress. He claimed he remembered the events
better at trial.
DISCUSSION
I. Exclusion of Prior Act/Third Party Culpability Evidence
Before trial, the People moved in limine to exclude certain prior act evidence
concerning Duarte: namely, that in March 2011 Duarte was arrested after he had been
assertedly caught kneeling in front of a developmentally disabled 13-year-old girl, whose
pants and underwear were down around her ankles. In its motion, the People recounted
that Duarte was living in the home with the girl and her family; that the girl's mother had
asked Duarte to watch the girl while she was gone, and did not believe Duarte had
touched her because he was gay. Duarte initially told police he was not in the room when
the girl was taking off her pants. He later admitted he was there but denied any
inappropriate touching; he said he was helping the girl remove her shoes while she was
changing into her pajamas when her brother walked in the room. The girl told her mother
before and after a forensic interview that Duarte did not touch her private parts.
According to the People, no formal charges were brought, and after a full investigation
the District Attorney rejected the case.
In ruling on the People's motion, the trial court confirmed that Duarte was not
convicted of any crime. It weighed the evidence under Evidence Code section 352 and
11 reasoned it was not probative absent Duarte's conviction for a sexually-related offense.3
The court gave defense counsel wide latitude to cross-examine any witnesses or experts
about Duarte's DNA and where it was found on Pinson's body, and it permitted Duarte to
testify about his sexual orientation.
Cruz contends the trial court prejudicially erred by granting the People's motion
because the evidence tended to impeach Duarte's testimony that he was a homosexual
who had no reason or motive to kill Pinson. Cruz maintains the court's ruling violated his
rights under the state and federal Constitutions to present a third party culpability defense
and to confront the witnesses against him; he adds the error is not harmless under either
the more stringent beyond-a-reasonable-doubt prejudice standard of Chapman v.
California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 (Chapman) or the state law standard of People v.
Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 (Watson). Cruz points to the inconsistencies in
Duarte's stories to police, and argues that absent the excluded evidence the jury was left
with an incomplete and inaccurate picture suggesting Duarte had no sexual motive for
attacking Pinson.
We reject Cruz's contention regarding a supposed violation of his right to present a
third party culpability defense. A defendant's right to present a defense is not infringed
by a trial court's application of well-established evidentiary rules permitting it to exclude
3 The court stated: "The way I see it is, I don't see what the relevance or the probative value of it [the March 2011 incident] is. If there was some other evidence that Mr. Duarte had previously been convicted of some sexually-related offense, that would be a different story, but we have some circumstances that were investigated and a decision made not to pursue it in the criminal courts. I don't see the probative value of it." 12 evidence if its probative value is outweighed by certain other factors, such as unfair
prejudice, confusion of the issues, or potential to mislead the jury. (People v. Gonzales
(2012) 54 Cal.4th 1234, 1259; People v. Fudge (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1075, 1102-1103
[application of the ordinary rules of evidence does not impermissibly infringe on a
defendant's right to present a defense]; People v. Hall (1986) 41 Cal.3d 826, 834 [same].)
In particular, third-party culpability evidence may be excluded where it does not
sufficiently connect the other person to the crime, or where the evidence is speculative or
remote. (Gonzales, at p. 1259.)
We acknowledge that the trial court excluded the evidence as irrelevant. But on
appeal we consider the correctness of the trial court's ruling itself, not the correctness of
the trial court's reasons for reaching its decision; if the ruling is correct on any theory of
the law applicable to the case, it must be sustained regardless of the considerations that
may have moved the trial court to its conclusion. (People v. Letner and Tobin (2010) 50
Cal.4th 99, 145; People v. Zapien (1993) 4 Cal.4th 929, 976.) Here, the evidence that
Duarte may have engaged in heterosexual activity was itself at best weak and speculative
(being dependent upon the account from the 13-year-old girl's brother, which would have
been weighed against contrary testimony from the girl and her mother), and would have
had only a remote connection to Pinson's murder, particularly where there was no
indication Pinson was sexually assaulted or otherwise involved in sexual activity before
her death. And, in any event, exclusion of the evidence concerning Duarte did not impair
Cruz's right to present a third party culpability defense because Cruz presented DNA
evidence implicating Duarte, and explored Duarte's inconsistent stories to police.
13 (People v. Cunningham (2001) 25 Cal.4th 926, 999 [exclusion of defense evidence on a
subsidiary point does not interfere with the constitutional right to present a defense; any
such error is governed by the Watson standard of review]; People v. Page (1991) 2
Cal.App.4th 161, 185 [trial court's ruling was not a "blanket exclusion" that stripped
defendant of his defense].) Thus, there " ' " 'was no refusal to allow [defendant] to
present a defense, but only a rejection of some evidence concerning the defense.' " ' "
(People v. Anderson (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 1440, 1471, quoting People v. Boyette
(2002) 29 Cal.4th 381, 428; see also People v. Espinoza (1992) 3 Cal.4th 806, 818
[distinguishing situations where a defendant was "not foreclosed from effectively
challenging the prosecution's case or from presenting crucial exculpatory evidence"].)
Nor do we perceive any violation of Cruz's constitutional right to confront or
cross-examine witnesses.4 It is settled that "not every restriction on a defendant's desired
method of cross-examination is a constitutional violation." (People v. Chatman (2006)
38 Cal.4th 344, 372.) Trial judges "retain[ ] wide latitude in restricting cross-
examination that is repetitive, prejudicial, confusing of the issues, or of marginal
relevance." (Ibid.) A Confrontation Clause violation may arise, however, where a
defendant can show he was prevented " ' "from engaging in otherwise appropriate cross-
examination designed to show a prototypical form of bias on the part of the witness, and
4 The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment states: "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him." (U.S. Const., 6th Amend.; see also Cal. Const., art. I, § 15 ["The defendant in a criminal cause has the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against the defendant"].) 14 thereby, 'to expose to the jury the facts from which jurors . . . could appropriately draw
inferences relating to the reliability of the witness.' " ' " (Ibid.) The defendant must show
the prohibited cross-examination would have produced " ' "a significantly different
impression of [the witnesses'] credibility . . . ." ' " (Ibid.; People v. Brady (2010) 50
Cal.4th 547, 560.)
As stated, the excluded evidence was speculative and remote, and, in our view,
would not have produced a significantly different impression of Duarte's already-
compromised credibility. Duarte was cross-examined by Cruz's counsel on all of the
matters tending to tie Duarte to Pinson and the abandoned house. He was also
extensively cross-examined about his drug-selling and his inconsistent stories to police
about Pinson's murder. Cruz's counsel cross-examined one of the police detectives who
had interviewed Duarte about Duarte's changing stories. The Confrontation Clause of the
Sixth Amendment "has long been read as securing an adequate opportunity to cross-
examine adverse witnesses." (United States v. Owens (1988) 484 U.S. 554, 557, italics
added.) It does not guarantee " ' "cross-examination that is effective in whatever way,
and to whatever extent, the defense might wish." ' " (Id. at p. 559; People v. Perez (2000)
82 Cal.App.4th 760, 765.) Here, the jury had the opportunity to assess Duarte's
demeanor and credibility at trial. (E.g., People v. Perez, at p. 766.) These circumstances
met Cruz's constitutional right to confrontation. (Ibid.)
Finally, even if we were to conclude the trial court erred in its evidentiary ruling,
the error was harmless under either prejudice standard. (Accord, People v. Brady, supra,
50 Cal.4th at pp. 560-561.) It is fair to say that the circumstantial evidence of Cruz's guilt
15 is overwhelming: Fanny testified that Cruz left their house in his car with the distinctive
ribbon on the grill shortly after Pinson left; the jury could reasonably infer from Gwyn's
testimony concerning the car with a bow that Cruz was at the scene of the crime with
Pinson; on the evening of Pinson's murder Salgado and his girlfriend observed blood
splattered on Cruz's T-shirt and pants; Pinson's blood was found in the trunk gasket of
Cruz's car; Cruz's palm print was found near Pinson's body; and Cruz's DNA was found
on cigarette butts at the scene. Pinson's prior altercation with Lopez may have given
Cruz a reason to harm Pinson, and Cruz gave police varying stories, suggesting
consciousness of guilt. Forensic experts explained the presence of Duarte's DNA on
Pinson's fingernail scraping as possibly resulting from transference or contamination
from Duarte being in the abandoned house. Under the circumstances, Cruz fails to
demonstrate prejudice under the standards of either Chapman, supra, 386 U.S. 18 or
Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d 818.
II. Claims of Instructional Error
Cruz contends the trial court erred in connection with the jury's instructions.
Specifically, he maintains the court prejudicially erred by failing to instruct the jury on
principles of aiding and abetting; refusing his third party culpability pinpoint instruction;
and modifying CALCRIM No. 521 to omit references to second degree murder. We
address his contentions in turn.
A. Failure to Instruct on Principles of Aiding and Abetting
Cruz argues the trial court had a sua sponte duty to instruct the jury on the
principles of aiding and abetting; that based on his testimony that Pinson was killed by
16 another person—Aaron or Eric—after he brought her to the abandoned house, the jury
could have concluded he was an aider and abettor because he facilitated her killing by
bringing her to the abandoned house.
The People respond that Cruz invited the error. We agree. Defense counsel
objected to the prosecutor's request to instruct the jury with CALCRIM Nos. 400 and
401, arguing it was entirely opposite to the People's theory of the case, which was that
Pinson was killed by a single perpetrator. Defense counsel asked the court instead to
instruct the jury with Cruz's requested pinpoint instruction as to third party culpability.
The trial court took the matter under submission but ultimately acceded, ruling, based on
the direct and circumstantial evidence, that there was an insufficient showing of Cruz's
liability as an aider and abettor.
" 'When a defense attorney makes a "conscious, deliberate tactical choice" to
[request or] forego a particular instruction, the invited error doctrine bars an argument on
appeal that the instruction was [given or] omitted in error.' " (People v. McKinnon (2011)
52 Cal.4th 610, 675.) Defense counsel had an obvious tactical reason for her objection
and request because there was evidence only one person murdered Pinson, and defense
counsel sought to rely on a third party culpability defense, namely, that Duarte killed her.
Accordingly, Cruz may not now complain about the results of defense counsel's choice.
B. Refusal to Instruct with Cruz's Requested Third Party Culpability Pinpoint Instruction
Cruz contends the court prejudicially erred by declining his requested jury
instruction as to third party culpability, which read: "You have heard evidence that a
person other than the defendant committed the offense with which the defendant is
17 charged. The defendant is not required to prove the other person's guilt. It is the
prosecution that has the burden of proving the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt. Therefore, the defendant is entitled to an acquittal if you have a reasonable doubt
as to the defendant's guilt. Evidence that another person committed the charged offense
may by itself raise a reasonable doubt as to the defendant's guilt. However, its weight
and significance, if any, are matters for your determination. If after considering all of the
evidence, including any evidence that another person committed the offense, you have a
reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the offense, you must find the defendant
not guilty." Cruz maintains the court's error was compounded by the fact it misread the
jury instruction on corpus delicti, which assertedly reinforced the idea that Cruz had to
prove the identity of the assailant beyond a reasonable doubt.
The People respond that the instruction was argumentative and added little to the
reasonable doubt jury instruction, and any error was harmless in view of the instructions
as a whole as well as defense counsel's argument that Duarte committed the offense.
We conclude Cruz was not prejudiced by the trial court's refusal to give the
instruction. " ' "[I]n appropriate circumstances" a trial court may be required to give a
requested jury instruction that pinpoints a defense theory of the case . . . . [Citations.]
But [it] need not give a pinpoint instruction if it is argumentative [citation] [or] merely
duplicates other instructions . . . .' " (People v. Hartsch (2010) 49 Cal.4th 472, 500.) In
Hartsch, the California Supreme Court considered and rejected an argument that the trial
court prejudicially erred by not giving a requested pinpoint instruction on third party
culpability. (Hartsch, at p. 504; see also People v. Ledesma (2006) 39 Cal.4th 641,
18 720-721; People v. Earp (1999) 20 Cal.4th 826, 887 (Earp).) There, as in this case, the
proposed instruction would have informed the jury that the defendant was not required to
prove third party culpability, and that the inquiry remained whether the jury had a
reasonable doubt as to whether the defendant committed the charged offense. (Hartsch,
at p. 504; see also Earp, at p. 887.)
Observing that third party culpability instructions "add little to the standard
instruction on reasonable doubt," the court in Hartsch held that if the trial court erred in
declining to give the instruction, it could not have affected the verdict, particularly where
the closing arguments focused the jury's attention on the point. (Hartsch, supra, 49
Cal.4th at p. 504.) Hartsch's reasoning applies here: "[E]ven if such instructions
properly pinpoint the theory of third party liability, their omission is not prejudicial
because the reasonable doubt instructions give defendants ample opportunity to impress
upon the jury that evidence of another party's liability must be considered in weighing
whether the prosecution has met its burden of proof. [Citations.] [¶] . . . It is hardly a
difficult concept for the jury to grasp that acquittal is required if there is reasonable doubt
as to whether someone else committed the charged crimes," especially when, as in this
case "[t]he closing arguments focused the jury's attention on that point." (Ibid.)
In this case, the jury was instructed on reasonable doubt with CALCRIM No. 220
that a "defendant in a criminal case is presumed to be innocent. This presumption
requires that the People prove a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Whenever I
tell you the People must prove something, I mean they must prove it beyond a reasonable
doubt." The jury could not have understood from the instructions given that Cruz was
19 required to prove that Duarte committed Pinson's murder. Further, defense counsel
argued at length that the evidence indicated it was Duarte who killed Pinson. Under the
circumstances, the trial court's decision in rejecting Cruz's proposed third party
culpability instruction, to the extent it was error, did not affect the outcome and was
therefore harmless.
For the same reasons, we reject Cruz's assertion that the trial court compounded
any error by misreading CALCRIM No. 359 on corpus delicti (i.e., replacing the words
"People have" in the instruction with "defendant has") so that it read in part as, "You may
not convict the defendant unless the defendant has proved his guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt." Assuming this is not a reporter's transcription error, the other instructions made it
clear that the People had the burden of proving Cruz's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
C. Modification of CALCRIM No. 521
The trial court instructed the jury with CALCRIM Nos. 520 and 521 as to murder
and first degree murder, respectively.5
5 The court instructed with CALCRIM Nos. 520 and 521 as follows: "Defendant is charged with murder in violation of Penal Code section 187[, subdivision (a)]. To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People must prove that, one, the defendant committed an act that caused death of another person; and, two, when the defendant acted, he had a state of mind called malice aforethought. [¶] There are two kinds of malice aforethought, express malice and implied malice. Proof of either is sufficient to establish the state of mind required. Defendant acted with express malice if he unlawfully intended to kill. The defendant acted with implied malice if, one, he intentionally committed an act; two, the natural and probable consequences of the act were dangerous to human life; three, at the time he acted, he knew his act was dangerous to human life; and four, he deliberately acted with conscious disregard for human life. [¶] Malice aforethought does not require hatred or ill will toward the victim. It is a mental state that must be formed before the act that causes death is committed. It does 20 Cruz contends the trial court prejudicially erred by modifying CALCRIM No. 521
to omit the language that "all other murders are of the second degree," so that it assertedly
reflected only the theories of felony murder and willful, deliberate and premeditated
murder. He maintains the instructions did not provide an explanation between first and
second degree murder and left the jury with an all or nothing proposition: to convict him
of first degree murder or acquit him of murder.6 The People respond that Cruz forfeited
not require deliberation or the passage of any particular period of time. [¶] If you decide that the defendant committed murder, you must then decide whether it is murder of the first or second degree." "Defendant is guilty of first degree murder if the People have proved he acted willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation. [¶] Defendant acted willfully if he intended to kill. Defendant acted deliberately if he carefully weighed the considerations for and against his choice, and knowing the consequences, decided to kill. [¶] Defendant acted with premeditation if he decided to kill before completing the acts that caused death. [¶] . . . [¶] The requirements for second degree murder based on express or implied malice are explained in CALCRIM [No.] 520, first or second degree murder with malice aforethought. That was the previous instruction which I read to you. The People have the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt the killing was first degree murder rather than a less [sic] crime. [¶] If the People have not met the burden, you must find the defendant not guilty of first degree murder."
6 We observe that the language—"all other murders are of the second degree"—was contained in the standard 2009-2010 version of CALCRIM No. 521, but eliminated from the 2011 version of CALCRIM No. 521. (See CALCRIM No. 521 (2009-2010 ed.) p. 271; CALCRIM No. 521 (2011 ed.) p. 271.) In the 2011 version of the instruction given in this case, the following language was added: "[The requirements for second degree murder based on express or implied malice are explained in CALCRIM No. 520, First or Second Degree Murder With Malice Aforethought.]" (CALCRIM No. 521 (2011 ed.) p. 271.) The 2011 version of CALCRIM No. 520 also provides that if there is substantial evidence of first degree murder, the court shall instruct the jury as follows: "If you decide that the defendant committed murder, you must then decide whether it is murder of the first or second degree." (CALCRIM No. 520 (2011 ed.) pp. 264-265.) In 2013, after Cruz's conviction, this paragraph of CALCRIM No. 520 was amended to read: "[If you decide that the defendant committed murder, it is murder of the second degree, unless the People have proved beyond a reasonable doubt that it is murder of the first degree as defined in CALCRIM No. __.]" (CALCRIM No. 520 (2013 ed.) p. 240.) 21 the error by failing to request a clarifying instruction at the time. They argue his
contention is meritless in any event because the trial court properly instructed the jury on
the elements of first and second degree murder and their respective mental states and the
prosecutor explained those principles.
The trial court's omission of language that all murders are second degree unless
found to be first degree was not a failure to instruct on an element of second degree
murder, nor did it result in the jury hearing an incorrect recitation of the law, which
would constitute error. (See People v. Hudson (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1002, 1011-1012.) The
court instructed the jury on the general elements of second degree murder via CALCRIM
No. 520, which, as given, stated that to prove defendant is guilty of murder, "the People
must prove that, one, the defendant committed an act that caused the death of another
person; and, two, when the defendant acted, he had a state of mind called malice
aforethought. The instruction also included definitions of express and implied malice.7
In addition, CALCRIM No. 521, as read to the jury, stated that: "The requirements for
second degree murder based on express or implied malice are explained in CALCRIM
[No.] 520, first or second degree murder with malice aforethought." The court continued:
"That was the previous instruction which I read to you. The People have the burden of
proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the killing was first degree murder rather than a
less [sic] crime. [¶] If the People have not met the burden, you must find the defendant
not guilty of first degree murder."
7 See footnote 5, ante, pages 20-21. 22 Because the trial court accurately instructed the jury on the elements of second
degree murder and Cruz failed to object in the trial court to any perceived omission in the
jury instructions, or request further clarification or amplification, he forfeited his
appellate contention. (People v. Lee (2011) 51 Cal.4th 620, 638.) "A trial court has no
sua sponte duty to revise or improve upon an accurate statement of law without a request
from counsel [citation], and failure to request clarification of an otherwise correct
instruction forfeits the claim of error for purposes of appeal." (Ibid.) If he believed the
court should have included the language clarifying that murders are second degree unless
found to be first degree, Cruz was obliged to request it in the trial court. (Ibid.)
III. Ruling Regarding Identity of Confidential Informant
During trial, defense counsel sought disclosure of the name of a paid confidential
informant who, in December 2011, was involved in a active criminal investigation into
activities of the Mexican Mafia and the person for whom Duarte had sold drugs. The
trial court in camera heard testimony from the informant's FBI agent handler about the
informant's knowledge of Pinson's murder. It thereafter ruled there was no evidence that
the informant could offer testimony about Cruz's participation, guilt or innocence, or
Duarte's possible involvement in the murder, and thus it denied defense counsel's motion
without prejudice, sealing the transcript of the hearing.
Cruz asked this court to independently review the sealed materials so as to assess
the correctness of the trial court's ruling, and the People express no objection. Having
done so, we conclude the trial court did not err in denying defense counsel's request to
disclose the name of the confidential informant.
23 IV. Cumulative Error
Cruz contends the trial court's errors cumulatively deprived him of a right to a fair
trial under the state and federal Constitutions. We have rejected Cruz's claim of
evidentiary error, and concluded his contentions of instructional error are either invited,
not prejudicial, or forfeited. Having reviewed the entire record and the evidence
carefully, we conclude under the circumstances there is no cumulative prejudicial error,
and Cruz received a fundamentally fair trial. (Accord, People v. Linton (2013) 56 Cal.4th
1146, 1197 [rejecting claim of cumulative error where trial court's errors were waived,
forfeited, invited or meritless, and any assumed error was found to be harmless].)
24 DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
O'ROURKE, J.
WE CONCUR:
HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
McDONALD, J.